A Review of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Options for Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Dogs

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 1, 115 - 122, 29.03.2026

Saliha Hazal Eğdir , Zeynep Pekcan

https://doi.org/10.36483/vanvetj.1841166

https://izlik.org/JA99FU38UJ

Öz

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a congenital cardiovascular disorder that can be seen in all species but is most frequently encountered in dogs. Despite being one of the most common cardiac diseases, diagnosis and treatment can still be challenging due to the diversity in vascular morphology. Physical examination findings and imaging modalities (e.g., radiography, echocardiography, and advanced imaging techniques) play a critical role in the diagnosis of the disease and in determining the severity of the shunt. Treatment options include standard surgical applications as well as transcatheter occlusion methods, which are more widely preferred today. Early diagnosis and appropriate intervention for PDA are of critical importance in reducing mortality and preserving cardiac function in dogs. In untreated cases, progressive cardiac remodeling and permanent functional impairment occur; indeed, even if the PDA is closed in late-intervention cases, systolic dysfunction and persistent ventricular enlargement may continue. Following successful operations, complications such as left ventricular dysfunction, arrhythmia, pulmonary edema, and residual shunts must be carefully monitored. Although patients treated at an early stage generally have a normal life expectancy, long-term medical support and follow-up may be required in chronic cases. This review aims to contribute to the clinical decision-making process by summarizing current evidence regarding PDA management in dogs, focusing on anesthetic protocols, surgical and transcatheter techniques, and perioperative outcomes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cardiovascular , Congenital , Ductus arteriosus , Heart defects

Köpeklerde Patent Duktus Arteriyozus için Tanı ve Tedavi Seçeneklerinin Gözden Geçirilmesi

https://izlik.org/JA99FU38UJ

Öz

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), her türlü hayvanda görülebilen ancak en çok köpeklerde görülen doğuştan gelen bir kardiyovasküler bozukluktur. En yaygın kalp hastalıklarından biri olmasına rağmen, vasküler morfolojideki çeşitlilik nedeniyle teşhis ve tedavi edilmesi hâlâ zor olabilir. Fiziksel muayene ve görüntüleme yöntemleri (örneğin, radyografi, ekokardiyografi, ileri görüntüleme yöntemleri) hastalığın tanısında ve şant şiddetinin belirlenmesinde önemli rol oynamaktadır. Tedavi seçenekleri arasında, standart cerrahi uygulamaların yanı sıra günümüzde daha fazla tercih edilen transkateter oklüzyon yöntemleri yer almaktadır. PDA’nın erken tanısı ve uygun müdahale yöntemi, köpeklerde mortaliteyi azaltmak ve kalp fonksiyonlarını korumak açısından kritik bir önem taşır. Müdahale edilmeyen vakalarda ilerleyici kardiyak remodelling ve kalıcı fonksiyonel bozulma meydana gelir; nitekim geç müdahale edilen vakalarda PDA kapatılsa dahi sistolik disfonksiyon ve kalıcı ventriküler genişleme devam edebilmektedir. Başarılı operasyonlar sonrası ise sol ventrikül disfonksiyonu, aritmi, pulmoner ödem ve rezidüel şantlar gibi komplikasyonlar dikkatle takip edilmelidir. Erken dönemde tedavi edilen hastalar genellikle normal bir yaşam beklentisine sahip olsa da uzun süreli tıbbi destek ve takip gerekebilir. Bu derleme, köpeklerde PDA yönetimine ilişkin güncel kanıtları; anestezi protokolleri, cerrahi ve transkateter teknikler ile perioperatif sonuçlar odağında özetleyerek klinik karar verme sürecine katkı sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Duktus arteriyozus , Kalp defektleri , Kardiyovasküler , Konjenital

Kaynakça

• Araos J, Kenny JES, Rousseau-Blass F, Pang DS (2021). Dynamic prediction of fluid responsiveness during positive pressure ventilation: a review of the physiology underlying heart–lung interactions and a critical interpretation. Vet Anaesth Analg, 47(1), 3-14.
• Bagardi M, Domenech O, Vezzosi T et al. (2022). Transjugular Patent Ductus Arteriosus Occlusion in Seven Dogs Using the Amplatzer Vascular Plug II. Vet Sci, 9(8), 431-435.
• Ban K, Bini G, Herrold E, Stavri A, Winter R (2022). Anaesthetic management of a dog with a bidirectionally shunting patent ductus arteriosus and concurrent pulmonary hypertension. Vet Rec Case Rep, 10(4), e501.
• Belachsen O, Sargent J, Koffas H, Schneider M, Wagner T (2022). The use of Amplatzer vascular plug II in 32 consecutive dogs for transvenous occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus. J Vet Cardiol, 41, 88-98.
• Boutet BG, Saunders AB, Gordon SG (2017). Clinical Characteristics of Adult Dogs More Than 5 Years of Age at Presentation for Patent Ductus Arteriosus. J Vet Intern Med, 31(3), 685-690.
• Brambilla PG, Polli M, Pradelli D et al. (2020). Epidemiological study of congenital heart diseases in dogs: Prevalence, popularity, and volatility throughout twenty years of clinical practice. PLoS ONE, 15(7), 1-17.
• Brewer BP (2017). Angiography. Durham HE (Ed). Cardiology for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses (pp. 199-224) Wiley-Blackwell, USA.
• Broaddus K, Tillson M (2010). Patent ductus arteriosus in dogs. Compend Contin Educ Vet, 32(9), E1-E14.
• Buranakarl C, Kijtawornrat A, Udayachalerm W et al. (2015). Intervention technique using transvenous patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) occluder in a dog. Thai J Vet Med, 45(4), 593-602.
• Bussadori CM (2023). Congenital cardiovascular diseases with a systemic-to-pulmonary shunt. Bussadori CM (Ed). Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine in Dogs and Cats (pp. 341-362). Edra Publishing, USA.
• Cala A, Ferasin L, Ferasin H, Domenech O (2024). Transvenous closure of patent ductus arteriosus with Nit-Occlud PDA occlusion system in 13 dogs weighing less than 3 kg. J Vet Cardiol, 56(3), 23-34.
• Ciccozzi M, Stauthammer CD, Coats C et al. (2025). Transcatheter Amplatz canine duct occluder placement for patent ductus arteriosus occlusion: A retrospective analysis of outcomes and complications in 200 dogs. J Vet Cardiol, 60, 36-45.
• Claretti M, Lopez BS, Boz E et al. (2019). Complications during catheter-mediated patent ductus arteriosus closure and pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty. J Small Anim Pract, 60(10), 607-615.
• Craciun I, Silva J, Dutton LC, Loureiro J (2024). Two- and three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic assessment and successful occlusion of a window-like patent ductus arteriosus in two dogs. J Vet Cardiol, 51, 214-219.
• Dukes-McEwan J (2024). The heart and major vessels. Schwarz T, Scrivani P (Ed.) Manual of Canine and Feline Thoracic Imaging (pp. 172-275). BSVA, England.
• Greet V, Bode EF, Dukes-McEwan J et al. (2021). Clinical features and outcome of dogs and cats with bidirectional and continuous right-to-left shunting patent ductus arteriosus. J Vet Intern Med, 35(2), 780-788.
• Grimes JA, Thieman Mankin KM (2022). Surgical ligation of patent ductus arteriosus in dogs: Incidence and risk factors for rupture. Vet Surg, 51(4), 592-599.
• Hildebrandt N, Stosic A, Henrich E et al. (2022). Transvenous embolization of moderate to large patent ductus arteriosus in dogs using the Amplatzer vascular plug II. J Vet Intern Med, 36(1), 20-28.
• Hogan DF, Goldfeder GT (2021). Transarterial correction of patent ductus arteriosus in small dogs with the Amplatz Vascular Plug II. J Vet Cardiol, 35, 48-54.
• Hou M, Qian W, Wang B et al. (2019). Echocardiographic Prediction of Left Ventricular Dysfunction After Transcatheter Patent Ductus Arteriosus Closure in Children. Front Pediatr, 7, 409-414.
• Hsu HW, Lin TY, Liu YC, Yeh JL, Hsu JH (2021). Molecular mechanisms underlying remodeling of ductus arteriosus: Looking beyond the prostaglandin pathway. Int J Mol Med Sci, 22(6), 1-18.
• Lavennes M, Chetboul V, Passavin P et al. (2018). Successful transcatheter retrieval of embolized Amplatz Canine Duct Occluders in two dogs. J Vet Cardiol, 20(6), 451-457.
• LeBlanc NL, Agarwal D, Menzen E et al. (2019). Prevalence of major complications and procedural mortality in 336 dogs undergoing interventional cardiology procedures in a single academic center. J Vet Cardiol, 23, 45-57.
• Martin M, Pedro B, Dickson D et al. (2022). Outcome clinical audit: Analyses of interventional closure of patent ductus arteriosus in dogs. J Vet Cardiol, 43, 27-40.
• Mcmullen M, Maneval KL, Ferrel, CS, Holland M, Winter RL (2024). Unilateral pulmonary edema in a dog with a large, left-to-right shunting patent ductus arteriosus. J Vet Cardiol, 56, 111-115.
• Medina-Serra R, Palacios C, McMillan M (2021). Alternative anaesthetic management in a reintervention for correction of a left-to-right shunting patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in a dog. Vet Rec Case Rep, 9(1), 25-30.
• Monnet E (2014). Cardiovascular and Lymphatic. Borjab MJ (Ed), Current Techniques In Small Animal Surgery (pp. 642–643). Teton NewMedia.
• Orton E (2018). Patent Ductus Arteriosus. Orton E, Monnet E (Ed), Small Animal Thoracic Surgery (pp. 177-181). USA: Wiley Blackwell.
• Ostenkamp SM, Bell SC, Hogan DF (2022). Transvenous correction of patent ductus arteriosus in two toy-breed dogs with the Amplatzer Vascular Plug 4. J Vet Cardiol, 44, 13-17.
• Ozai Y, Uemura A, Tanaka R et al. (2022). Clip ligation for treatment of patent ductus arteriosus occlusion in three cats. J Vet Sci, 23(4), 39-44.
• Papa M, Scarpellini L, Pradelli D et al. (2023). Retrospective cohort evaluation of left ventricular remodeling, perioperative complications and outcome in medium and large size dogs with patent ductus arteriosus after percutaneous closure. Vet Sci, 10(12), 669.
• Parisi C, Phillips V, Ferreira J, Linney C, Mair A (2020). Anaesthetic management and complications of transvascular patent ductus arteriosus occlusion in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg, 47(5), 581-587.
• Pascoe PJ (2016). Intrathoracic surgery and interventions. Duke-Novakovski T, de Vries M, Seymour C (Ed). BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anaesthesia and Analgesia (pp. 329-342). BSAVA, England
• Piantedosi D, Piscitelli A, De Rosa A et al. (2019). Evaluation of left ventricular dimension and systolic function by standard transthoracic echocardiography before and 24-hours after percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus in 120 dogs. PLoS ONE, 14(10), 1-12.
• Ranganathan B, Leblanc NL, Scollan KF et al. (2018). Comparison of major complication and survival rates between surgical ligation and use of a canine ductal occluder device for treatment of dogs with left-to-right shunting patent ductus arteriosus. J Am Vet Med Assoc, 253(8), 1046-1052.
• Ro WB, Park HM, Song DW et al. (2022). Case Report: Aortic Regurgitation of Postocclusion and Long-Term Outcome Following PDA Correction in an Adult Dog. Front Vet Sci, 9(5), 1-7.
• Saunders AB, Gordon SG, Boggess MM, Miller MW (2014). Long-term outcome in dogs with patent ductus arteriosus: 520 Cases (1994-2009). J Vet Intern Med, 28(2), 401-410.
• Selmic LE, Nelson DA, Saunders AB, Hobson HP, Saunders WB (2013). An intrapericardial technique for pda ligation: Surgical description and clinical outcome in 35 dogs J Am Anim Hosp Assoc, 49(1), 31-40.
• Spalla I, Locatelli C, Zanaboni AM, Brambilla P, Bussadori C (2016). Echocardiographic Assessment of Cardiac Function by Conventional and Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography in Dogs with Patent Ductus Arteriosus. J Vet Intern Med, 30(3), 706-713.
• Sugimoto K, Mochizuki Y, Itoi T et al. (2025). Successful treatment of patent ductus arteriosus and severe pulmonary hypertension using sildenafil and beraprost sodium in two dogs. J Vet Med Sci, 87(7), 798-803.
• Takahashi K, Nii M, Takigiku K et al. (2019). Development of suction force during early diastole from the left atrium to the left ventricle in infants, children, and adolescents. Heart Vessels, 34(2), 296-306.
• Takeuchi A, Uemura A, Goya S et al. (2020). The utility of patent ductus arteriosus closure with hemostatic clip in dogs. Pol J Vet Sci, 23(2), 255–260.