Araştırma Makalesi
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Morphometric Identification of Gemlik Horse and Crossbreds

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 1, 92 - 97, 29.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.36483/vanvetj.1843971
https://izlik.org/JA85ZZ72UZ

Öz

This study aimed to morphometrically characterize Gemlik horses and their crossbreds, which originated from Holsteiner and KWPN lineages and have been bred since the early 2000s under the Turkish Ministry of National Defense. A total of 111 horses including pure Gemlik, Gemlik crossbred, and parental lines-were evaluated for various body measurements such as withers height, croup height, body length, chest depth, heart girth, neck length, and ear dimensions. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test followed by Bonferroni-corrected post hoc comparisons due to the non-normal distribution of the data. Results revealed significant differences (p<0.05) among breeds for body length, heart girth, and interocular distance. Gemlik horses exhibited measurements generally aligned with their paternal Holsteiner and maternal KWPN lines, particularly in withers height (~166 cm) and live weight (~514 kg). Gender-based comparisons showed mares were significantly larger than stallions in several traits, including live weight, hind leg length, and chest width. Age also significantly influenced skeletal and muscular development, with older horses demonstrating greater withers height, body length, and heart girth. The findings suggest that Gemlik horses possess morphometric traits suitable for sport horse purposes, especially show jumping. The formal recognition of the Gemlik breed as a Turkish sport horse could support the development of national equestrian activities, accelerate its international competitiveness, and increase the recognition of equestrian sports among a wider audience.

Etik Beyan

The Ankara University Animal Experiments Local Ethics Committee assessed the conformity of this research with ethical regulations, issuing a judgment on 16.10.2024, numbered 2024-15-120.

Teşekkür

We would like to thanks Turkish Ministry of National Defense and its employees

Kaynakça

  • Acar G (2024). Forgotten Heritage in Turks: An Analysis on Equestrianism and Horse Breeding. Iğdır University Journal of Sports Sciences, 7(1), 18-26.
  • Akçapınar H, Özbeyaz C (2021). Animal Husbandry (Basic Knowledge). 2nd Ed. Medisan, Ankara. Alagić D, Seleš J, Seleš I, Meštrović M (2002). Body measures and indexes of the Holstein horses reared in Krizevci. Acta Agr Kapos, 6(2), 125-130.
  • ASEM (2025). History. Available from: 04 December 2025. Access Address: https://kho.msu.edu.tr/spor/ASEM/ASEM_tarihce.html.
  • Bailey E, Brooks SA (2020). Horse genetics. 3. Edition. CABI, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK.
  • Brown S, Carton S (2021). Horses and Ponies. I. Edition. DK Penguin Random Houses. NY, USA.
  • Durmuş E (2020). Military Structure in Ancient Turks. Asya Araştırmaları USBD, 4(1), 87-102.
  • Durmuş İ (2021). Horse in Turkish Culture Region. Asya Araştırmaları USBD, 5(1), 1-12.
  • Durmuş İ (2023). Formation and Development of Turkish Personality in the Steppe Culturel Environment. ASYAR, 7 (Cumhuriyet’in 100. Yılına Armağan Özel Sayısı), 7-18.
  • Grilz-Seger G, Mesarič M, Brem G, Cotman M (2021). Characterization of coat color in the Slovenian Posavje horse. Slov Vet Res, 58(2), 77 – 84.
  • Gücüyener Hacan O, Akçapınar H (2011). Some phenotypic and genetic parameters of purebred Turkish Arabian horses raised in different stud farms I. body measurements and heritabilities. Livestock Studies, 1(2), 55-70.
  • Henner J, Poncet PA, Guerin G, et al. (2002). Genetic mapping of the (G) -locus, responsible or the coat color phenotype "progressive greying with age" in horses (Equus caballus). Mamm Genome, 13, 535-537.
  • Kaya ZK, Paksoy Y, Koluman N (2024). The Effect of Age, Gender and Feeding Method on Some Body Measurements in Pony Horses. Journal of Animal Production, 65(1), 59-65. https://doi.org/10.29185/hayuretim.1475590
  • Kelley B (2002). The Horse Library. Horse Breeds of the World. I. Edition. Chelsea House Publishers, USA. Klecel W, Martyniuk E (2021). From the Eurasian Steppes to the Roman Circuses: A Review of Early Development of Horse Breeding and Management. Animal,11, 1859.
  • Kocakaya A, Paksoy Y, Özbeyaz C (2023). Color and marking distribution in Arabian and Thoroughbred horses. Vet Hekim Der Derg, 94(2), 110-118.
  • Librado P, Orlando L (2021). Genomics and the Evolutionary History of Equids. Annu Rev Anim Biosci, 9, 81-101.
  • Mann C, Scharff S (2020). Horse Races and Chariot Races in Ancient Greece: Struggling for Eternal Glory, IJHS, 37(3-4), 163-182.
  • Neves AP, Schwengber EB, Albrecht FF, Isola JV, Van der Linden LS (2017). Beyond Fifty Shades: The Genetics of Horse Colors. Abubakar M (Ed). Trends and Advances in Veterinary Genetics. (pp. 75-100) IntechOpen. Sage, London, UK.
  • Olsen S (2025). The Early Horse Herders of Botai, Available from: 04 December 2025. Access Address: https://biodiversity.ku.edu/archaeology/research/early-horse-herders.
  • OSC (2017). History of equestrian sport at the Olympic games in OSC (The Olympic Studies Centre) Reference Collection. Available from: 04 December 2025. Access Address: https://stillmed.olympic.org.
  • Outram AK, Stear NA, Bendrey R et al. (2009). The earliest horse harnessing and milking. Science, 323(5919), 332-35.
  • Özbeyaz C (2019). Horse breeding. Yarsan E (Ed). Equine Medicine (pp.19-52). Güneş Tıp Kitapevleri, Ankara.
  • Paksoy Y, Ünal (2019). Multivariate analysis of morphometry effect on race performance in Thoroughbred horses. R. Bras. Zootec, 48: e20180030
  • Paksoy Y, Güngör ÖF (2023). Some Parturition and Birth-Related Traits and Foal Behaviors of Thoroughbred Horses. KSU J Agric Nat, 27(3), 727-734. DOI: 10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1310608.
  • Pitts G, Shang K (2016). The Horse Encyclopedia. I. Edition. DK Penguin Random Houses. NY, USA.
  • Taşkın D (2012). Factors Affecting Live Weight, Body Measurements, Incidence of Disease, Vitality and Fecundity in Concubine Horses. PhD Thesis, Afyon Kocatepe University, Institute of Health Sciences, Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye.
  • TBF (2025). Branches. Available from: 04 December 2025. Access Address: https://www.binicilik.org.tr/.
  • Türk Patent (2025). Gemlik horse. Certificate of registration of geographical indication. Available from: 04 December 2025. Access Address: https://ci.turkpatent.gov.tr/cografi-isaretler/detay/37901.
  • Ünver AF (2006). Equestrian sports from antiquity to modern Olympics and Olympic development of Turkish equestrianism. Available from: 04.12.2025. Access Address: https://www.binicilik.org.tr/Anasayfa/EYayinlar.

Gemlik Atı ve Melezlerinin Morfometrik Olarak Tanımlanması

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 1, 92 - 97, 29.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.36483/vanvetj.1843971
https://izlik.org/JA85ZZ72UZ

Öz

Bu çalışma, 2000’li yılların başından beri Türk Millî Savunma Bakanlığı çatısı altında Holsteıner X KWPN ırklarının melezlenmesiyle geliştirilen Gemlik ve Gemlik melezi atların morfometrik özelliklerini tanımlamayı amaçlamıştır. Toplam 111 baş attan (saf Gemlik, melezler ve ebeveyn ırklar) alınan veriler; cidago yüksekliği, sağrı yüksekliği, vücut uzunluğu, göğüs derinliği, göğüs çevresi, boyun uzunluğu ve kulak ölçüleri gibi morfometrik özellikler açısından incelenmiştir. Verilerin normal dağılım göstermemesi nedeniyle Kruskal-Wallis nonparametrik testi ve Bonferroni düzeltmeli çoklu karşılaştırmalar kullanılmıştır. Irk özelliklerine göre vücut uzunluğu, göğüs çevresi ve gözler arası mesafe açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılıklar (p<0.05) saptanmıştır. Gemlik atları, özellikle ~166 cm cidago yüksekliği ve ~514 kg canlı ağırlık ile Holsteıner ve KWPN ırklarına benzer özellikler taşımaktadır. Cinsiyet analizlerinde dişilerin, erkeklerden canlı ağırlık, arka bacak uzunluğu ve göğüs genişliği gibi birçok ölçümde daha yüksek değerlere sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Yaş arttıkça iskelet ve kas gelişimine bağlı olarak cidago yüksekliği, vücut uzunluğu ve göğüs çevresinde artışlar kaydedilmiştir. Bulgular, Gemlik atının engel atlama spor dalı için uygun morfometrik yapıya sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Gemlik atının bir Türk spor atı olarak tescil edilmesi, ulusal binicilik faaliyetlerinin gelişimini desteklemek ve uluslararası rekabet gücünü artırılmasını hızlandırarak binicilik sporunun daha geniş kitlelerce tanınmasını sağlayabilecektir.

Etik Beyan

Ankara Üniversitesi Hayvan Deneyleri Yerel Etik Kurulu, bu araştırmanın etik düzenlemelere uygunluğunu değerlendirmiş ve 16.10.2024 tarihinde 2024-15-120 numaralı karar vermiştir.

Teşekkür

Türkiye Milli Savunma Bakanlığı'na ve çalışanlarına teşekkürlerimizi sunarız.

Kaynakça

  • Acar G (2024). Forgotten Heritage in Turks: An Analysis on Equestrianism and Horse Breeding. Iğdır University Journal of Sports Sciences, 7(1), 18-26.
  • Akçapınar H, Özbeyaz C (2021). Animal Husbandry (Basic Knowledge). 2nd Ed. Medisan, Ankara. Alagić D, Seleš J, Seleš I, Meštrović M (2002). Body measures and indexes of the Holstein horses reared in Krizevci. Acta Agr Kapos, 6(2), 125-130.
  • ASEM (2025). History. Available from: 04 December 2025. Access Address: https://kho.msu.edu.tr/spor/ASEM/ASEM_tarihce.html.
  • Bailey E, Brooks SA (2020). Horse genetics. 3. Edition. CABI, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK.
  • Brown S, Carton S (2021). Horses and Ponies. I. Edition. DK Penguin Random Houses. NY, USA.
  • Durmuş E (2020). Military Structure in Ancient Turks. Asya Araştırmaları USBD, 4(1), 87-102.
  • Durmuş İ (2021). Horse in Turkish Culture Region. Asya Araştırmaları USBD, 5(1), 1-12.
  • Durmuş İ (2023). Formation and Development of Turkish Personality in the Steppe Culturel Environment. ASYAR, 7 (Cumhuriyet’in 100. Yılına Armağan Özel Sayısı), 7-18.
  • Grilz-Seger G, Mesarič M, Brem G, Cotman M (2021). Characterization of coat color in the Slovenian Posavje horse. Slov Vet Res, 58(2), 77 – 84.
  • Gücüyener Hacan O, Akçapınar H (2011). Some phenotypic and genetic parameters of purebred Turkish Arabian horses raised in different stud farms I. body measurements and heritabilities. Livestock Studies, 1(2), 55-70.
  • Henner J, Poncet PA, Guerin G, et al. (2002). Genetic mapping of the (G) -locus, responsible or the coat color phenotype "progressive greying with age" in horses (Equus caballus). Mamm Genome, 13, 535-537.
  • Kaya ZK, Paksoy Y, Koluman N (2024). The Effect of Age, Gender and Feeding Method on Some Body Measurements in Pony Horses. Journal of Animal Production, 65(1), 59-65. https://doi.org/10.29185/hayuretim.1475590
  • Kelley B (2002). The Horse Library. Horse Breeds of the World. I. Edition. Chelsea House Publishers, USA. Klecel W, Martyniuk E (2021). From the Eurasian Steppes to the Roman Circuses: A Review of Early Development of Horse Breeding and Management. Animal,11, 1859.
  • Kocakaya A, Paksoy Y, Özbeyaz C (2023). Color and marking distribution in Arabian and Thoroughbred horses. Vet Hekim Der Derg, 94(2), 110-118.
  • Librado P, Orlando L (2021). Genomics and the Evolutionary History of Equids. Annu Rev Anim Biosci, 9, 81-101.
  • Mann C, Scharff S (2020). Horse Races and Chariot Races in Ancient Greece: Struggling for Eternal Glory, IJHS, 37(3-4), 163-182.
  • Neves AP, Schwengber EB, Albrecht FF, Isola JV, Van der Linden LS (2017). Beyond Fifty Shades: The Genetics of Horse Colors. Abubakar M (Ed). Trends and Advances in Veterinary Genetics. (pp. 75-100) IntechOpen. Sage, London, UK.
  • Olsen S (2025). The Early Horse Herders of Botai, Available from: 04 December 2025. Access Address: https://biodiversity.ku.edu/archaeology/research/early-horse-herders.
  • OSC (2017). History of equestrian sport at the Olympic games in OSC (The Olympic Studies Centre) Reference Collection. Available from: 04 December 2025. Access Address: https://stillmed.olympic.org.
  • Outram AK, Stear NA, Bendrey R et al. (2009). The earliest horse harnessing and milking. Science, 323(5919), 332-35.
  • Özbeyaz C (2019). Horse breeding. Yarsan E (Ed). Equine Medicine (pp.19-52). Güneş Tıp Kitapevleri, Ankara.
  • Paksoy Y, Ünal (2019). Multivariate analysis of morphometry effect on race performance in Thoroughbred horses. R. Bras. Zootec, 48: e20180030
  • Paksoy Y, Güngör ÖF (2023). Some Parturition and Birth-Related Traits and Foal Behaviors of Thoroughbred Horses. KSU J Agric Nat, 27(3), 727-734. DOI: 10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1310608.
  • Pitts G, Shang K (2016). The Horse Encyclopedia. I. Edition. DK Penguin Random Houses. NY, USA.
  • Taşkın D (2012). Factors Affecting Live Weight, Body Measurements, Incidence of Disease, Vitality and Fecundity in Concubine Horses. PhD Thesis, Afyon Kocatepe University, Institute of Health Sciences, Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye.
  • TBF (2025). Branches. Available from: 04 December 2025. Access Address: https://www.binicilik.org.tr/.
  • Türk Patent (2025). Gemlik horse. Certificate of registration of geographical indication. Available from: 04 December 2025. Access Address: https://ci.turkpatent.gov.tr/cografi-isaretler/detay/37901.
  • Ünver AF (2006). Equestrian sports from antiquity to modern Olympics and Olympic development of Turkish equestrianism. Available from: 04.12.2025. Access Address: https://www.binicilik.org.tr/Anasayfa/EYayinlar.
Toplam 28 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Zootekni, Genetik ve Biyoistatistik
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Afşin Kocakaya 0000-0003-2023-8895

Necmettin Ünal 0000-0001-5250-7063

Ceyhan Özbeyaz 0000-0002-3748-9992

Recep Dinç 0009-0009-5431-3997

Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Aralık 2025
Kabul Tarihi 23 Şubat 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Mart 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.36483/vanvetj.1843971
IZ https://izlik.org/JA85ZZ72UZ
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 37 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kocakaya, A., Ünal, N., Özbeyaz, C., & Dinç, R. (2026). Morphometric Identification of Gemlik Horse and Crossbreds. Van Veterinary Journal, 37(1), 92-97. https://doi.org/10.36483/vanvetj.1843971
AMA 1.Kocakaya A, Ünal N, Özbeyaz C, Dinç R. Morphometric Identification of Gemlik Horse and Crossbreds. Van Vet J. 2026;37(1):92-97. doi:10.36483/vanvetj.1843971
Chicago Kocakaya, Afşin, Necmettin Ünal, Ceyhan Özbeyaz, ve Recep Dinç. 2026. “Morphometric Identification of Gemlik Horse and Crossbreds”. Van Veterinary Journal 37 (1): 92-97. https://doi.org/10.36483/vanvetj.1843971.
EndNote Kocakaya A, Ünal N, Özbeyaz C, Dinç R (01 Mart 2026) Morphometric Identification of Gemlik Horse and Crossbreds. Van Veterinary Journal 37 1 92–97.
IEEE [1]A. Kocakaya, N. Ünal, C. Özbeyaz, ve R. Dinç, “Morphometric Identification of Gemlik Horse and Crossbreds”, Van Vet J, c. 37, sy 1, ss. 92–97, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.36483/vanvetj.1843971.
ISNAD Kocakaya, Afşin - Ünal, Necmettin - Özbeyaz, Ceyhan - Dinç, Recep. “Morphometric Identification of Gemlik Horse and Crossbreds”. Van Veterinary Journal 37/1 (01 Mart 2026): 92-97. https://doi.org/10.36483/vanvetj.1843971.
JAMA 1.Kocakaya A, Ünal N, Özbeyaz C, Dinç R. Morphometric Identification of Gemlik Horse and Crossbreds. Van Vet J. 2026;37:92–97.
MLA Kocakaya, Afşin, vd. “Morphometric Identification of Gemlik Horse and Crossbreds”. Van Veterinary Journal, c. 37, sy 1, Mart 2026, ss. 92-97, doi:10.36483/vanvetj.1843971.
Vancouver 1.Afşin Kocakaya, Necmettin Ünal, Ceyhan Özbeyaz, Recep Dinç. Morphometric Identification of Gemlik Horse and Crossbreds. Van Vet J. 01 Mart 2026;37(1):92-7. doi:10.36483/vanvetj.1843971

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