Cotinus coggygria Scop. Ekstraktının İn-Vitro Antibakteriyal Aktivitesinin Araştırılması

Öz

Antik çağlardan günümüze bitkilerin çok sayıda hastalığın tedavisinde kullanıldığı bilinmektedir. Son 30-40 yıl boyunca antibiyotikler hastalıkların tedavisinde yaygın olarak kullanılmasına rağmen, antibakteriyellerin birçok yan etkisinin olduğu ve patojenik mikroorganizmaların antibakteriyellere karşı direnç kazandığı bildirilmiştir. Antibiyotiklere direnç gelişmesi nedeniyle, bitkilerde bulunan terapötik ajanların etkilerinin araştırılması giderek önem kazanmıştır. Güney ve güneydoğu Avrupa’da ve ülkemizde Trakya Bölgesi’nde yetişen Cotinus coggygria Scop. (Tetra) bitkisi antiseptik, antienflamatuar, antioksidan, antibakteriyel, antihemorajik özelliklerinden dolayı farklı coğrafyalarda yaşayan insanların geleneksel tedavilerinde kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Cotinus coggygria Scop. bitkisinin farklı konsantrasyonlardaki etanol ekstraktının antibakteriyel etkisini belirlemek ve bu etkisini mevcut antibiyotiklerle karşılaştırılması amaçlandı. Çalışmada Cotinus coggygria Scop. bitkisinin Soxhlet yöntemiyle elde edilen etanol ekstraktının antibakteriyal etkisi, günümüzde kullanılan antibakteriyal ajanlar; ampisilin (AM), sefazolin (CZ), sefuroksim (CXM), meropenem (MEM), kolistin (CL), ofloksasin (OFX), sulfametoksazol/ trimetoprim (SXT), tetrasiklin (TE), gentamisin (GM) ile agar difüzyon yöntemiyle karşılaştırıldı. Standart Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC-25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC-25922) ve insanlardan izole edilmiş daha önce farklı antibiyotiklere dirençli olduğu bilinen Acinetobacter baumannii ve Klebsiella pneumoniae kullanıldı. Cotinus coggygria Scop. bitkisinin farklı miktarlarda uygulanan etanol ekstraktının artan miktarlarına paralel olarak, test edilen bakteriler üzerindeki antibakteriyel etkiyi de arttırmıştır. Dirençli oldukları bilinen Acinetobacter baumannii ve Klebsiella pneumoniae'ye karşı uygulanan 20 μl ekstraktın inhibisyon zon çapları sırasıyla 15 ve 17 mm olarak belirlendi. Diğer taraftan, Acinetobacter baumannii’de 9 mm and 13 mm inhibisyon zon çapları sırasıyla kolistin ve gentamisin için tespit edilirken, Klebsiella pneumoniae’de 10 mm ve 12 mm inhibisyon zon çapları sırasıyla kolistin ve ofloksasin için tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Antibakteriyel etki
• Antibiyotik duyarlılığı
• Bakteriler
• Cotinus coggygria Scop.

Investigation of İn-Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Cotinus coggygria Scop. Extracts

Öz

From the ancient times to nowadays plants were known to be used for the treatment of numerous diseases. For the last 30-40 years antibiotics were widely used for the treatment of diseases however many side effects of antibacterials and resistance gaining of pathogenic microorganisms against antibacterials were reported. Due to resistance gaining to antibitiotics, research on the effects of therapeutic agents of plants has been become increasingly important. Cotinus coggygria Scop, which grows in southern, southeastern Europe and Thrace region in our country has been used in traditional treatments of people in different geographies due to antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and antihemorrhagic properties. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial effect of different concentrations of ethanol extract of Cotinus coggygria Scop. plant and compare its effect with current antibiotics. In this study, the antibacterial effect of different amounts of Cotinus coggygria Scop. (Tetra) plant with ethanol extracts obtained with Soxhlet method was compared with currently used antibacterial agents; ampicillin (AM), cefazolin (CZ), cefuroxime (CXM), mmeropenem (MEM), colistin (CL), ofloxacin (OFX), sulfamethoxazole / trimethoprim (SXT), tetracycline (TE), gentamicin (GM) by agar disc difuison method. For this purpose, standart Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC-25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC-25922) and clinically human isolated which known to be resistant to different antibacterial agents; Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae were used. Cotinus coggygria Scop. (Tetra) plant applied in different amounts increased the antibacterial effect on the tested bacteria in parallel with increasing amounts of the ethanol extract on tested bacteriae. In addition, the inhibition zone diameters of the 20 μL extracts against Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae, which known to be resistant, were determined to be 15 and 17 mm, respectively. On the other hand, while 9 mm and 13 mm inhibition zone were determined for colistin and gentamicin, respectively on Klebsiella pneumoniae, 10 and 12 mm inhbition zone were found for colistin and ofloxacin, respectively on tested Acinetobacter baumannii. As a result, ethanol extract of Cotinus coggygria Scop. plant showed antibacterial activity in gram positive and gram negative bacteriae. For the further studies, we thouht that it will be beneficial to use this plant extract as an antibacterial agent in health services , in addition to this, benefit from its antibacterial effect in industrial areas.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Cotinus coggygria Scop.
• Antibiotic susceptibility
• Antibacterial effect
• Bacteria

Kaynakça

1. Akgül Y, Öztürk Ş (2014). İdrar yolu enfeksiyonlarına neden olan Pseudomonas aeruginosa ve Klebsiella pneumoniae izolatlarına karşı bazı bitki ekstraktlarının antibakteriyel aktiviteleri, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniv., Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Türkiye.
2. Al Johani SM, Akhter J, Balkhy H, El-Saed A, Younan M, Memish Z (2010). Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among gram-negative isolates in an adult intensive care unit at a tertiary care center in Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med, 30(5), 364-369.
3. Ballabh B, Chaurasia OP (2007). Traditional medicinal plants of cold desert Ladakh—used in treatment of cold, cough and fever. J Ethnopharmacol, 112 (2), 341-349.
4. Bektaş E (2011). Cotinus coggygria (Scop.) bitkisinin antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal aktivitesinin belirlenmesi, Trakya Üniv., Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Türkiye.
5. Borchardt JR, Wyse DL, Sheaffer CC, Kauppi KL,Fulcher RG, Ehlke NJ, Biesboer, DD, F.Bey R (2008). Antimicrobial activity of native and naturalized plants of Minnesota and Wisconsin. J Med Plant Res, 2(5), 98-110.
6. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (US) (2013). Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2013. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services.
7. Chitme HR, Chandra R, Kaushik S (2004). Studies on anti-diarrhoeal activity of Calotropis gigantea R. Br. in experimental animals. J Pharm Pharm Sci, 7(1), 70-75.
8. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2010). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Twentieth Informational Supplement, M100-S20, CLSI, Wayne, PA.

9. Demirci B, Demirci F, Başer KHC (2003). Composition of the essential oil of Cotinus coggygria Scop. from Turkey. Flavour Frag J,18(1), 43-44.
10. Dülger B, Gücin F, Malyer H, Bıçakçı A (1997). Antimicrobial activity of Marigold (Tagetes Minuta L.). ACTA Pharm Sci, 39(3), 115-118.
11. Erdoğan AE, Everest A (2013). Antimikrobiyal ajan olarak bitki bileşenleri. Türk Bilim Derleme Derg, 6(2), 27-32.
12. Faydaoğlu E, Sürücüoğlu M (2013). Tıbbi ve aromatik bitkilerin antimikrobiyal, antioksidan aktiviteleri ve kullanim olanakları. Erzincan Üniv. Fen Bil Enst Dergisi, 6(2), 233-265.
13. Fraternale D, Ricci D (2014). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Cotinus coggygria Scop. from Italy. J Essent Oil Bear Pl, 17(3), 366-370.
14. Georgiev V, Ananga A, Tsolova V (2014). Recent advances and uses of grape flavonoids as nutraceuticals. Nutrients, 6(1), 391-415.
15. Gülbandılar A, Okur M, Öztop N, Dönmez M (2017). Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Altıntaş Meslek Yüksekokulu öğrencilerinin antibiyotiklerle tedavi konusunda bilgi ve tutumlarının belirlenmesi. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 4(2), 581-585.
16. Haddad-Kashani H, Seyed-Hosseini E, Nikzad H, Aarabi M H (2012). Pharmacological properties of medicinal herbs by focus on secondary metabolit. Life Sci J,9(1), 509-520.
17. Høiby N, Bjarnsholt T, Givskov M, Molin S, Ciofu O (2010). Antibiotic resistance of bacterial biofilms. Int J Antimicrob Agents,35(4), 322-332.
18. Ivanova DG, Pavlov DV, Eftimov M, Kalchev K, Nashar MA, Tzaneva MA, Valchevakuzmanova S (2013). Subchronic toxicity study of ethanol infusion from Cotinus coggygria wood in rats. Bulg J Agric Sci, 19(2), 182-185.
19. Kaymaz MB (2018). Yanık yarası üzerine Cotinus coggygria (duman ağacı) yaprak ekstresi ve fenitoinin etkileri, İnönü Üniv. Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Türkiye.
20. Kiffer CR, Mendes C, Oplustil CP, Sampaio JL (2007). Antibiotic resistance and trend of urinary pathogens in general outpatients from a major urban city. International Braz J Urol , 33(1), 42-49.
21. Marčetić M, Božić D, Milenković M, Malešević N, Radulović S, Kovačević N (2013). Antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activity of young shoots of the smoke tree, Cotinus coggygria Scop. Phytother Res, 27(11), 1658-1663.
22. Matić S, Stanić S, Solujić S, Milošević T, Niciforović N (2011). Biological properties of the Cotinus coggygria methanol extract. Period biol, 113(1), 87-92.
23. Ngule CM, Swamy A (2013). Phytochemical and bioactivity evaluation of Senna didymobotrya Fresen Irwin used by the Nandi community in Kenya. Int J Bioassays, 2(7), 1037-1043.
24. Novaković MM, Vučković IM, Janaćković PT, Soković M, Filipovic A, Tešević V, Milosavljević S (2007). Chemical composition, antibacterial and antifungal activity of the essential oils of Cotinus coggygria from Serbia. J Serb Chem Soc, 72(11), 1045-1051.
25. Rendeková K, Fialová S, Jánošová L, Mučaji P, Slobodníková L (2016). The activity of Cotinus coggygria Scop. leaves on Staphylococcus aureus strains in planktonic and biofilm growth forms. Molecules, 21(1), 50-59.
26. Roberts MC (2005). Update on acquired tetracycline resistance genes. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 245(2), 195-203.
27. Shagun S, Sujata B, Manjul S (2016). Chemical profiling, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Cotinus coggygria essential oil from Western Himalaya. Int J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res,8(7), 1183-1186.
28. Singh B, Dutt N, Kumar D, Singh S, Mahajan R (2011). Taxonomy, ethnobotany and antimicrobial activity of Croton bonplandianum, Euphorbia hirta and Phyllanthus fraternus. Journal of Advances in Developmental Research, 2(1), 21-29.
29. Stratev D, Dinkov D, Vashin I (2012). Antibacterial effect of extracts from Bulgarian’s “poplar” propolis and Smoke tree (Cotinus coggigria Scop.) against Aeromonas hydro-phila (ATCC 7965). Revue Méd Vét, 163(10), 443-447.
30. Thomas MB, Singh S (2013). Review article on antimicrobial resistance. Indian J Biotech Pharm Res,1(2), 223-225.
31. Tunç K, Hos A, Günes B (2013). Investigation of antibacterial properties of Cotinus coggygria from Turkey. Pol J Environ Stud, 22(5), 1559-1561.
32. Tzakou O, Bazos I, Yannitsaros A (2005). Essential oils of leaves, inflorescences and infructescences of spontaneous Cotinus coggygria Scop. from Greece. Flavour Frag J, 20(5), 531-533.
33. Ulukanlı Z, Karabörklü S, Bozok F, Çenet M, Öztürk B, Balcilar M (2014). Antimicrobial, insecticidal and phytotoxic activities of Cotinus coggyria Scop. essential oil (Anacardiaceae). Nat Prod Res, 28(23), 2150-2157.
34. Westenburg HE, Lee KJ, Lee SK, Fong HH, van Breemen RB, Pezzuto JM, Kinghorn AD (2000). Activity-Guided Isolation of antioxidative constituents of Cotinus coggygria. J Nat Prod, 63(12), 1696-1698.
35. WHO (2014). Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance. World Health Organization.
36. Wright GD (2005). Bacterial resistance to antibiotics: enzymatic degradation and modification. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 57(10), 1451-1470.