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Nitrate and Nitrite Levels in Serum and Seminal Plasma in Horses

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 3, 159 - 162, 27.12.2018

Öz

Nowadays, the fertility of the growing horses is of great importance. The aim of our study is to determine and compare the level of nitric oxide oxidation products of these animals in serum and seminal plasma. Seven healthy British horses were used in the study. Blood samples were taken from the vena jugularis. The sera were removed by centrifugation. Seminal plasmas of ejaculates taken with artificial vagina were separated. Seminal plasma and serum were obtained and nitrate nitrite values were determined. Nitrate and nitrite levels of samples were measured by coupling reagent reagent method. Nitrate levels in both semis and seminal plasma were 6,34 ± 2,7 and 4,95 ± 1,4, respectively. Nitrite levels were higher than seminal plasma in seminal plasma (p≤ 0.05), while nitrite levels in seminal plasma were higher than serum (p≤ 0.05). As a result, seminal plasma and serum nitrate-nitrite values ​​in British stallions were used. Presented to the knowledge of clinical veterinary medicine.

Kaynakça

  • Abou-Shakra FR, Ward NI, Everard DM (1989). The role of trace element in male infertility. Fertil Steril, 1989, 52, 307-310.Aitken J, Fisher H (1994). Reactive oxygen species generation and human spermatozoa: the balance of benefit and risk. Bioessays, 16,259-267. Aitken RJ, Marshall GJ (2002). Human spermatozoa: the future of sex.Nature, 415,963.Aitken RJ, De Luliis GN, Finnie JM, Hedges A, McLachlan R (2010). Analysis of the relationships between oxidative stress, DNA damage and sperm vitality in a patient population: development of diagnostic criteria. Hum Reprod,25, 2415-2426.Alberto Revelli MD, Loredana BergandiD, Marco Massobrio MD, Bo Lindblom D, Amalia Bosia MD,Dario Ghigo MD (2001). The concentration of nitrite in seminal plasma does not correlate with sperm concentration, sperm motility, leukocytospermia, or sperm culture Fertılıty and Sterılıty, 76, 3. Aurich JE, Sch¨onherr U, Hoppe H, Aurich C (1997).Effects of antioxidants on motility and membrane integrity of chilled-stored stallion semen. Theriogenology, 48,185-192.Ball BA, Gravance CG, Medina V, Baumber J, Liu IK (2000).Catalase activity in equine semen. Am J Vet Res,61,1026-1030.Ball BA (2008). Oxidative stress, osmotic stress and apoptosis: impact on sperm function and preservation in the horse. Anim Reprod Sci, 107,257-267.Barrier-Battut, Dellajarraud H, Legrand E, Bruyas J-F, Fi´eni F,Tainturier D (2002). Calcium, magnesium, copper, and zinc in seminal plasma of fertile stallions, and their relationship with semen freezability. Theriogenology, 58, 229-232.Baumber J, Ball BA (2005). Determination of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase-like activities in equine spermatozoa, seminal plasma, and reproductive tissues. Am J Vet Res, 66, 1415-1419.
  • Brama RS, Hendrix SA (1989). Nanogram nitrite and nitrate determination in enviromental and biological materials by vanadium reduction xith chemiluninescence detection. Anal Chem,61,2715-8. Braun J, Torres-Boggino F, Hochi S, Oguri N (1994). Effect of seminal plasma on motion characteristics of epididymal and ejaculated stallion spermatozoa during storage at 5_C. Dtsch Tier¨arztl Wochenschr, 101, 301-304.Calver A, Collier J , Vallance P(1993). Nitric oxide and cardiovascular control Experimental Physiology ,78,303-326. Cevk M, Tuncer PB, Tafidemr U, Ozurtafi T (2007). Comparison of spermatological characteristics and biochemical seminal plasma parameters of normozoospermic and oligoasthenzoospermic bulls of two breeds. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 31, 381-387.Channes SL, Ricker DD, Crone JK, Dembeck CL, Maguire MR, Burnet AL, Chang TS (1995). The effect androgen on nitric oxide synthase in the male reproductive tract of the rat. Fertil Steril, 63,1101-107.Cigankova V, Mesaros P, Bires J, Ledecky V, Ciganek J,Tomajkova E (1998). The morphological structure of the testis in stallions with zinc deficiency. Slovak Vet J, 23, 97-100. Danek J, Wisniewski E, Krumrych W (1999). The dependence between concentrations of zinc, copper, and calcium in blood serum and the characteristics of stallion semen. Med Weter,55, 259-264.De Lamirande E, Jiang H, Zini A, Kodama H, Gagnon C (1997).Reactive oxygen species and sperm physiology. Rev Reprod,2,48–54. Ferrusola CO, Gonz´alez Fern´andez L, GaGarcý BM, Salazar-Sandoval C, Rodrýguez AM, Martinez HR (2009). Effect of cryopreservation on nitric oxide production by stallion spermatozoa.Biol Reprod, 81, 1106-1111.Ford W (2004). Regulation of sperm function by reactive oxygen species. Hum Reprod Update. 10,387–399. Gamal A, SisyAmal M, Abo El-MaatyZaher, M.Rawash (2016).Comparative blood and seminal plasma oxidant/antioxidant status of Arab stallions with different ages and their relation to semen quality.Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction,2016, 5,428-433.Gordon I (2003). Capacitating bovine sperm. In: Laboratory production of cattle embryos. 2nd ed. Gordon I, CABI Publishing, CAB International, 158-175. Goud PT, Goud AP, Diamond MP, Gonik MP (2008). Abu Soud H. Nitricoxide extends the oocyte temporal window for optimal fertilization. Free Radic Biol Med, 45, 453-459.Guyton ve Hall (2013). Tıbbi Fizyoloji. Nobel Matbaacılık, İstanbul. Halliwell B (1996). Vitamin C: antioxidant or pro-oxidant in vivo. Free Radic Res ,25, 439-454.Hellstrom WJ, Bell M, Wang R, Sikka SC (1994). Effect of sodium nitroprusside on sperm motility, viability, and lipid peroxidation. Fertil Steril 61,1117–1122. Herrero MB, Viggiano JM, Perez Martinez S, De Gimeno MF (1997). Evidence that nitric oxide synthase is involved in progesterone induced acrosomal exocytosis in mouse spermatozoa. Reprod Fertil Dev 9,433–439. Leal AC, Caldas-Bussiere MC, Carvalho CS, Viana KS, Quirino CR (2009). Role of nitric oxide on quality of freshly ejaculated bull spermatozoa during heparin-induced in vitro capacitation. Anim Reprod Sci. 116,38–49. Koppers AJ, De Luliis GN, Finnie JM, McLaughlin EA, Aiteken RJ (2008). Significance of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in the generation of oxidative stress in spermatozoa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 93, 3199-3207.Mahsud T, Jamil H, Qureshi ZI, Asi MN, Lodhi LA, Waqas MS (2013). Semen quality parameters and selected bio-chemical constituents level in plasma of Lohi rams. Small Ruminant Res ,113, 175-178.Moncada S, Palmer RM, Higgs EA (1991).Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev,43,109-42. Morhenn VB (1997). Langerhans cells may trigger the psoriatic disease process via produetion of nitrix oxide. Immımol Today, 18,433.Morrell JM, Georgakas A, Lundeheim N, Nash D, Davies Morel MCG, Johannisson A (2014). Effect of heterologous and homologous seminal plasma on stallion sperm quality. Theriogenology,82,176-183.Moshage H, Kok B, Huizenge JR, Jansen PLM (1995). Nitrite and nitrate determinations in plasma: a critical evaluation. Clin Chem,41,892-896. Nathan CF, Hibbs JB (1991).Role of nitric oxide synthesis in macrophage antimicrobial activity.Curr Opin Immunol. ,3,65-70.O'Flaherty CM, Beorlegui NB, Beconi MT (1999). Reactive oxygen species requirements for bovine sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction. Theriogenology, 52, 289-301.Palmer RM, Ferrige AG, Moncada S (1987). Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature,11-17,327,524-6. Pesch S, Bergmann M, Bostedt H (2006). Determination of some enzymes and macro- and microelements in stallion seminal plasma and their correlations to semen quality. Theriogenology, 66, 307-313. Pickett BW, Sullivan JJ, Byers WW, Pace MM, Remmenga EE (1975). Effect of entrifugation and seminal plasma on motility and fertility of stallion and bull spermatozoa. Fertil Steril, 26,167-174.Pourova J, Kottova M, Voprsalova M, Pour M (2010). Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in normal physiological processes. Acta Physiol 198:15–35.Roessner C, Paasch U, Glander HJ, Grunewald S (2010).Activity of nitric oxide synthase in mature and immature human spermatozoa. Andrologia 42,132–137.Rosselli M, Dubey RK, Imthurn B, Macas E, Keller PJ (1995).Effects of nitric oxide on human spermatozoa: evidence that nitric oxide decreases sperm motility and induces sperm toxicity. Hum Reprod,10,1786–1790.Rosselli M, Keller PJ, Dubey RK (1998). Role of nitric oxide in the biology, physiology and pathophysiology of reproduction. Hum Reprod ,4,3–24.Sengoku K, Tamate K, Yoshida T, Takaoka Y, Miyamoto T, Ishikawa M (1998). Effects of low concentrations of nitric oxide on the zona pellucida binding ability of human spermatozoa. Fertil Steril, 69,522–7. Sessa WC, Harrison JK, Luthin DR, Pollock JS, Lynch KR (1993) Genomic analysis and expression patterns reveal distinct genes for endothelial and brain nitric oxide synthase. Hypertension 21,934-938.Sigman M, Zini A (2009). Semen analysis and sperm function assays: what do they mean? Semin Reprod Med, 27, 115-123.Stahr HM (1977). Analytical Toxicology Methods Manual. Iowa State University Press Ames, Iowa, USA, 68-7Strowitzki T(2002). Are zinc levels in seminal plasma associated with seminal leukocytes and other determinants of semen quality. Fertil Steril ,2,260-9. Viggiano JM, Herrero MB, Martinez SP, De Gimeno MF (1996). Analysis of the effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on mouse sperm employing a modified staining method for assessment of the acrosome reaction. J Androl 17,692–698. Vallance P, Collier J (1994). Biology and clinical relevance of nitric oxide. BMJ,13,309(6952),453-7.Yeoman RR, Jones WD, Rizk BM (1998). Evidence for nitric oxide regulation of hamster sperm hyperactivation. J Androl,19,58–64. Zhang H, Zheng RL (1996). Possible role of nitric oxide on fertile and asthenozoospermic infertile human sperm function. Free Rad Res 25,347–354.

Atlarda Serum ve Seminal Plazmada Nitrat ve Nitrit Düzeyleri

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 3, 159 - 162, 27.12.2018

Öz

Günümüzde yetiştiriciliği giderek artan atların fertilitesinin önemi büyüktür. Çalışmamızın amacı, bu hayvanların serum ve seminal plazmada nitrik oksit oksidasyon ürünlerinin seviyesini belirleyip karşılaştırmaktır.Çalışmada 7 adet sağlıklı İngiliz atı kullanıldı. Kan örnekleri vena jugularisten usulüne uygun alındı. Santrifüj edilerek serumlar çıkarıldı. Suni vajen yardımı ile alınan ejakulatlarının seminal plazmaları ayrıldı.  Seminal plazma ve serum elde edilerek nitrat nitrit değerleri belirlendi. Alınan örneklerde nitrat ve nitrit düzeyleri coupling reaktif ayıracı yöntemi ile ölçüldü. Serum ve seminal plazmadaNitrat düzeyleri sırasıyla 6,34±2,7 ve 4,95 ±1,4 iken Nitrit 1,55±0,7 ve 2,02±0,45 olarak belirlendi. Serumda nitrat seminal plazmadan yüksek (p≤ 0.05) iken seminal plazmada nitrit düzeyi serumdan daha yüksek (p≤ 0.05) hesaplandı. Sonuç olarak İngiliz aygırlarında seminal plazma ve serum nitrat-nitrit değerleri kaliteli sperma hakkında fikir sahibi olmak için klinik veteriner hekimliğin bilgisine sunuldu.

Kaynakça

  • Abou-Shakra FR, Ward NI, Everard DM (1989). The role of trace element in male infertility. Fertil Steril, 1989, 52, 307-310.Aitken J, Fisher H (1994). Reactive oxygen species generation and human spermatozoa: the balance of benefit and risk. Bioessays, 16,259-267. Aitken RJ, Marshall GJ (2002). Human spermatozoa: the future of sex.Nature, 415,963.Aitken RJ, De Luliis GN, Finnie JM, Hedges A, McLachlan R (2010). Analysis of the relationships between oxidative stress, DNA damage and sperm vitality in a patient population: development of diagnostic criteria. Hum Reprod,25, 2415-2426.Alberto Revelli MD, Loredana BergandiD, Marco Massobrio MD, Bo Lindblom D, Amalia Bosia MD,Dario Ghigo MD (2001). The concentration of nitrite in seminal plasma does not correlate with sperm concentration, sperm motility, leukocytospermia, or sperm culture Fertılıty and Sterılıty, 76, 3. Aurich JE, Sch¨onherr U, Hoppe H, Aurich C (1997).Effects of antioxidants on motility and membrane integrity of chilled-stored stallion semen. Theriogenology, 48,185-192.Ball BA, Gravance CG, Medina V, Baumber J, Liu IK (2000).Catalase activity in equine semen. Am J Vet Res,61,1026-1030.Ball BA (2008). Oxidative stress, osmotic stress and apoptosis: impact on sperm function and preservation in the horse. Anim Reprod Sci, 107,257-267.Barrier-Battut, Dellajarraud H, Legrand E, Bruyas J-F, Fi´eni F,Tainturier D (2002). Calcium, magnesium, copper, and zinc in seminal plasma of fertile stallions, and their relationship with semen freezability. Theriogenology, 58, 229-232.Baumber J, Ball BA (2005). Determination of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase-like activities in equine spermatozoa, seminal plasma, and reproductive tissues. Am J Vet Res, 66, 1415-1419.
  • Brama RS, Hendrix SA (1989). Nanogram nitrite and nitrate determination in enviromental and biological materials by vanadium reduction xith chemiluninescence detection. Anal Chem,61,2715-8. Braun J, Torres-Boggino F, Hochi S, Oguri N (1994). Effect of seminal plasma on motion characteristics of epididymal and ejaculated stallion spermatozoa during storage at 5_C. Dtsch Tier¨arztl Wochenschr, 101, 301-304.Calver A, Collier J , Vallance P(1993). Nitric oxide and cardiovascular control Experimental Physiology ,78,303-326. Cevk M, Tuncer PB, Tafidemr U, Ozurtafi T (2007). Comparison of spermatological characteristics and biochemical seminal plasma parameters of normozoospermic and oligoasthenzoospermic bulls of two breeds. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 31, 381-387.Channes SL, Ricker DD, Crone JK, Dembeck CL, Maguire MR, Burnet AL, Chang TS (1995). The effect androgen on nitric oxide synthase in the male reproductive tract of the rat. Fertil Steril, 63,1101-107.Cigankova V, Mesaros P, Bires J, Ledecky V, Ciganek J,Tomajkova E (1998). The morphological structure of the testis in stallions with zinc deficiency. Slovak Vet J, 23, 97-100. Danek J, Wisniewski E, Krumrych W (1999). The dependence between concentrations of zinc, copper, and calcium in blood serum and the characteristics of stallion semen. Med Weter,55, 259-264.De Lamirande E, Jiang H, Zini A, Kodama H, Gagnon C (1997).Reactive oxygen species and sperm physiology. Rev Reprod,2,48–54. Ferrusola CO, Gonz´alez Fern´andez L, GaGarcý BM, Salazar-Sandoval C, Rodrýguez AM, Martinez HR (2009). Effect of cryopreservation on nitric oxide production by stallion spermatozoa.Biol Reprod, 81, 1106-1111.Ford W (2004). Regulation of sperm function by reactive oxygen species. Hum Reprod Update. 10,387–399. Gamal A, SisyAmal M, Abo El-MaatyZaher, M.Rawash (2016).Comparative blood and seminal plasma oxidant/antioxidant status of Arab stallions with different ages and their relation to semen quality.Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction,2016, 5,428-433.Gordon I (2003). Capacitating bovine sperm. In: Laboratory production of cattle embryos. 2nd ed. Gordon I, CABI Publishing, CAB International, 158-175. Goud PT, Goud AP, Diamond MP, Gonik MP (2008). Abu Soud H. Nitricoxide extends the oocyte temporal window for optimal fertilization. Free Radic Biol Med, 45, 453-459.Guyton ve Hall (2013). Tıbbi Fizyoloji. Nobel Matbaacılık, İstanbul. Halliwell B (1996). Vitamin C: antioxidant or pro-oxidant in vivo. Free Radic Res ,25, 439-454.Hellstrom WJ, Bell M, Wang R, Sikka SC (1994). Effect of sodium nitroprusside on sperm motility, viability, and lipid peroxidation. Fertil Steril 61,1117–1122. Herrero MB, Viggiano JM, Perez Martinez S, De Gimeno MF (1997). Evidence that nitric oxide synthase is involved in progesterone induced acrosomal exocytosis in mouse spermatozoa. Reprod Fertil Dev 9,433–439. Leal AC, Caldas-Bussiere MC, Carvalho CS, Viana KS, Quirino CR (2009). Role of nitric oxide on quality of freshly ejaculated bull spermatozoa during heparin-induced in vitro capacitation. Anim Reprod Sci. 116,38–49. Koppers AJ, De Luliis GN, Finnie JM, McLaughlin EA, Aiteken RJ (2008). Significance of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in the generation of oxidative stress in spermatozoa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 93, 3199-3207.Mahsud T, Jamil H, Qureshi ZI, Asi MN, Lodhi LA, Waqas MS (2013). Semen quality parameters and selected bio-chemical constituents level in plasma of Lohi rams. Small Ruminant Res ,113, 175-178.Moncada S, Palmer RM, Higgs EA (1991).Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev,43,109-42. Morhenn VB (1997). Langerhans cells may trigger the psoriatic disease process via produetion of nitrix oxide. Immımol Today, 18,433.Morrell JM, Georgakas A, Lundeheim N, Nash D, Davies Morel MCG, Johannisson A (2014). Effect of heterologous and homologous seminal plasma on stallion sperm quality. Theriogenology,82,176-183.Moshage H, Kok B, Huizenge JR, Jansen PLM (1995). Nitrite and nitrate determinations in plasma: a critical evaluation. Clin Chem,41,892-896. Nathan CF, Hibbs JB (1991).Role of nitric oxide synthesis in macrophage antimicrobial activity.Curr Opin Immunol. ,3,65-70.O'Flaherty CM, Beorlegui NB, Beconi MT (1999). Reactive oxygen species requirements for bovine sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction. Theriogenology, 52, 289-301.Palmer RM, Ferrige AG, Moncada S (1987). Nitric oxide release accounts for the biological activity of endothelium-derived relaxing factor. Nature,11-17,327,524-6. Pesch S, Bergmann M, Bostedt H (2006). Determination of some enzymes and macro- and microelements in stallion seminal plasma and their correlations to semen quality. Theriogenology, 66, 307-313. Pickett BW, Sullivan JJ, Byers WW, Pace MM, Remmenga EE (1975). Effect of entrifugation and seminal plasma on motility and fertility of stallion and bull spermatozoa. Fertil Steril, 26,167-174.Pourova J, Kottova M, Voprsalova M, Pour M (2010). Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in normal physiological processes. Acta Physiol 198:15–35.Roessner C, Paasch U, Glander HJ, Grunewald S (2010).Activity of nitric oxide synthase in mature and immature human spermatozoa. Andrologia 42,132–137.Rosselli M, Dubey RK, Imthurn B, Macas E, Keller PJ (1995).Effects of nitric oxide on human spermatozoa: evidence that nitric oxide decreases sperm motility and induces sperm toxicity. Hum Reprod,10,1786–1790.Rosselli M, Keller PJ, Dubey RK (1998). Role of nitric oxide in the biology, physiology and pathophysiology of reproduction. Hum Reprod ,4,3–24.Sengoku K, Tamate K, Yoshida T, Takaoka Y, Miyamoto T, Ishikawa M (1998). Effects of low concentrations of nitric oxide on the zona pellucida binding ability of human spermatozoa. Fertil Steril, 69,522–7. Sessa WC, Harrison JK, Luthin DR, Pollock JS, Lynch KR (1993) Genomic analysis and expression patterns reveal distinct genes for endothelial and brain nitric oxide synthase. Hypertension 21,934-938.Sigman M, Zini A (2009). Semen analysis and sperm function assays: what do they mean? Semin Reprod Med, 27, 115-123.Stahr HM (1977). Analytical Toxicology Methods Manual. Iowa State University Press Ames, Iowa, USA, 68-7Strowitzki T(2002). Are zinc levels in seminal plasma associated with seminal leukocytes and other determinants of semen quality. Fertil Steril ,2,260-9. Viggiano JM, Herrero MB, Martinez SP, De Gimeno MF (1996). Analysis of the effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on mouse sperm employing a modified staining method for assessment of the acrosome reaction. J Androl 17,692–698. Vallance P, Collier J (1994). Biology and clinical relevance of nitric oxide. BMJ,13,309(6952),453-7.Yeoman RR, Jones WD, Rizk BM (1998). Evidence for nitric oxide regulation of hamster sperm hyperactivation. J Androl,19,58–64. Zhang H, Zheng RL (1996). Possible role of nitric oxide on fertile and asthenozoospermic infertile human sperm function. Free Rad Res 25,347–354.
Toplam 2 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Veteriner Cerrahi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Leyla Mis

Handan Mert Bu kişi benim

İnci Söğütlü Bu kişi benim

Nihat Mert

Kıvanç Irak

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Aralık 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Kasım 2018
Kabul Tarihi 23 Kasım 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 29 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Mis, L., Mert, H., Söğütlü, İ., Mert, N., vd. (2018). Nitrate and Nitrite Levels in Serum and Seminal Plasma in Horses. Van Veterinary Journal, 29(3), 159-162.
AMA Mis L, Mert H, Söğütlü İ, Mert N, Irak K. Nitrate and Nitrite Levels in Serum and Seminal Plasma in Horses. Van Vet J. Aralık 2018;29(3):159-162.
Chicago Mis, Leyla, Handan Mert, İnci Söğütlü, Nihat Mert, ve Kıvanç Irak. “Nitrate and Nitrite Levels in Serum and Seminal Plasma in Horses”. Van Veterinary Journal 29, sy. 3 (Aralık 2018): 159-62.
EndNote Mis L, Mert H, Söğütlü İ, Mert N, Irak K (01 Aralık 2018) Nitrate and Nitrite Levels in Serum and Seminal Plasma in Horses. Van Veterinary Journal 29 3 159–162.
IEEE L. Mis, H. Mert, İ. Söğütlü, N. Mert, ve K. Irak, “Nitrate and Nitrite Levels in Serum and Seminal Plasma in Horses”, Van Vet J, c. 29, sy. 3, ss. 159–162, 2018.
ISNAD Mis, Leyla vd. “Nitrate and Nitrite Levels in Serum and Seminal Plasma in Horses”. Van Veterinary Journal 29/3 (Aralık 2018), 159-162.
JAMA Mis L, Mert H, Söğütlü İ, Mert N, Irak K. Nitrate and Nitrite Levels in Serum and Seminal Plasma in Horses. Van Vet J. 2018;29:159–162.
MLA Mis, Leyla vd. “Nitrate and Nitrite Levels in Serum and Seminal Plasma in Horses”. Van Veterinary Journal, c. 29, sy. 3, 2018, ss. 159-62.
Vancouver Mis L, Mert H, Söğütlü İ, Mert N, Irak K. Nitrate and Nitrite Levels in Serum and Seminal Plasma in Horses. Van Vet J. 2018;29(3):159-62.

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