Van İlinde Koyunlarda Fasciola Hepatica Prevalansının Koproantijen Elısa Ve Dışkı Muayene Yöntemleri İle Karşılaştırmalı Araştırılması
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 31 Sayı: 2, 99 - 104, 03.07.2020
Suzan Erol Esim
,
Nalan Özdal
,
Bekir Oğuz
Öz
Bu çalışma, Van ilinde koyunlarda fasciolosisin yayılışını koproantijen-ELISA ve sedimentasyon-çinko sülfat flotasyon yöntemleri ile tespit etmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Toplam 141 koyundan alınan dışkı örnekleri sedimentasyon–çinko sülfat flotasyon metoduyla Fasciola hepatica yumurtaları yönünden muayene edilmiştir. Pozitif örneklerde gram dışkıdaki yumurta sayısı (EPG) modifiye McMaster sedimentasyon yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir. Dışkı örneklerinde F. hepatica antijenlerinin varlığı koproantijen-ELISA testi ile araştırılmıştır. Fasciolosisin koproantijen-ELISA, dışkı muayenesine ve totale göre prevalansı sırası ile %19.85, %11.34 ve %20.5 belirlenmiştir. Enfekte hayvanlarda EPG değeri 91,6 ± 64.1 bulunmuştur. Fasciolosisin prevalansı 4-5 yaş grubunda (%30) 2-3 yaş grubuna (%13.5) göre daha yüksek belirlenmiş ve bu farklılık istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Cinsiyete göre prevalansın dişilerde ve erkeklerde sırasıyla %20.6 ve %20 olduğu belirlenmiştir (p>0.05). Dışkı muayenesinde, koyunların Dicrocoelium dentriticum (%17.7), Trichuris ovis (%12), Oestertagia spp. (%12), Tricostrongylus spp. (%9.9), Nematodirus spp. (%5.7) ve Paramphistomum spp. (%2.8) ile de enfekte olduğu görülmüştür. Bu çalışma Van ilinde yetiştirilen koyunlarda fasciolosisin koproantijen-ELISA tekniği ile araştırıldığı ilk çalışmadır. Fasciolosis prevalansının uygulanan teşhis metodlarına göre değişebileceği ve sonuçların enfeksiyonun farklı aşamalarını yansıttığı için dikkatli yorumlanması gerektiği düşünülmüştür.
Destekleyen Kurum
Bu çalışma Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi tarafından 2015-SBE-YL023 no’lu proje ile desteklenmiştir.
Proje Numarası
2015-SBE-YL023
Teşekkür
Yazarlar, aynı başlıklı yüksek lisans tezinden özetlenen bu çalışmaya maddi desteklerinden dolayı Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi BAP koordinasyon birimine (Proje No: 2015-SBE-YL023) teşekkür ederler.
Kaynakça
- Açıcı M, Büyüktanır Ö, Bölükbaşı CS, Pekmezci GZ, Gürler AT, Umur S (2017). Serologic detection of antibodies against Fasciola hepatica in sheep in the middle Black Sea region of Turkey. J Microbiol Immunol and Infect, 50, 377-381.
- Akyol ÇV (2001). Bursa ortak girisim tesislerinde (Etba) kesilen koyunlarda distomatozis’in yayılışı. J Fac Vet Med, 20, 23-27.
- Altas MG, Sevgili M, Gökçen A, İriadam M (2003). Sanlıurfa’da kesilen koyunlarda karaciğer trematodlarının yaygınlığı. Türk Parazitol Derg, 27 (3), 195-198.
- Alvarez Rojas CA, Jex AR, Gasser RB, Scheerlinck JP (2014). Techniques for the diagnosis of Fasciola infections in animals: Room for improvement. Adv Parasitol, 85, 65–107.
- Anderson N, Luong TT, Vo NG, Buia KL, Smooker PM, Spithill TW (1999). The sensitivity and specificity of two methods for detecting Fasciola infections in cattle. Vet Parasitol, 83, 5–24.
- Arifin MI, Höglund J, Novobilsk A (2016). Comparison of molecular and conventional methods for the diagnosis of Fasciola hepatica infection in the field. Vet Parasitol, 232, 8–11.
- Avcioglu H, Güven E, Balkaya I, Kaynar O, Hayirli A (2014). Evaluation of coprological and serological techniques for Diagnosis of bovine fasciolosis. Israel J of Vet Med, 69 (4), 203-210.
- Brockwell YM, Elliott TP, Anderson GR, Stanton R, Spithill TW, Sangster NC (2014). Confirmation of Fasciola hepatica resistant to triclabendazole in naturally infected Australian beef and dairy cattle. Int J Parasito Drugs Drug Resist, 4, 48–54.
- Bostancı A, Oguz B (2017). Copro-ELISA prevelance of Fasciola hepatica in cattle in Van, Turkey. Acta Sci Vet, 45, pub:1465.
- Cawdery MSH (1984). Review of the economic importance of fascioliasis in sheep and cattle. Irish Veterinary News, september, 14-22.
- Charlier J, De Meulemeester L, Claerebout E, Williams D, Vercruysse J (2008). Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of coprological and serological techniques for the diagnosis of fasciolosis in cattle. Vet Parasitol, 153, 44–51.
- Celep A, Açıcı M, Çetindag M, Coskun SZ, Gürsoy S (1990). Samsun yöresi sığırlarında helmintolojik araştırmalar. Etlik Vet Mik Derg, 6, 117-130.
- Conceiçao MA, Durao RM, Costa IH, da Costa JM (2002). Evaluation of a simple sedimentation method (modified McMaster) for diagnosis of bovine fascioliosis. Vet Parasitol, 105 (4), 337-343.
- Endah Estuningsih S, Widjayanti S, Adiwinata G, Piedrafita D (2004). Detection of coproantigens by sandwich ELISA in sheep experimentally infected with Fasciola gigantica. Trop Biomed, 21, 51–56.
- Denizhan V (2010). Van ili ve bazı ilçelerinde koyunlarda Fasciola hepatica'nın seroprevalansı. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Doktora tezi.
- Domke AV1, Chartier C, Gjerde B, Leine N, Vatn S, Stuen S (2013). Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths, lungworms and liver fluke in sheep and goats in Norway. Vet Parasitol,194, 40-48. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.12.023.
- Fairweather I (2011). Reducing the future threat from (liver) fluke: realistic prospect or quixotic fantasy. Vet Parasitol, 180, 133–143.
- Flanagan A, Edgar HW J, Gordon A, Hanna REB, Brennan GP, Fairweather I (2011). Comparison of two assays, a faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and a coproantigen reduction test (CRT), for the diagnosis of resistance to triclabendazole in Fasciola hepatica in sheep. Vet Parasitol, 176, 170–176.
- Gargılı A, Tüzer E, Gülanber A ve ark. (1999). Trakya'da kesilen koyun ve sıgırlarda karaciğer trematod enfeksiyonlarının yaygınlığı. Türk J Vet Anim Sci, 23 (2), 115-116.
- Gaasenbeek CPH, Moll L, Cornelissen JBWJ, Vellema P, Borgsteede FHM (2001). An experimental study on triclabendazole resistance of Fasciola hepatica in sheep. Vet. Parasitol, 95, 37–43.
- Gordon DK, Zadoks RN, Stevenson H, Sargison ND, Skuce PJ (2012). On farm evaluation of the coproantigen ELISA and coproantigen reduction test in Scottish sheep naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica. Vet Parasitol, 187, 436–444.
- Hammami H, Hamed N, Ayadi A (2007). Epidemiological studies on Fasciola hepatica in Gafsa Oases (south west of Tunisia). Parasite. 14 (3,) 261-264.
- Hansen J, Perry B (1994). The Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Control of Helminth Parasites of Ruminants. International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya, pp. 35-42.
- Honer MR (1965a). The interpretation of faecal egg-counts. I. Daily variations in Fasciola hepatica egg-counts in cattle. Z Parasitenkde, 26, 143-155.
- Honer MR (1965b). The interpretation of faecal egg-counts. II. Single and multiple sampling in the diagnosis of sub-clinical fascioliasis hepatica. Z Parasitenkde, 26, 156-162.
- Karapınar A (2009). Zara Yöresinde koyunlarda Fasciola hepatica prevalansının Copro-Elisa ve dışkı muayene yöntemleriyle araştırılması. Yüksek lisans tezi. Erciyes Üni. Sağ. Bil. Enst., Kayseri
- Kassai T, Cordero del Campillo M, Euzeby J, Gaafar S, Hiepe T, Himonas CA (1988). Standardized Nomenclature of Animal Parasitic Diseases (SNOAPAD). Vet Parasitol, 29, 299-326.
- Kantzoura V, Kouam MK, Demiris N, Feidas H, Theodoropoulos G (2011). Risk factors and geospatial modelling for the presence of Fasciola hepatica infection in sheep and goat farms in the Greek temperate Mediterranean environment. Parasitology, 138 (7), 926-938.
- Malone JB, Gommes R, Hansen J et all. (1998). A geographic information system on the potential distribution and abundance of Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica in East Africa based on food and agriculture organization databases. Vet Parasitol, 78 (2), 87-101,
- Martínez-Péreza JM, Robles-Péreza D, Rojo-Vázqueza FA, Martínez-Valladares M (2012). Comparison of three different techniques to diagnose Fasciola hepatica infection in experimentally and naturally infected sheep. Vet Parasitol, 190, 80-86.
- Martinez-Sernandez V, Orbegozo-Medina RA, Gonzalez Warleta M, Mezo M, Ubeira FM (2016). Rapid enhanced MM3-COPRO ELISA for detection of Fasciola coproantigens. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 10,7, e0004872. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004872
- Maqbool A, Hayat CS, Akhtar T, Hashmi HA (2002). Epidemiology of fasciolosis in buffaloes under different managemental conditions. Vet arhiv, 72, 221-228.
- Mezo M, Gonzalez-Warleta M, Carro C, Ubeira FM (2004). An ultrasensitive capture ELISA for detection of Fasciola hepatica coproantigens in sheep and cattle using a new monoclonal anti- body (MM3). J Parasitol, 90, 845-852.
- Mezo M, González-Warleta M, Castro-Hermida JA, Muiño L, Ubeira FM (2011). Association between anti-F. hepatica antibody levels in milk and production losses in dairy cows. Vet Parasitol, 180, 237–242. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.03.009 PMID: 21459514
- Moriena R, Racioppi O, Alvarez JD (2004). Fasciolosis en bovinos del nordeste argentino. Prevalencia según edad. Rev Vet, 15, 3–4.
- Opara KN (2005). Population dynamics of Fasciola gigantica in cattle slaughtered in Uyo, Nigeria. Trop Anim Health Prod, 37, 363-368.
- Phiri AM, Phiri IK, Sikasunge CS, Monrad J (2005). Prevalence of fasciolosis in Zambian cattle observed at selected abattoirs with Emphasis on age sex and origin. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health, 52, 414-416.
- Rapsch C, Schweizer G, Grimm F et all. (2006). Estimating the true prevalence of Fasciola hepatica in cattle slaughtered in Switzerland in the absence of an absolute diagnostic test. Int J Parasitol, 36, 1153-1158.
- Reichel MP (2002). Performance characteristics of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) infection in sheep and cattle. Vet Parasitol, 107 (1-2), 65-72.
- Rinaldi L, Biggeri A, Musella V at all. (2015). Sheep and Fasciola hepatica in Europe: the GLOWORM experience. Geospatial Health, 9 (2), 309-317.
- Salimi-Bejestani MR, McGarry JW, Felstead S, Ortiz P, Akca A, Williams DJ (2005). Development of an antibody-detection ELISA for Fasciola hepatica and its evaluation against a commercially available test. Res Vet Sci, 78 (2), 177-181.
- Sanchez-Andrade R, Paz-Silva A, Suarez JL, et all. (2001). Effect of fasciolicides on the antigenaemia in sheep naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica. Parasitol Res, 87, 609–614.
- Sanchís J, Miguélez S, Solari MA et all. (2011). Seroprevalencia de la fasciolosis bovina en el departamento de Salto (Uruguay). Rev Ibero-Latinoam Parasitol, 70 (2), 163-171.
- Soulsby EJL (1986). Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals. London. Bailliere Tindall.
- Şen M, Yıldırım A, Bişkin Z, Düzlü Ö, İnci A (2011). Derinkuyu Yöresindeki Sığırlarda Fasciolosisin Kopro-ELISA ve Dışkı Muayene Yöntemleriyle Araştırılması. Türk Parazitol Derg, 35, 81-85.
- Taş Cengiz Z, Yılmaz H, Dülger AC, Akdeniz H, Çiçek M, Karahocagil M (2011). Van yöresinde insanlarda Fasciola hepatica’nın seroprevalansı. 17. Ulusal Parazitoloji Kongresi, Kars, Türkiye, 4-10 Eylül, ss.239-239.
- Toparlak M, Gül Y (1988). Van ili Belediye Mezbahasında kesilen koyunlarda karaciger trematod enfeksiyonları üzerinde arastırmalar. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 35 (2-3), 269-274.
- Ütük AE, Şimşek S, Köroğlu E (2012). A comparison of faecal examination, commercial ELISA kit, and indirect-ELISA methods in the diagnosis of sheep fasciolosis. Small Rumin Res, 107, 164– 166.
- Valero MA, Ubeira FM, Khoubbane M et all. (2009). MM3-ELISA evaluation of coproantigen release and serum antibody production in sheep experimentally infected with Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica. Vet Parasitol, 159, 77-81.
- Vural A (1970). Trakya Bölgesi koyunlarındaki helmint invazyonları durumun tespiti ve bunlara karşı etkili kombine bir tedavi sisteminin geliştirilmesi. Pendik Vet Kont Arst Enst Derg, 3, 2, 33-55.
- Yavuz A, İnci A, Yıldırım A, İça A, Düzlü Ö (2007). Sığırlarda Fasciola hepatica’nın Yayılışı. Sağ Bil Derg, 16, 96-102.
- Yıldırım A, İca A, Düzlü O, İnci A (2007). Prevalence and risk factors associated with Fasciola hepatica in cattle from Kayseri province, Turkey. Revue Med Vet, 158, 613-617.
Comparative Investigation of Fasciola hepatica Prevalence by Coproantigen-Elisa and Stool Examination Methods in Sheep in Van Province
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 31 Sayı: 2, 99 - 104, 03.07.2020
Suzan Erol Esim
,
Nalan Özdal
,
Bekir Oğuz
Öz
This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of fasciolosis in sheep in Van province by coproantigen-ELISA and sedimentation-zinc sulphate flotation technique. Fecal samples collected from 141 sheep were examined by sedimentation-zinc sulphate flotation technique. Modified McMaster sedimentation technique was applied to the egg positive samples to determine the egg per gram feces (EPG) values. Fasciola hepatica coproantigens in fecal samples were investigated by the ELISA technique. The coproantigen-ELISA, coprological, and total prevalence of fasciolosis were determined as 19.85%, 11.34% and 20.5%, respectively. The EPG value in infected sheep was 91,6 ± 64.1. The prevalence of fasciolosis infection was observed higher in 4-5 age group (30%) than 2-3 age group (13.5%), the differences between age groups were found significant (p<0.05). The prevalence of fasciolosis in female and male sheep was found as 20.6% and 20%, respectively (p>0.05). In the fecal examination, sheep were also found to be infected with Dicrocoelium dentriticum (17.7%), Trichuris ovis (12%), Oestertagia spp. (12%), Tricostrongylus spp. (9.9%), Nematodirus spp. (5.7%) and Paramphistomum spp. (2.8%). This study was the first investigation of ovine fasciolosis by coproantigen ELISA technique in Van province. It has been thought that the prevalence of fasciolosis may vary according to the diagnostic methods applied and should be interpreted with caution since the results reflect different stages of the infection.
Proje Numarası
2015-SBE-YL023
Kaynakça
- Açıcı M, Büyüktanır Ö, Bölükbaşı CS, Pekmezci GZ, Gürler AT, Umur S (2017). Serologic detection of antibodies against Fasciola hepatica in sheep in the middle Black Sea region of Turkey. J Microbiol Immunol and Infect, 50, 377-381.
- Akyol ÇV (2001). Bursa ortak girisim tesislerinde (Etba) kesilen koyunlarda distomatozis’in yayılışı. J Fac Vet Med, 20, 23-27.
- Altas MG, Sevgili M, Gökçen A, İriadam M (2003). Sanlıurfa’da kesilen koyunlarda karaciğer trematodlarının yaygınlığı. Türk Parazitol Derg, 27 (3), 195-198.
- Alvarez Rojas CA, Jex AR, Gasser RB, Scheerlinck JP (2014). Techniques for the diagnosis of Fasciola infections in animals: Room for improvement. Adv Parasitol, 85, 65–107.
- Anderson N, Luong TT, Vo NG, Buia KL, Smooker PM, Spithill TW (1999). The sensitivity and specificity of two methods for detecting Fasciola infections in cattle. Vet Parasitol, 83, 5–24.
- Arifin MI, Höglund J, Novobilsk A (2016). Comparison of molecular and conventional methods for the diagnosis of Fasciola hepatica infection in the field. Vet Parasitol, 232, 8–11.
- Avcioglu H, Güven E, Balkaya I, Kaynar O, Hayirli A (2014). Evaluation of coprological and serological techniques for Diagnosis of bovine fasciolosis. Israel J of Vet Med, 69 (4), 203-210.
- Brockwell YM, Elliott TP, Anderson GR, Stanton R, Spithill TW, Sangster NC (2014). Confirmation of Fasciola hepatica resistant to triclabendazole in naturally infected Australian beef and dairy cattle. Int J Parasito Drugs Drug Resist, 4, 48–54.
- Bostancı A, Oguz B (2017). Copro-ELISA prevelance of Fasciola hepatica in cattle in Van, Turkey. Acta Sci Vet, 45, pub:1465.
- Cawdery MSH (1984). Review of the economic importance of fascioliasis in sheep and cattle. Irish Veterinary News, september, 14-22.
- Charlier J, De Meulemeester L, Claerebout E, Williams D, Vercruysse J (2008). Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of coprological and serological techniques for the diagnosis of fasciolosis in cattle. Vet Parasitol, 153, 44–51.
- Celep A, Açıcı M, Çetindag M, Coskun SZ, Gürsoy S (1990). Samsun yöresi sığırlarında helmintolojik araştırmalar. Etlik Vet Mik Derg, 6, 117-130.
- Conceiçao MA, Durao RM, Costa IH, da Costa JM (2002). Evaluation of a simple sedimentation method (modified McMaster) for diagnosis of bovine fascioliosis. Vet Parasitol, 105 (4), 337-343.
- Endah Estuningsih S, Widjayanti S, Adiwinata G, Piedrafita D (2004). Detection of coproantigens by sandwich ELISA in sheep experimentally infected with Fasciola gigantica. Trop Biomed, 21, 51–56.
- Denizhan V (2010). Van ili ve bazı ilçelerinde koyunlarda Fasciola hepatica'nın seroprevalansı. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Doktora tezi.
- Domke AV1, Chartier C, Gjerde B, Leine N, Vatn S, Stuen S (2013). Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths, lungworms and liver fluke in sheep and goats in Norway. Vet Parasitol,194, 40-48. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.12.023.
- Fairweather I (2011). Reducing the future threat from (liver) fluke: realistic prospect or quixotic fantasy. Vet Parasitol, 180, 133–143.
- Flanagan A, Edgar HW J, Gordon A, Hanna REB, Brennan GP, Fairweather I (2011). Comparison of two assays, a faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and a coproantigen reduction test (CRT), for the diagnosis of resistance to triclabendazole in Fasciola hepatica in sheep. Vet Parasitol, 176, 170–176.
- Gargılı A, Tüzer E, Gülanber A ve ark. (1999). Trakya'da kesilen koyun ve sıgırlarda karaciğer trematod enfeksiyonlarının yaygınlığı. Türk J Vet Anim Sci, 23 (2), 115-116.
- Gaasenbeek CPH, Moll L, Cornelissen JBWJ, Vellema P, Borgsteede FHM (2001). An experimental study on triclabendazole resistance of Fasciola hepatica in sheep. Vet. Parasitol, 95, 37–43.
- Gordon DK, Zadoks RN, Stevenson H, Sargison ND, Skuce PJ (2012). On farm evaluation of the coproantigen ELISA and coproantigen reduction test in Scottish sheep naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica. Vet Parasitol, 187, 436–444.
- Hammami H, Hamed N, Ayadi A (2007). Epidemiological studies on Fasciola hepatica in Gafsa Oases (south west of Tunisia). Parasite. 14 (3,) 261-264.
- Hansen J, Perry B (1994). The Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Control of Helminth Parasites of Ruminants. International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya, pp. 35-42.
- Honer MR (1965a). The interpretation of faecal egg-counts. I. Daily variations in Fasciola hepatica egg-counts in cattle. Z Parasitenkde, 26, 143-155.
- Honer MR (1965b). The interpretation of faecal egg-counts. II. Single and multiple sampling in the diagnosis of sub-clinical fascioliasis hepatica. Z Parasitenkde, 26, 156-162.
- Karapınar A (2009). Zara Yöresinde koyunlarda Fasciola hepatica prevalansının Copro-Elisa ve dışkı muayene yöntemleriyle araştırılması. Yüksek lisans tezi. Erciyes Üni. Sağ. Bil. Enst., Kayseri
- Kassai T, Cordero del Campillo M, Euzeby J, Gaafar S, Hiepe T, Himonas CA (1988). Standardized Nomenclature of Animal Parasitic Diseases (SNOAPAD). Vet Parasitol, 29, 299-326.
- Kantzoura V, Kouam MK, Demiris N, Feidas H, Theodoropoulos G (2011). Risk factors and geospatial modelling for the presence of Fasciola hepatica infection in sheep and goat farms in the Greek temperate Mediterranean environment. Parasitology, 138 (7), 926-938.
- Malone JB, Gommes R, Hansen J et all. (1998). A geographic information system on the potential distribution and abundance of Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica in East Africa based on food and agriculture organization databases. Vet Parasitol, 78 (2), 87-101,
- Martínez-Péreza JM, Robles-Péreza D, Rojo-Vázqueza FA, Martínez-Valladares M (2012). Comparison of three different techniques to diagnose Fasciola hepatica infection in experimentally and naturally infected sheep. Vet Parasitol, 190, 80-86.
- Martinez-Sernandez V, Orbegozo-Medina RA, Gonzalez Warleta M, Mezo M, Ubeira FM (2016). Rapid enhanced MM3-COPRO ELISA for detection of Fasciola coproantigens. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 10,7, e0004872. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0004872
- Maqbool A, Hayat CS, Akhtar T, Hashmi HA (2002). Epidemiology of fasciolosis in buffaloes under different managemental conditions. Vet arhiv, 72, 221-228.
- Mezo M, Gonzalez-Warleta M, Carro C, Ubeira FM (2004). An ultrasensitive capture ELISA for detection of Fasciola hepatica coproantigens in sheep and cattle using a new monoclonal anti- body (MM3). J Parasitol, 90, 845-852.
- Mezo M, González-Warleta M, Castro-Hermida JA, Muiño L, Ubeira FM (2011). Association between anti-F. hepatica antibody levels in milk and production losses in dairy cows. Vet Parasitol, 180, 237–242. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.03.009 PMID: 21459514
- Moriena R, Racioppi O, Alvarez JD (2004). Fasciolosis en bovinos del nordeste argentino. Prevalencia según edad. Rev Vet, 15, 3–4.
- Opara KN (2005). Population dynamics of Fasciola gigantica in cattle slaughtered in Uyo, Nigeria. Trop Anim Health Prod, 37, 363-368.
- Phiri AM, Phiri IK, Sikasunge CS, Monrad J (2005). Prevalence of fasciolosis in Zambian cattle observed at selected abattoirs with Emphasis on age sex and origin. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health, 52, 414-416.
- Rapsch C, Schweizer G, Grimm F et all. (2006). Estimating the true prevalence of Fasciola hepatica in cattle slaughtered in Switzerland in the absence of an absolute diagnostic test. Int J Parasitol, 36, 1153-1158.
- Reichel MP (2002). Performance characteristics of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) infection in sheep and cattle. Vet Parasitol, 107 (1-2), 65-72.
- Rinaldi L, Biggeri A, Musella V at all. (2015). Sheep and Fasciola hepatica in Europe: the GLOWORM experience. Geospatial Health, 9 (2), 309-317.
- Salimi-Bejestani MR, McGarry JW, Felstead S, Ortiz P, Akca A, Williams DJ (2005). Development of an antibody-detection ELISA for Fasciola hepatica and its evaluation against a commercially available test. Res Vet Sci, 78 (2), 177-181.
- Sanchez-Andrade R, Paz-Silva A, Suarez JL, et all. (2001). Effect of fasciolicides on the antigenaemia in sheep naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica. Parasitol Res, 87, 609–614.
- Sanchís J, Miguélez S, Solari MA et all. (2011). Seroprevalencia de la fasciolosis bovina en el departamento de Salto (Uruguay). Rev Ibero-Latinoam Parasitol, 70 (2), 163-171.
- Soulsby EJL (1986). Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals. London. Bailliere Tindall.
- Şen M, Yıldırım A, Bişkin Z, Düzlü Ö, İnci A (2011). Derinkuyu Yöresindeki Sığırlarda Fasciolosisin Kopro-ELISA ve Dışkı Muayene Yöntemleriyle Araştırılması. Türk Parazitol Derg, 35, 81-85.
- Taş Cengiz Z, Yılmaz H, Dülger AC, Akdeniz H, Çiçek M, Karahocagil M (2011). Van yöresinde insanlarda Fasciola hepatica’nın seroprevalansı. 17. Ulusal Parazitoloji Kongresi, Kars, Türkiye, 4-10 Eylül, ss.239-239.
- Toparlak M, Gül Y (1988). Van ili Belediye Mezbahasında kesilen koyunlarda karaciger trematod enfeksiyonları üzerinde arastırmalar. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 35 (2-3), 269-274.
- Ütük AE, Şimşek S, Köroğlu E (2012). A comparison of faecal examination, commercial ELISA kit, and indirect-ELISA methods in the diagnosis of sheep fasciolosis. Small Rumin Res, 107, 164– 166.
- Valero MA, Ubeira FM, Khoubbane M et all. (2009). MM3-ELISA evaluation of coproantigen release and serum antibody production in sheep experimentally infected with Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica. Vet Parasitol, 159, 77-81.
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