İşletmelerde Verimliliği Etkileyen Faktörlerin Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Yöntemleri ile Belirlenmesi ve Balık Kılçığı Yöntemi ile Çözüm Önerilerinin Geliştirilmesi

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 60 Sayı: 1, 143 - 162, 28.01.2026

Serkan Derici

https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1796166

https://izlik.org/JA53RU67PZ

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmada işletmelerin verimliliğine etki eden faktörlerin belirlenmesi, önem derecelerine göre sıralanması ve her bir faktöre dair verimliliği artırıcı önerilerin geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: İşletmelerde verimliliğe etki eden faktörler AHP Yöntemi ile sıralanmış, DEMATEL Yöntemi ile faktörler arasındaki ilişkiler belirlenmiş ve son olarak Balık Kılçığı Diyagramı ile görselleştirilerek her bir faktöre dair verimliliği artırıcı öneriler sunulmuştur.
Bulgular: AHP Yöntemi ile yapılan analizler sonucunda, işletmelerde verimliliğe etki eden en önemli faktörler örgüt kültürü, yönetim ve liderlik ile işletmenin finansal yapısı olarak tespit edilirken; çalışma ortamının ergonomik özellikleri en düşük önem düzeyindeki faktör olarak belirlenmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen DEMATEL Yöntemi uygulamasında sonucunda ise yönetim ve liderlik ile işletmenin finansal yapısı faktörlerinin diğer faktörleri en çok etkileyen faktörler olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Balık kılçığı diyagramı uygulamasında ise bulgular görselleştirilerek, her bir faktöre dair verimliliği artırıcı öneriler sunulmuştur.
Özgünlük: İşletmelerde verimlilik konusunu bir bütün olarak ele alan çalışmaların az olduğu ve farklı çok kriterli karar verme yöntemleri ile balık kılçığı diyagramı uygulamasının oldukça kısıtlı olduğu literatür taramasında görülmekte iken, uygulamalarda kullanılan modelin özgün olması bu çalışmayı diğer çalışmalardan yöntem ve model olarak farklılaştırmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Verimlilik , Çok Kriterli Karar Verme , Balık Kılçığı Yöntemi

Determining Factors Affecting Productivity in Businesses by Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Methods and Developing Solution Proposals Using the Fishbone Diagram Method

https://izlik.org/JA53RU67PZ

Öz

Purpose: The aim of this study is to identify the factors affecting the productivity of businesses, rank them according to their importance, and develop productivity-enhancing proposals for each factor.
Methodology: The factors affecting productivity in businesses were ranked using the AHP Method, the relationships between the factors were determined using the DEMATEL Method, and finally, each factor was visualized using a Fishbone Diagram, and suggestions for increasing productivity were presented.
Findings: The AHP Method analysis revealed that the most important factors affecting productivity in businesses are organizational culture, management and leadership, and the financial structure of the business, while the ergonomic characteristics of the working environment were determined to be the least important factor. The DEMATEL Method application has revealed that management and leadership, along with the company's financial structure, were the factors that most significantly influenced the other factors. A fishbone diagram was used to visualize the findings and provide suggestions for each factor to increase productivity.
Originality: The literature review reveals that there are few studies addressing the issue of productivity in businesses as a whole, and that the application of multi-criteria decision-making methods and fishbone diagrams is quite limited. However, the originality of the model used in the application distinguishes this study from others in terms of methodology and model.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Productivity , Multi-Criteria Decision Making , Fishbone Method

Kaynakça

• Abadylla, H. I. (2015). "Pengaruh Lingkungan Kerja Karakteristik Individu dan Motivasi Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan (Studi Pada Perguruan Tinggi Swasta IKIP PRGI Jember)", Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa FEB, 4(1), 1-14.
• Akbar, J.K., Wiediartini, W. Ve Rachman, F. (2018). "Pengaruh Lingkungan Kerja dan Karakteristik Individu Terhadap Produktivitas Kerja Industri Peleburan Baja BT Seminar K3", 2(1), 559–562.
• Akçay, H. (2011). “Gıda Perakendeciliğinde İş Yeri ve İş Gücü Verimliliği” (Vol. 2), Hiperyayın, İstanbul.
• Aksakal, E. ve Dağdeviren, M. (2010). "ANP ve DEMATEL Yöntemleri ile Personel Seçimi Problemine Bütünleşik Bir Yaklaşim", Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(4), 905-913.
• Altan A.A. (2012) “Bir Hizmet Sisteminde Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Yöntemleri ile Performans Değerlendirme: Bir Özel Hastanede Uygulama”, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• Alzaabi, M., Alhammadi, N. ve Perumal, S. (2023). “Assessing the Factors Influencing Productivity in Steel Manufacturing Industries 14-16”, Proceedings of the Second Australian International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, Melbourne, Australia, 767-775.
• Ardila, R., Padra, M., Martinez, K. ve Aguilar, G. (2024). "Factors Affecting Labor Productivity in the Global Construction Industry: A Critical Review, Classification and Ranking", Scientia et Technica. https://doi.org/10.22517/23447214.25546.
• Arnold, E. ve Pulich, M. (2004). "Improving Productivity Through More Effective Time Management", The health care Manager, 23(1), 65-70. https://doi.org/10.1097/00126450-200401000-00011
• Arshad, S. ve Fatima, S. Z. (2021). "Exploring The Factors Affecting The Employees’ Productivity: A Case Study Of Selected SMEs In Lahore", Archives of Business Research, 9(2), 210-216. https://doi.org/10.14738/abr.92.9682
• Atalay, O. ve Kılıç, Ö. (2015). "Balık Kılçığı Yöntemi ile Mobil Vinç Kazası Olası Nedenlerinin İncelenmesi", Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 30(1), 73-78.
• Ayaş, N. (2002). "Bölgesel Rekabet Gücünün Geliştirilmesinde Verimliliğin Rolü", Muğla Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9, 1-24.
• Aydın, B.I. ve Borat, O. (2021). "Bitkisel Tarım Etkinliğinin Veri Zarflama Analizi İle Ölçümü: Türkiye’de İl Düzeyinde Bir Çalışma", İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 20(39), 1-18.
• Aydin, B.I. ve Borat, O. (2020). "Bitkisel Tarım Etkinliğinin Veri Zarflama Analizi ile Ölçümü: Türkiye’de İl Düzeyinde Bir Çalışma", İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 20(39), 1-18.
• Byun, D.-H. (2001). "The AHS Approach for Selecting an Automobile Purchase Mode", Information Management, 38, 289–297.
• Canco, I., Kruja, D. ve Iancu, T. (2021). "AHP, a Reliable Method for Quality Decision Making: A Case Study in Business", Sustainability, 13932. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413932
• Canedo, E. ve Santos, G. (2019). "Factors Affecting Software Development Productivity: An Empirical Study", Proceedings of the XXXIII Brazilian Symposium on Software Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1145/3350768.3352491
• Cheng, E. ve Li, H. (2001). "Analytic Hierarchy Process", Measuring Business Excellence, 5, 30-37. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000005864
• Ciocoiu, C. N. (2008). "Managementul Riscului. Teorii, Practici, Metodologii", ASE, Bucharest.
• Dangol, P. (2020). "An Analysis of Factors Improving Productivity at Work", Quantitative Economics and Management Studies, 1(4), 268-274. https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.qems200
• Deming, W. E. (1981). "Improvement of Quality and Productivity Through Action by Management", National productivity review, 1(1), 12-22.
• Durdyev, S., Ihtiyar, A., Ismail, S., Ahmad, F.Sh. ve Bakar, N.A. (2014). "Productivity and Service Quality: Factors Affecting in Service Industry", Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 109, 487-491.
• Dyer, C. (2023). "The Power of Company Culture: How Any Business Can Build a Culture That Improves Productivity, Performance and Profits", Kogan Page Publishers.
• Gartlehner, G., Schultes, M. T., Titscher, V., Morgan, L. C., Bobashev, G. V., Williams, P. ve West, S. L. (2017). "User Testing of an Adaptation of Fishbone Diagrams to Depict Results of Systematic Reviews", BMC Medical Research Methodology, 17(1), 169. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-017-0452-z
• Gehani, R.R. (1995). "Teknolojinin Zamana Dayalı Yönetimi: Taktik ve Stratejik Rollerin Taksonomik Entegrasyonu", Uluslararası Operasyon ve Üretim Yönetimi Dergisi, 15(2), 19-35.
• Halkos, G. ve Bousinakis, D. (2010). "The Effect of Stress and Satisfaction on Productivity", International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 59(5), 415-431.
• Hafner, M., Van Stolk, C., Saunders, C., Krapels, J. ve Baruch, B. (2015). "Health, Wellbeing and Productivity in the Workplace", A Britain’s Healthiest Company Summary Report RAND Corporation Report.
• Hayta, A.B. (2007). "Çalışma Ortamı Koşullarının İşletme Verimliliği Üzerine Etkisi". Gazi Üniversitesi Ticaret ve Turizm Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (1), 21-41.
• Heil, M. (2019). "Finance and Productivity: A Literature Review", Contemporary Topics in Finance: A Collection of Literature Surveys, 151-182.
• Hidayat, R. ve Cavorina, A. (2017). "Pengaruh Karakteristik Individu dan Lingkungan Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan PT Cladtek BI Metal Manufacturing", Journal of Applied Business Administration, 1(2), 337–347. https://doi.org/10.30871/jaba.v1i2.617
• Ho, W. (2008). "Integrated Analytic Hierarchy Process and its Applications - A Literature Review", European Journal of Operational Research, 186, 211-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2007.01.004
• Hoffman, J.M. ve Mehra, S. (1999). "Management Leadership and Productivity Improvement Programs", International Journal of Applied Quality Management, 2(2), 221-232.
• Ishizaka, A. ve Lusti, M. (2006). "How to Derive Priorities in AHP: a Comparative Study", Central European Journal of Operations Research, 14(4), 387-400.
• Jiang, J. ve Duffy, V. G. (2021). "Modern Workplace Ergonomics and Productivity–A Systematic Literature Review", International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, 509-524, Springer International Publishing, Cham.
• Juran, J.M. (1999). "Juran's Quality Handbook (5th Edition)", McGraw-Hill.
• Kara, M.A ve Seyhan, M. (2020). "Verimlilik Kavramı ve İşletmelerde Verimliliğin Önemi: AKFA Çay Fabrikası Örneği", Journal of Academic Value Studies, 2(4), 161-169.
• Karacaer, S. ve İbrahimoğlu, N. (2003). "İşletme Yönetiminde Muhasebe Bilgi Sistemi, İç Kontrol, Verimlilik İlişkisi ve Önemi", Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(1), 211-228.
• Karamik, S. ve Seker, U. (2015). "İşletmelerde İş Güvenliğinin Verimlilik Üzerine Etkilerinin Değerlendirilmesi", Gazi University Journal of Science Part C: Design and Technology, 3(4), 575-584.
• Karlaftis, M. G. (2004). "A DEA Approach for Evaluating the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Urban Transit Systems", European Journal of Operational Research, 152(2), 354-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(03)00029-8
• Kasim, T., Haracic, M. ve Haracic, M. (2018). "The Improvement of Business Efficiency Through Business Process Management", Economic Review: Journal of Economics and Business, 16(1), 31-43.
• Kazaz, A., Ulubeyli, S., Acikara, T. ve Bayram E. R. (2016). "Factors Affecting Labor Productivity: Perspectives of Craft Workers", Creative Construction Conference 2016, CCC 2016, 25-28 June 2016, Procedia Engineering, 164, 28-34.
• Koçaslan, G. (2014). "Türkiye’nin Enerji Verimliliği Mevzuatı, Avrupa Birliği’ndeki Düzenlemeler ve Uluslararası-Ulusal Öneriler", Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 15(2), 117-133.
• Kriswanto, K. ve Yusuf, A. (2021). "The Implementation of Total Quality Management with Fishbone Method in PT. Kaliaren Jaya Plywood", Bina Bangsa International Journal of Business and Management. https://doi.org/10.46306/BBIJBM.V1I2.15
• Kurniawan, W.P. ve Dewanti, R. (2023). "The Relationship Between Work Conflict and Employee Performance in Factory Employees", Indonesian Journal of Innovation Studies, 21. https://doi.org/10.21070/ijins.v21i.808
• Küçükkıralı, Z. ve Aydın, Ü. (2022). "Türkiye’de Faaliyet Gösteren Bireysel Emeklilik Şirketlerinin Etkinliği", Verimlilik Dergisi, (2), 289-304. https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.940655
• Lavazza, L., Morasca, S. ve Tosi, D. (2018). "An Empirical Study on the Factors Affecting Software Development Productivity", e Informatica Softw. Eng. J., 12, 27-49. https://doi.org/10.5277/e-Inf180102
• Lin, C.J. ve Wu, W.W. (2008). "A Causal Analytical Method for Group Decisionmaking Under Fuzzy Environment", Expert Systems with Applications, 34, 205-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2006.08.012
• Liu, F., Chang-Richards, A., Wang, K.I-K. ve Dirks K.N. (2023). "Effects of Indoor Environment Factors on Productivity of University Workplaces: A Structural Equation Model", Building and Environment, 233, 110098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110098
• Mahaputra, M.R. (2022). "Effect of Salary and Work Environment on Productivity (Study of Human Resource Management Literature)", International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary, 1(2), 153-162. https://doi.org/10.38035/ijam.v1i2.73
• Mahmoudzadeh, M. ve Abri, A. (2015). "Impact of Information Technology on Productivity and Efficiency in Iranian Manufacturing Industries", Journal of Industrial Engineering International, 11, 143-157.
• Maryani, M. ve Gazali, A.U. (2024). "The Effect of Work Environment and Individual Characteristics on Employee Productivity", Golden Ratio of Human Resource Management, 4(1), 85-96. https://doi.org/10.52970/grhrm.v4i1.493
• McEntire, L.E. ve Greene-Shortridge, T.M. (2011). "Recruiting and Selecting Leaders for Innovation: How to Find the Right Leader", Advances in Developing Human Resources, 13(3), 266-278.
• Murnawan, H. (2016). "Perencanaan Produktivitas Kerja Dari Hasil Evaluasi Produktivitas Dengan Metode Fishbone Di Perusahaan Percetakan Kemasan PT.X", 11.
• Nisakurohma, A.H. ve Sunuharyo, B.S. (2018). "Pengaruh Karakteristik Individu ve Lingkungan Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan", Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis (JAB), 61(3).
• Ölmez, H., Ergun, İ., Ensari, M. ve Can, E. (2021). "Normalleşme Sürecinde Ofis Çalışmalarında Covid-19’u Önlemede Balık Kılçığı Yöntemi ile Sebep Sonuç Analizi", International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Pure Sciences, 33(1), 106-115. https://doi.org/10.7240/jeps.749452
• Ömürbek, N. (2013). "Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci ve Analitik Ağ Süreci Yöntemlerinde Grup Kararı Verilmesi Aşamasına İlişkin Bir Örnek Uygulama", Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(3), 47-70.
• Ören, K. (2016). "İşletmelerde Verimlilik ve Performansın Arttırılmasında Zaman Yönetimi", Hak İş Uluslararası Emek ve Toplum Dergisi, 5(11), 186-203.
• Özdamar, D.Y. (2004). "Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci Yöntemi: Bir Satın Alma Halesinde Uygulanması". (Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
• Özgüven, C. (2005). "Karar Teorisi (Ders Notları)", Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Kayseri, 129-140.
• Öztemiz, A.B. (2005). "Örgütlerde Stresin Verimlilik ve Performansla Etkileşimi", Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 14(1), 271-288.
• Öztürk, İ. (2017). "Altı Sigma, Yalın Üretim ve Yalın Altı Sigma Metodolojisinin Tarımsal İşletmelerde Verimlilik ve Kalite Üzerine Etkisi", KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 20(3), 201-208.
• Pech, R. ve Slade, B. (2006). "Employee Disengagement: Is There Evidence of a Growing Problem?", Handbook of Business strategy, 7(1), 21-25.
• Pereira, M., Comans, T., Sjøgaard, G., Straker, L., Melloh, M., O'Leary, S., ... ve Johnston, V. (2019). "The Impact of Workplace Ergonomics and Neck-Specific Exercise Versus Ergonomics and Health Promotion Interventions on Office Worker Productivity: A Cluster-Randomized Trial", Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 45(1), 42-52.
• Pilat, D. (2007). "Productivity in Business Services", Business Services in European Economic Growth, (pp. 62-73). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
• Prakash, A., Jha, S.K., Prasad, K.D. ve Singh, A.K. (2017). "Productivity, Quality and Business Performance: An Empirical Study", International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 66(1), 78-91. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-03-2015-0041
• Prasad, K.D., Jha, S.K. ve Prakash, A. (2015). "Quality, Productivity and Business Performance in Home Based Brassware Manufacturing Units", International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 64(2), 270- https://doi.org/287. 10.1108/IJPPM-02-2014-0029
• Ramli, A.H. (2019). "Work Environment, Job Satisfaction and Employee Performance in Health Services", Business and Entrepreneurial Review, 19(1), 29-42. https://doi.org/10.25105/ber.v19i1.5343
• Robbins, S.P. ve Judge, T.A. (2013). "Essentials of Organizational Behavior" (Vol. 2), Pearson.
• Rombe, M.L.M. ve Mogga, L. (2016). "Effective Time and Self Management, Environment and Productivity in an Organization", Science Journal of Business and Management, 4(6), 204-211. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjbm.20160406.15
• Rusady, E. (2021). "Aplikasi Metode American Productivity Center (APC) Dan Analisis Fishbone Diagram Untuk Meningkatkan Produktivitas", Jurnal Tekno. https://doi.org/10.33557/jtekno.v18i2.1431
• Saaty, T. (1990). "How to Make a Decision: The Analytic Hierarchy Process", Interfaces, 24, 19-43. https://doi.org/10.1287/INTE.24.6.19
• Saaty, T. (2008). "Decision Making with the Analytic Hierarchy Process", International Journal of Services Sciences, 1, 83-98. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSSCI.2008.017590.
• Sarros, J.C., Cooper, B.K. ve Santora, J.C. (2008). "Building a Climate for Innovation Through Transformational Leadership and Organizational Culture", Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 15(2), 145-158. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051808324100
• Seçme, N.Y., Bayrakdaroğlu, A. ve Kahraman, C. (2009). "Fuzzy Performance Evaluation in Turkish Banking Sector Using Analytic Hierarchy Process and TOPSIS", Expert Systems with Applications, 36(9), 11699-11709.
• Sedarmayanti, M. (2010). "Human Resources and Work Productivity", Mandar Advanced, Bandung CV.
• Semmaila, B. (2018). "Karakteristik Individu, Sosyal Ekonomi, Kültürel ve Sağlık Açısından Çalışan Verimliliğine Etkisi Üzerine Bir Çalışma (Makassar Şehri, Endonezya'daki Küçük İşletmelerde)", EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Keuangan), 12(4), 549-567.
• Sharin, V. ve Plutova, M. (2023). "Social Aspect of Labor Productivity: Factors and Risks", Herald of Omsk University. Series: Economics. https://doi.org/10.24147/1812-3988.2023.21(2).80-88
• Smith, T.M. ve Reece, J.S. (1999). "The Relationship of Strategy, Fit, Productivity, and Business Performance in a Services Setting", Journal of Operations Management, 17(2), 145-161.
• Soekiman, A., Pribadi, K.S., Soemardi, B.W. ve Wirahadikusumah, R.D. (2011). "Factors Relating to Labor Productivity Affecting the Project Schedule Performance in Indonesia", The Twelfth East Asia-Pacific Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction, Procedia Engineering, 14, 865-873.
• Štofková, J., Krejnus, M., Štofková, K., Malega, P. ve Biňasová, V. (2022). "Use of the Analytic Hierarchy Process and Selected Methods in the Managerial Decision-Making Process in the Context of Sustainable Development", Sustainability, 14(18), 11546. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811546
• Subramanian, N. ve Ramanathan, R. (2012). "A Review of Applications of Analytic Hierarchy Process in Operations Management", International Journal of Production Economics, 138(2), 215-241.
• Suryani, S. ve Fitri, M.A. (2023). "Analysis of Factors Affecting Employee Productivity", Journal of Management and Business Insight, 1(2), 142-149. https://doi.org/10.12928/jombi.v1i2.738
• Şen, G., Demirel, E., Avcı, S. ve Aladağ, Z. (2021). "COVID-19 Ölüm Oranında Etkili Olan Risk Faktörlerinin Dematel Yöntemi ile İncelenmesi", Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 36(4), 2151-2166. https://doi.org/10.17341/gazimmfd.749133
• Top, A. (2002). "Verimlilik ve Üretkenlik Üzerine Düşünceler", Öneri Dergisi, 5(17), 31-34. Tzeng, G.H., Chiang, C.H. ve Li, C.W. (2007). "Evaluating Intertwined Effects in Elearning Programs: A Novel Hybrid MCDM Model Based on Factor Analysis and DEMATEL", Expert Systems with Applications, 32, 1028-1044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2006.02.004
• Uzay, N. ve Barış, S. (2019). "Verimlilik ve Büyüme Kavram, Kuram ve Politika", Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık, Ankara. Vafaei, N., Ribeiro, R.A. ve Camarinha-Matos, L.M. (2016). "Normalization Techniques for Multi-Criteria Decision Making: Analytical Hierarchy Process Case Study", Doctoral Conference on Computing, Electrical and Industrial Systems (ss. 261-269), Springer International Publishing, Cham.
• Wahyuaji, B.T. ve Nasir, M. (2019). "Pengaruh Lingkungan Kerja dan Karakteristik Individu Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan SFA Steak & Resto di Karanganyar", Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
• Watson, G. (2004). "The Legacy Of Ishikawa", Quality Progress, 37(4), 54-47.
• Wheelwright, S. C. (1984). "Quality and Productivity in the New Industrial Competition". AT&T Bell Laboratories Management for Quality and Productivity Workshop, Somerset, NJ.
• Wu, W.W. ve Lee, Y.T. (2007). "Developing Global Managers’ Competencies Using the Fuzzy DEMATEL Method", Expert Systems with Applications, 32, 499-507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2005.12.005
• Yazdani, A.A. ve Tavakkoli-Moghaddam, R. (2012). "Integration of the Fish Bone Diagram, Brainstorming, and AHP Method for Problem Solving and Decision Making—A Case Study", The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 63(5), 651-657.
• Yüksel, M., Dağdeviren, M. ve Kabak, M. (2018). "An Analysis of the Factors Determining the Effectiveness of Chemistry Education by Using Fishbone Analysis and AHP-PROMETHEE Techniques", Necatibey Faculty of Education Electronic Journal of Science & Mathematics Education, 12(1), 442-472. https://doi.org/10.17522/balikesirnef.437833
• Zabidi, Y., Pirdaus, R., Mauidzoh, U.G., Astuti, M. ve Nurdin, R. (2024). "Productivity Analysis Using the Objective Matrix and Fishbone Diagram Methods in SMEs of Airplane Replicas", 2024 ASU International Conference in Emerging Technologies for Sustainability and Intelligent Systems (ICETSIS), 904-907. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICETSIS61505.2024.10459644
• Zhao, C.H., Zhang, J., Zhong, X. Y., Zeng, J. ve Chen, S.J. (2012). "Analysis of Accident Safety Risk of Tower Crane Based on Fishbone Diagram and the Analytic Hierarchy Process", Applied Mechanics and Materials, 127, 139-143. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.127.139
• Zahedi, F. (1986). "The Analytic Hierarchy Process: A Survey of the Method and its Applications", Interfaces, 16, 96-108.
• Zwart, S. ve Baker, M. (2018). "Improving Productivity and Job Quality of Low-Skilled Workers in the United Kingdom", OECD Economic Department Working Papers, (1457), 1-36.