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Total Factor Productivity (TFP) in the Turkish Agricultural Sector: Analysis of the 1961–2021 Period with the Malmquist TFP Index

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 59 Sayı: 4, 787 - 802, 08.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1711741

Öz

Purpose: This study was conducted to measure the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) of the Turkish agricultural sector over the period of 1961–2021 and to analyze the factors influencing the performance of TFP components, such as Technical Efficiency Change (TEC) and Technological Change (TC), over time.
Methodology: The Malmquist TFP Index was calculated through Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Input- and output-oriented analyses were conducted under the assumptions of Constant Returns to Scale (CRS) and Variable Returns to Scale (VRS).
Findings: Turkey’s agricultural productivity from 1961 to 2021 showed a decline in input-oriented technical efficiency (TEC, from 1.010 to 0.959) and an increase in output-oriented productivity (TEC, from 0.990 to 1.040). Technological change (TC) increased to 1.060 in the input-oriented analysis in the last period with mixed effects, while it decreased to 0.949 in the output-oriented analysis. The Malmquist total factor productivity (TFP) index remained stable around 1, indicating relatively limited improvement. This suggests that agricultural growth should be sustained through comprehensive policies, such as increasing technology adoption, enhancing agricultural extension and consultancy services, and improving input efficiency.
Originality: The study provides an original contribution by being one of the first Malmquist TFP analyses covering a 61-year period of the Turkish agricultural sector and by evaluating this period in 10-year intervals.

Kaynakça

  • Avcı, M.A. ve Kaya, A.A. (2008). “Geçis Ekonomileri ve Türk Tarim Sektöründe Etkinlik ve Toplam Faktor verimliliği Analizi (1992-2004)”, Ege Academic Review, 8(2), 843-860.
  • Banker, R.D., Charnes, A. ve Cooper, W.W. (1984). “Some Models for Estimating Technical and Scale Inefficiencies in Data Envelopment Analysis”, Management Size, (30) 9, 1078-1092.
  • Besharat, A. ve Amirahmadi, M. (2011). “The study of factors affecting productivity in the agriculture sector of Iran”, African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(18), 4340-4348.
  • Brzezicki, Ł. (2025). “Origin and Evolution of Malmquist Productivity Index: Review of the Literature”, Central European Economic Journal, 12(59), 102-119. https://doi.org/10.2478/ceej-2025-0007
  • Bureau, J. ve Antón, J. (2022), “Agricultural Total Factor Productivity and the environment: A guide to emerging best practices in measurement”, OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers, No. 177, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/6fe2f9e0-en
  • Caves, D.W., Christensen, L.R. ve Diewert, W.E. (1982). “The Economic Theory of Index Numbers and the Measurement of Input, Output, and Productivity”, Econometrica, 50, 1393–1414. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913388
  • Charnes, A., Cooper, W.W. ve Rhodes, E. (1978) “Measuring the Efficiency of Decision Making Units”, European Journal of Operational Research, 2, 429-444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(78)90138-8
  • Coelli, T.J. ve Rao, D.P. (2005). “Total Factor Productivity Growth in Agriculture: A Malmquist Index Analysis of 93 Countries 1980–2000”, Agricultural Economics, 32, 115-134.
  • Coomes, O.T., Barham, B.L., MacDonald, G.K., Ramankutty, N. ve Chavas J.P. (2019). “Leveraging Agricultural Total Factor Productivity Growth for Productive, Sustainable and Resilient Farming Systems”, Nature Sustainability, 2(1), 22-28. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0200-3
  • Dünya Bankası. (2011). “Climate-Smart Agriculture: Increased Productivity and Food Security, Enhanced Resilience and Reduced Carbon Emissions for Sustainable Development (English)”. Working Paper, Report Number: 76238, World Bank, Washington DC. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/501551468163165831 (Erişim Tarihi: 04.12.2024).
  • Giang, M.H., Xuan, T.D., Trung, B.H. ve Que, M.T. (2019). “Total Factor Productivity of Agricultural Firms in Vietnam and Its Relevant Determinants”, Economies, 7(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies7010004
  • Karaman, S. ve Özalp, A. (2017). “Türkiye Tarım Sektörü Bölgesel Toplam Faktör Verimliliğinin Malmquist Endeks ile Belirlenmesi”, Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpaşa University, 34(1), 209-217. https://doi.org/10.13002/jafag4200
  • Keizer, T.H. ve Emvalomatis, G. (2014). “Differences in TFP Growth among Groups of Dairy Farms in the Netherlands", NJAS-Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, 70, 33-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.njas.2014.03.001
  • Koç, A., Özdamar, Ö. ve Uysal, P. (2023). “What Explains Total Factor Productivity in Agriculture: An Empirical Investigation Using Panel Data Analysis”, Mediterranean Journal of Economics, Agriculture, Environment and Food (New Medit), 2023(2). https://doi.org/10.30682/nm2302f
  • Le Clech, N.A. ve Fillat-Castejon, C. (2020). “New Estimates of Total Factor Productivity, Technical and Efficiency Changes for the Global Agricultural Economy”, Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 18(2), e0104. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2020182-15224
  • Mollavelioğlu, M.Ş. ve Ceylan, R. (2010). “Türkiye ve AB Ülkelerinde Tarımsal Toplam Faktör Verimliliği vee Yakınsama Analizi”, Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 10(20), 86-103.
  • Moreira, V.H. ve Bravo-Ureta, B.E. (2016). “Total Factor Productivity Change in Dairy Farming: Empirical Evidence from Southern Chile”, Journal of Dairy Science, 99(10), 8356-8364. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11055
  • Popp, J., Petó, K. ve Nagy, J. (2013). “Pesticide Productivity and Food Security: A Review”, Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 33, 243-255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-012-0105-x
  • Rahman, S. ve Salim, R. (2013). “Six Decades of Total Factor Productivity Change and Sources of Growth in Bangladesh Agriculture (1948–2008)”, Journal of Agricultural Economics, 64(2), 275-294. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-9552.12009
  • USDA ERS (2024). “U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service”, International Agricultural Productivity. https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/international-agricultural-productivity (Erişim Tarihi: 28.08.2024).
  • Vergil, H. ve Abasız, T. (2008). “Toplam Faktör Verimliliği, Hesaplanması ve Büyüme Ilişkisi: Collins Bosworth Varyans Ayrıştırması”, Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16, 160-188.
  • Yaman, H., Sungur, O. ve Dulupçu M.A. (2024), “Measuring the Agricultural Total Factor Productivity of Provinces in Turkey Using Malmquist Index”, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 67, 191-196. https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.1345345

Türkiye Tarım Sektöründe Toplam Faktör Verimliliği (TFV): 1961-2021 Döneminin Malmquist TFV Endeksiyle Analizi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 59 Sayı: 4, 787 - 802, 08.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1711741

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışma, Türkiye tarım sektörünün 1961–2021 dönemindeki toplam faktör verimliliğini (TFV) ölçmek, teknik etkinlik değişimi (TEC) ile teknolojik etkinlik değişimi (TC) gibi TFV bileşenlerinin zaman içinde gösterdiği performansı etkileyen faktörleri analiz etmek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Yöntem: Araştırmada Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA) ile Malmquist TFV Endeksi hesaplanmış; Sabit Getiriler Altında Ölçek (CRS) ve Değişken Getiriler Altında Ölçek (VRS) varsayımlarına göre girdi ve çıktı odaklı analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Bulgular: Türkiye’nin 1961-2021 dönemi tarımsal verimliliği, girdi odaklı teknik verimlilikte düşüş (TEC, 1,010’dan 0,959’a) ve çıktı odaklı verimlilikte artış (TEC, 0.990’dan 1,040’a) göstermiştir. Teknolojik değişim (TC), karışık etkilerle son dönemde girdi odaklı olarak 1,060’a yükselmiş, çıktı odaklı olarak da 0,949’a gerilemiştir. Malmquist toplam faktör verimliliği (MTFV) endeksi yaklaşık 1 civarında sabit kalmış ve nispeten sınırlı bir iyileşme göstermiştir. Bu durum, teknoloji kullanımının artırılması, tarımsal yayım ve danışmanlık hizmetlerinin geliştirilmesi ve girdi verimliliğinin artırılması gibi kapsayıcı politikaların uygulanarak tarımsal büyümenin sürdürülmesi gerektiğini göstermektedir.
Özgünlük: Çalışma, Türkiye tarım sektörünün 61 yıllık uzun dönemini kapsayan ilk Malmquist TFV analizlerinden biri olması ve 61 yıllık dönemi 10’ar yıllık periyodlarla değerlendirmesi bakımından özgün bir katkı sağlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Avcı, M.A. ve Kaya, A.A. (2008). “Geçis Ekonomileri ve Türk Tarim Sektöründe Etkinlik ve Toplam Faktor verimliliği Analizi (1992-2004)”, Ege Academic Review, 8(2), 843-860.
  • Banker, R.D., Charnes, A. ve Cooper, W.W. (1984). “Some Models for Estimating Technical and Scale Inefficiencies in Data Envelopment Analysis”, Management Size, (30) 9, 1078-1092.
  • Besharat, A. ve Amirahmadi, M. (2011). “The study of factors affecting productivity in the agriculture sector of Iran”, African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(18), 4340-4348.
  • Brzezicki, Ł. (2025). “Origin and Evolution of Malmquist Productivity Index: Review of the Literature”, Central European Economic Journal, 12(59), 102-119. https://doi.org/10.2478/ceej-2025-0007
  • Bureau, J. ve Antón, J. (2022), “Agricultural Total Factor Productivity and the environment: A guide to emerging best practices in measurement”, OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers, No. 177, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/6fe2f9e0-en
  • Caves, D.W., Christensen, L.R. ve Diewert, W.E. (1982). “The Economic Theory of Index Numbers and the Measurement of Input, Output, and Productivity”, Econometrica, 50, 1393–1414. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913388
  • Charnes, A., Cooper, W.W. ve Rhodes, E. (1978) “Measuring the Efficiency of Decision Making Units”, European Journal of Operational Research, 2, 429-444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(78)90138-8
  • Coelli, T.J. ve Rao, D.P. (2005). “Total Factor Productivity Growth in Agriculture: A Malmquist Index Analysis of 93 Countries 1980–2000”, Agricultural Economics, 32, 115-134.
  • Coomes, O.T., Barham, B.L., MacDonald, G.K., Ramankutty, N. ve Chavas J.P. (2019). “Leveraging Agricultural Total Factor Productivity Growth for Productive, Sustainable and Resilient Farming Systems”, Nature Sustainability, 2(1), 22-28. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0200-3
  • Dünya Bankası. (2011). “Climate-Smart Agriculture: Increased Productivity and Food Security, Enhanced Resilience and Reduced Carbon Emissions for Sustainable Development (English)”. Working Paper, Report Number: 76238, World Bank, Washington DC. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/501551468163165831 (Erişim Tarihi: 04.12.2024).
  • Giang, M.H., Xuan, T.D., Trung, B.H. ve Que, M.T. (2019). “Total Factor Productivity of Agricultural Firms in Vietnam and Its Relevant Determinants”, Economies, 7(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies7010004
  • Karaman, S. ve Özalp, A. (2017). “Türkiye Tarım Sektörü Bölgesel Toplam Faktör Verimliliğinin Malmquist Endeks ile Belirlenmesi”, Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpaşa University, 34(1), 209-217. https://doi.org/10.13002/jafag4200
  • Keizer, T.H. ve Emvalomatis, G. (2014). “Differences in TFP Growth among Groups of Dairy Farms in the Netherlands", NJAS-Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, 70, 33-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.njas.2014.03.001
  • Koç, A., Özdamar, Ö. ve Uysal, P. (2023). “What Explains Total Factor Productivity in Agriculture: An Empirical Investigation Using Panel Data Analysis”, Mediterranean Journal of Economics, Agriculture, Environment and Food (New Medit), 2023(2). https://doi.org/10.30682/nm2302f
  • Le Clech, N.A. ve Fillat-Castejon, C. (2020). “New Estimates of Total Factor Productivity, Technical and Efficiency Changes for the Global Agricultural Economy”, Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 18(2), e0104. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2020182-15224
  • Mollavelioğlu, M.Ş. ve Ceylan, R. (2010). “Türkiye ve AB Ülkelerinde Tarımsal Toplam Faktör Verimliliği vee Yakınsama Analizi”, Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 10(20), 86-103.
  • Moreira, V.H. ve Bravo-Ureta, B.E. (2016). “Total Factor Productivity Change in Dairy Farming: Empirical Evidence from Southern Chile”, Journal of Dairy Science, 99(10), 8356-8364. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11055
  • Popp, J., Petó, K. ve Nagy, J. (2013). “Pesticide Productivity and Food Security: A Review”, Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 33, 243-255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-012-0105-x
  • Rahman, S. ve Salim, R. (2013). “Six Decades of Total Factor Productivity Change and Sources of Growth in Bangladesh Agriculture (1948–2008)”, Journal of Agricultural Economics, 64(2), 275-294. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-9552.12009
  • USDA ERS (2024). “U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service”, International Agricultural Productivity. https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/international-agricultural-productivity (Erişim Tarihi: 28.08.2024).
  • Vergil, H. ve Abasız, T. (2008). “Toplam Faktör Verimliliği, Hesaplanması ve Büyüme Ilişkisi: Collins Bosworth Varyans Ayrıştırması”, Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16, 160-188.
  • Yaman, H., Sungur, O. ve Dulupçu M.A. (2024), “Measuring the Agricultural Total Factor Productivity of Provinces in Turkey Using Malmquist Index”, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 67, 191-196. https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.1345345
Toplam 22 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Tarım Ekonomisi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Mehmet Ali Cevheri 0009-0000-4735-9019

Nihat Küçük 0000-0002-1483-0422

Yayımlanma Tarihi 8 Ekim 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Haziran 2025
Kabul Tarihi 30 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 59 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Cevheri, M. A., & Küçük, N. (2025). Türkiye Tarım Sektöründe Toplam Faktör Verimliliği (TFV): 1961-2021 Döneminin Malmquist TFV Endeksiyle Analizi. Verimlilik Dergisi, 59(4), 787-802. https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.1711741

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