Derleme
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KEDİLERDE İSHAL OLUŞTURAN PARAZİTLER VE TEDAVİSİ

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3, 115 - 124, 30.12.2019

Öz

Evcil kedilerde ishal yaygın olarak görülür ve küçük
hayvan hekimliğinde önemli bir yer tutar. Kedilerde ishal oluşturan pekçok
sebep mevcuttur. Bunlar arasında bazı bakteri, virus ve parazitlerin yer aldığı
enfeksiyöz ajanlar bulunur. Kedilerde yüksek morbidite ile seyreden ishal
vakalarında bazı enterik protozoonlar (Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium spp.,
Isospora
spp.,
Toxoplasma
gondii
ve Tritrichomonas foetus)
ile bazı helmintlerin (Toxocara
cati
ve Toxascaris leonina) varlığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu
parazitlerin bir kısmı zoonoz önemlerinden dolayı kedi sahiplerinin sağlığını
da tehdit edebilmektedir.
Bu derleme ile
kedilerde ishale sebep olan parazitler ve bunların tedavisine yönelik bilgi
verilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Adaszek, L., Balicki, I., Klimiuk, P., Kutrzuba, J. & Winiarczyk, S. (2011). Toxoplasmosis in cats - clinical cases. Zycie Weterynaryjne, 86, 889-893.
  • Ballweber, L.R., Xiao, L., Bowman, D.D., Kahn, G. & Cama, V.A. (2010). Giardiasis in dogs and cats: update on epidemiology and public health significance. Trends in Parasitology, 26, 180-189.
  • Bell, E.T., Gowan, R.A., Lingard, A.E., McCoy, R.J., Slapeta, J. & Malik, R. (2010). Naturally occurring Tritrichomonas foetus infections in Australian cats: 38 cases. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 12, 889-898.
  • BonDurant, R.H. & Honigberg, B.M. (1994). Trichomonads of Veterinary Importance. In: Kreier JP (Ed) Parasitic Protozoa. Academic Press Inc, San Diego, California, pp.111-177.
  • Bouzid, M., Halai, K., Jeffreys, D. & Hunter, P.R. (2015) The prevalence of Giardia infection in dogs and cats, a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence studies from stool samples. Veterinary Parasitology, 207, 181-202.
  • Bowmann, D.D. (2013). Georgis’ Parasitology for Veterinarians. 10 th Edition, Elsevier Saunders, St Louis, Missouri.
  • Buret, A.G. (2009). Pathogenic mechanisms in giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis. In: Giardia and Cryptosporidium: from Molecules to Disease. Ortega Pierres, G., Caccio, S.M., Fayer, R., Mank, T.G., Smith, H.V. & Thompson, R.C.A. (eds). CAB International, pp. 428-441.
  • Burgu, A., Tınar, R., Doğanay, A., Toparlak, M. (1985). Ankara sokak kedilerinin endo ve ektoparazitleri üzerine bir araştırma. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 31, 288-300.
  • Cirak, V.Y. & Bauer, C. (2004). Comparison of conventional coproscopical methods and commercial coproantigen ELISA kits for the detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections in dogs and cats. Berliner and Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 117, 410-413.
  • Doğanay, A. (1992). Türkiye'de kedi ve köpeklerde görülen parazitler. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 39, 336-348.
  • Doi, J., Hirota, J., Morita, A., Fukushima, K., Kamijyo, H., Ohta, H., Yamasaki, M., Takahashi, T., Katakura, K. & Oku, Y. (2012). Intestinal Tritrichomonas suis (=T. foetus) infection in Japanese cats. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Science, 74, 413–417.
  • Dubey, J.P. & Prowell, M. (2013). Ante-mortem diagnosis, diarrhea, oocyst shedding, treatment, isolation, and genetic typing of Toxoplasma gondii associated with clinical toxoplasmosis in a naturally infected cat. The Journal of Parasitology, 99, 158-160.
  • Epe, C., Rehkter, G., Schnieder, T., Lorentzen, L. & Kreienbrock, L. (2010) Giardia in symptomatic dogs and cats in Europe--results of a European study. Veterinary Parasitology, 173, 32-38.
  • Fayer, R., Santín, M., Trout, J.M. & Dubey, J.P. (2006). Detection of Cryptosporidium felis and Giardia duodenalis Assemblage F in a cat colony. Veterinary Parasitology, 140, 44–53.
  • Feng, Y. & Xiao, L. (2011). Zoonotic potential and molecular epidemiology of Giardia species and giardiasis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 24, 110–140.
  • Gates M.C. & Nolan T.J. (2009). Endoparasite prevalence and recurrence across different age groups of dogs and cats. Veterinary Parasitology, 166, 153–158.
  • Gookin, J.L., Birkenheuer, A.J., Breitschwerdt, E.B. & Levy, M.G. (2002). Single-tube nested PCR for detection of Tritrichomonas foetus in feline feces. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 4126–4130.
  • Gookin, J.L., Hanrahan, K. & Levy, M.G. (2017). The conundrum of feline trichomoniasis. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 19: 261-274.
  • Gow, A.G., Gow, D.J., Hall, E.J., Langton, D., Clarke, C. & Papasouliotis, K. (2009). Prevalence of potentially pathogenic enteric organisms in clinically healthy kittens in the UK. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 11, 655-662.
  • Goz, Y., Yuksek, N., Altug, N., Ceylan, E. & Deger, S. (2005). Prevalence of cryptosporidium infection in Van cats. Indian Veterinary Journal, 82, 995-996.
  • Gruffydd-Jones, T., Addie, D., Belák, S., Boucraut-Baralon, C., Egberink, H., Frymus, T., Hartmann, K., Hosie, M.J., Lloret, A., Lutz, H., Marsilio, F., Möstl, K., Pennisi, M.G., Radford, A.D., Thiry, E., Truyen, U. & Horzinek, M.C. (2013a). Giardiasis in cats ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 15, 650–652.
  • Gruffydd-Jones, T., Addie, D., Belak, S., Boucraut-Baralon, C., Egberink, H., Frymus, T., Hartmann, K., Hosie, M.J., Lloret, A., Lutz, H., Marsilio, F., Möstl, K., Pennisi, M.G., Radford, A.D., Thiry, E., Truyen, U. & Horzinek, M.C. (2013). Tritrichomoniasis in cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 15, 647-649.
  • Hodges, K. & Gill, R. (2010). Infectious diarrhea: cellular and molecular mechanisms. Gut Microbes, 1, 4-21.
  • Ito, Y., Itoh, N., Kimura, Y. & Kanai, K. (2016). Prevalence of intestinal parasites in breeding cattery cats in Japan. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 18, 834-837.
  • Korkmaz, U.F., Gökpınar, S., Yıldız, K. (2016). Kedilerde bağırsak parazitlerinin yaygınlığı ve halk sağlığı bakımından önemi. Turkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 40, 194-198.
  • Kuehner, K.A., Marks, S.L., Kass, P.H., Sauter-Louis, C., Grahn, R.A., Barutzki, D. & Hartmann, K. (2011). Tritrichomonas foetus infection in purebred cats in Germany: Prevalence of clinical signs and the role of co-infection with other enteroparasites. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 13, 251-258.
  • Lappin, M.R. (2010). Update on diagnosis and management of Isospora spp. infections in dogs and cats. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, 25, 133-135.
  • Lappin, M.R. (2014). Trichomoniasis. In: Sykes JE (Ed). Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases. Elsevier Saunders, St Louis Missouri, pp.779-784.
  • Lee A.C., Schantz, P.M., Kazacos, K.R., Montgomery, S.P. & Bowman, D.D. (2010). Epidemiologic and zoonotic aspects of ascarid infections in dogs and cats. Trends in Parasitology, 26, 155-161.
  • Lilly, E.L. & Wortham, C.D. (2013). High prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii oocyst shedding in stray and pet cats (Felis catus) in Virginia, United States. Parasites & Vectors, 6, 266.
  • Lim, S., Park, S., Ahn, K., Oh, D., Ryu, J. & Shin, S. (2010). First report of feline intestinal trichomoniasis caused by Tritrichomonas foetus in Korea. Korean Journal of Parasitology, 48, 247-251.
  • Mardell, E.J. & Sparkes, A.H. (2006). Chronic diarrhoea associated with Tritrichomonas foetus infection in a British cat. Veterinary Record, 158, 765-766.
  • Mircean, V., Györke, A., Jarca, A. & Cozma, V. (2011). Prevalence of Giardia species in stool samples by ELISA in household cats from Romania and risk factors. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 13, 479-482.
  • Mtambo, M.M., Nash, A.S., Blewett, D.A., Smith, H.V. & Wright, S. (1991). Cryptosporidium infection in cats: prevalence of infection in domestic and feral cats in the Glasgow area. Veterinary Record, 129, 502-504.
  • Nash, A.S., Mtambo, M.M. & Gibbs, H.A. (1993). Cryptosporidium infection in farm cats in the Glasgow area. Veterinary Record, 133, 576-577.
  • Orunç Kilinç, O., Yilmaz, A.B., Goz, Y., Ozkan, C. & Denizhan, V. (2018). Determination of Cryptosporidium spp. in Van cats by nested PCR. Med Weter; DOI: dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6008.
  • Paris, J.K., Wills, S., Balzer, H.J., Shaw, D.J. & Gunn-Moore, D.A. (2014). Enteropathogen co-infection in UK cats with diarrhoea. BMC Veterinary Research, 10, 13-24.
  • Paoletti, B., Otranto, D., Weigl, S., Giangaspero, A., Di Cesare, A. & Traversa, D. (2011). Prevalence and genetic characterization of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in cats from Italy. Research in Veterinary Science, 91, 397–399.
  • Payne, P.A. & Artzer, M. (2007). Control of Giardia spp and Tritrichomonas foetus. Small Animal Practice, 48, 654–657.
  • Peterson, J.L., Willard, M.D., Lees, G.E., Lappin, M.R., Dieringer, T. & Floyd, E. (1991). Toxoplasmosis in two cats with inflammatory intestinal disease. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 199, 473-476.
  • Schnieder, T. (2006). Veterinarmedizinische Parasitologie (6., vollstanding überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage). Germany: Parey.
  • Scorza, V. & Tangtrongsup, S. (2010). Update on the diagnosis and management of Cryptosporidium spp infections in dogs and cats. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, 25, 163-169.
  • Shukla, R., Giraldo, P., Kraliz, A., Finnigan M. & Sanchez, A.L. (2006). Cryptosporidium spp. and other zoonotic enteric parasites in a sample of domestic dogs and cats in the Niagara region of Ontario. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 47, 1179–1184.
  • Skyes, J.E. (2014). Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases. Elsevier Saunders, St Louis, Missouri.
  • Tangtrongsup, S. & Scorza, V. (2010). Update on the diagnosis and management of Giardia spp. infections in dogs and cats. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, 25, 155-162.
  • Taylor, M.A., Coop, R.L. & Wall, R.L. (2007). Veterinary Parasitology. Third edition, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK. Thomason, J.M. (2018). Diarrhea. In: Norsworthy GD (Ed), The Feline Patient. Fifty ed. John Wiley and Sons Inc., pp. 146-149.
  • Tolbert, M.K. & Gookin, J.L. (2009). Tritrichomonas foetus a new agent of feline diarrhea. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practising Veterinarian, 31, 374-381.
  • Tutuncu, M., Akkan, H.A., Karaca, M., Agaoglu, Z. & Berktas, M. (2003). Prevalence of toxoplasmosis in Van cats in Turkey. Indian Veterinary Journal, 80, 730-732.
  • Tysnes, K., Gjerde, B., Nodtvedt, A. & Skancke, E. (2011). A cross-sectional study of Tritrichomonas foetus infection among healthy cats at shows in Norway. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 53, 39.
  • Tzannes, S., Batchelor, D.J., Graham, P.A., Pinchbeck, G.L., Wastling, J. & German, A.J. (2008). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Isospora species infections in pet cats with clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 10, 1-8.
  • Xenoulis, P.G., Saridomichelakis, M.N., Read, S.A., Suchodolski, J.S. & Steiner, J.M. (2010). Detection of Tritrichomonas foetus in cats in Greece. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 12, 831-833.
  • Yildiz, K. & Sursal, N. (2019). The first report of Tritrichomonas foetus in cats from Turkey. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 74, 127-133.
Yıl 2019, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3, 115 - 124, 30.12.2019

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Adaszek, L., Balicki, I., Klimiuk, P., Kutrzuba, J. & Winiarczyk, S. (2011). Toxoplasmosis in cats - clinical cases. Zycie Weterynaryjne, 86, 889-893.
  • Ballweber, L.R., Xiao, L., Bowman, D.D., Kahn, G. & Cama, V.A. (2010). Giardiasis in dogs and cats: update on epidemiology and public health significance. Trends in Parasitology, 26, 180-189.
  • Bell, E.T., Gowan, R.A., Lingard, A.E., McCoy, R.J., Slapeta, J. & Malik, R. (2010). Naturally occurring Tritrichomonas foetus infections in Australian cats: 38 cases. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 12, 889-898.
  • BonDurant, R.H. & Honigberg, B.M. (1994). Trichomonads of Veterinary Importance. In: Kreier JP (Ed) Parasitic Protozoa. Academic Press Inc, San Diego, California, pp.111-177.
  • Bouzid, M., Halai, K., Jeffreys, D. & Hunter, P.R. (2015) The prevalence of Giardia infection in dogs and cats, a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence studies from stool samples. Veterinary Parasitology, 207, 181-202.
  • Bowmann, D.D. (2013). Georgis’ Parasitology for Veterinarians. 10 th Edition, Elsevier Saunders, St Louis, Missouri.
  • Buret, A.G. (2009). Pathogenic mechanisms in giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis. In: Giardia and Cryptosporidium: from Molecules to Disease. Ortega Pierres, G., Caccio, S.M., Fayer, R., Mank, T.G., Smith, H.V. & Thompson, R.C.A. (eds). CAB International, pp. 428-441.
  • Burgu, A., Tınar, R., Doğanay, A., Toparlak, M. (1985). Ankara sokak kedilerinin endo ve ektoparazitleri üzerine bir araştırma. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 31, 288-300.
  • Cirak, V.Y. & Bauer, C. (2004). Comparison of conventional coproscopical methods and commercial coproantigen ELISA kits for the detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections in dogs and cats. Berliner and Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 117, 410-413.
  • Doğanay, A. (1992). Türkiye'de kedi ve köpeklerde görülen parazitler. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 39, 336-348.
  • Doi, J., Hirota, J., Morita, A., Fukushima, K., Kamijyo, H., Ohta, H., Yamasaki, M., Takahashi, T., Katakura, K. & Oku, Y. (2012). Intestinal Tritrichomonas suis (=T. foetus) infection in Japanese cats. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Science, 74, 413–417.
  • Dubey, J.P. & Prowell, M. (2013). Ante-mortem diagnosis, diarrhea, oocyst shedding, treatment, isolation, and genetic typing of Toxoplasma gondii associated with clinical toxoplasmosis in a naturally infected cat. The Journal of Parasitology, 99, 158-160.
  • Epe, C., Rehkter, G., Schnieder, T., Lorentzen, L. & Kreienbrock, L. (2010) Giardia in symptomatic dogs and cats in Europe--results of a European study. Veterinary Parasitology, 173, 32-38.
  • Fayer, R., Santín, M., Trout, J.M. & Dubey, J.P. (2006). Detection of Cryptosporidium felis and Giardia duodenalis Assemblage F in a cat colony. Veterinary Parasitology, 140, 44–53.
  • Feng, Y. & Xiao, L. (2011). Zoonotic potential and molecular epidemiology of Giardia species and giardiasis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 24, 110–140.
  • Gates M.C. & Nolan T.J. (2009). Endoparasite prevalence and recurrence across different age groups of dogs and cats. Veterinary Parasitology, 166, 153–158.
  • Gookin, J.L., Birkenheuer, A.J., Breitschwerdt, E.B. & Levy, M.G. (2002). Single-tube nested PCR for detection of Tritrichomonas foetus in feline feces. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 4126–4130.
  • Gookin, J.L., Hanrahan, K. & Levy, M.G. (2017). The conundrum of feline trichomoniasis. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 19: 261-274.
  • Gow, A.G., Gow, D.J., Hall, E.J., Langton, D., Clarke, C. & Papasouliotis, K. (2009). Prevalence of potentially pathogenic enteric organisms in clinically healthy kittens in the UK. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 11, 655-662.
  • Goz, Y., Yuksek, N., Altug, N., Ceylan, E. & Deger, S. (2005). Prevalence of cryptosporidium infection in Van cats. Indian Veterinary Journal, 82, 995-996.
  • Gruffydd-Jones, T., Addie, D., Belák, S., Boucraut-Baralon, C., Egberink, H., Frymus, T., Hartmann, K., Hosie, M.J., Lloret, A., Lutz, H., Marsilio, F., Möstl, K., Pennisi, M.G., Radford, A.D., Thiry, E., Truyen, U. & Horzinek, M.C. (2013a). Giardiasis in cats ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 15, 650–652.
  • Gruffydd-Jones, T., Addie, D., Belak, S., Boucraut-Baralon, C., Egberink, H., Frymus, T., Hartmann, K., Hosie, M.J., Lloret, A., Lutz, H., Marsilio, F., Möstl, K., Pennisi, M.G., Radford, A.D., Thiry, E., Truyen, U. & Horzinek, M.C. (2013). Tritrichomoniasis in cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 15, 647-649.
  • Hodges, K. & Gill, R. (2010). Infectious diarrhea: cellular and molecular mechanisms. Gut Microbes, 1, 4-21.
  • Ito, Y., Itoh, N., Kimura, Y. & Kanai, K. (2016). Prevalence of intestinal parasites in breeding cattery cats in Japan. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 18, 834-837.
  • Korkmaz, U.F., Gökpınar, S., Yıldız, K. (2016). Kedilerde bağırsak parazitlerinin yaygınlığı ve halk sağlığı bakımından önemi. Turkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 40, 194-198.
  • Kuehner, K.A., Marks, S.L., Kass, P.H., Sauter-Louis, C., Grahn, R.A., Barutzki, D. & Hartmann, K. (2011). Tritrichomonas foetus infection in purebred cats in Germany: Prevalence of clinical signs and the role of co-infection with other enteroparasites. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 13, 251-258.
  • Lappin, M.R. (2010). Update on diagnosis and management of Isospora spp. infections in dogs and cats. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, 25, 133-135.
  • Lappin, M.R. (2014). Trichomoniasis. In: Sykes JE (Ed). Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases. Elsevier Saunders, St Louis Missouri, pp.779-784.
  • Lee A.C., Schantz, P.M., Kazacos, K.R., Montgomery, S.P. & Bowman, D.D. (2010). Epidemiologic and zoonotic aspects of ascarid infections in dogs and cats. Trends in Parasitology, 26, 155-161.
  • Lilly, E.L. & Wortham, C.D. (2013). High prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii oocyst shedding in stray and pet cats (Felis catus) in Virginia, United States. Parasites & Vectors, 6, 266.
  • Lim, S., Park, S., Ahn, K., Oh, D., Ryu, J. & Shin, S. (2010). First report of feline intestinal trichomoniasis caused by Tritrichomonas foetus in Korea. Korean Journal of Parasitology, 48, 247-251.
  • Mardell, E.J. & Sparkes, A.H. (2006). Chronic diarrhoea associated with Tritrichomonas foetus infection in a British cat. Veterinary Record, 158, 765-766.
  • Mircean, V., Györke, A., Jarca, A. & Cozma, V. (2011). Prevalence of Giardia species in stool samples by ELISA in household cats from Romania and risk factors. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 13, 479-482.
  • Mtambo, M.M., Nash, A.S., Blewett, D.A., Smith, H.V. & Wright, S. (1991). Cryptosporidium infection in cats: prevalence of infection in domestic and feral cats in the Glasgow area. Veterinary Record, 129, 502-504.
  • Nash, A.S., Mtambo, M.M. & Gibbs, H.A. (1993). Cryptosporidium infection in farm cats in the Glasgow area. Veterinary Record, 133, 576-577.
  • Orunç Kilinç, O., Yilmaz, A.B., Goz, Y., Ozkan, C. & Denizhan, V. (2018). Determination of Cryptosporidium spp. in Van cats by nested PCR. Med Weter; DOI: dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6008.
  • Paris, J.K., Wills, S., Balzer, H.J., Shaw, D.J. & Gunn-Moore, D.A. (2014). Enteropathogen co-infection in UK cats with diarrhoea. BMC Veterinary Research, 10, 13-24.
  • Paoletti, B., Otranto, D., Weigl, S., Giangaspero, A., Di Cesare, A. & Traversa, D. (2011). Prevalence and genetic characterization of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in cats from Italy. Research in Veterinary Science, 91, 397–399.
  • Payne, P.A. & Artzer, M. (2007). Control of Giardia spp and Tritrichomonas foetus. Small Animal Practice, 48, 654–657.
  • Peterson, J.L., Willard, M.D., Lees, G.E., Lappin, M.R., Dieringer, T. & Floyd, E. (1991). Toxoplasmosis in two cats with inflammatory intestinal disease. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 199, 473-476.
  • Schnieder, T. (2006). Veterinarmedizinische Parasitologie (6., vollstanding überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage). Germany: Parey.
  • Scorza, V. & Tangtrongsup, S. (2010). Update on the diagnosis and management of Cryptosporidium spp infections in dogs and cats. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, 25, 163-169.
  • Shukla, R., Giraldo, P., Kraliz, A., Finnigan M. & Sanchez, A.L. (2006). Cryptosporidium spp. and other zoonotic enteric parasites in a sample of domestic dogs and cats in the Niagara region of Ontario. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 47, 1179–1184.
  • Skyes, J.E. (2014). Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases. Elsevier Saunders, St Louis, Missouri.
  • Tangtrongsup, S. & Scorza, V. (2010). Update on the diagnosis and management of Giardia spp. infections in dogs and cats. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, 25, 155-162.
  • Taylor, M.A., Coop, R.L. & Wall, R.L. (2007). Veterinary Parasitology. Third edition, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK. Thomason, J.M. (2018). Diarrhea. In: Norsworthy GD (Ed), The Feline Patient. Fifty ed. John Wiley and Sons Inc., pp. 146-149.
  • Tolbert, M.K. & Gookin, J.L. (2009). Tritrichomonas foetus a new agent of feline diarrhea. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practising Veterinarian, 31, 374-381.
  • Tutuncu, M., Akkan, H.A., Karaca, M., Agaoglu, Z. & Berktas, M. (2003). Prevalence of toxoplasmosis in Van cats in Turkey. Indian Veterinary Journal, 80, 730-732.
  • Tysnes, K., Gjerde, B., Nodtvedt, A. & Skancke, E. (2011). A cross-sectional study of Tritrichomonas foetus infection among healthy cats at shows in Norway. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 53, 39.
  • Tzannes, S., Batchelor, D.J., Graham, P.A., Pinchbeck, G.L., Wastling, J. & German, A.J. (2008). Prevalence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Isospora species infections in pet cats with clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 10, 1-8.
  • Xenoulis, P.G., Saridomichelakis, M.N., Read, S.A., Suchodolski, J.S. & Steiner, J.M. (2010). Detection of Tritrichomonas foetus in cats in Greece. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 12, 831-833.
  • Yildiz, K. & Sursal, N. (2019). The first report of Tritrichomonas foetus in cats from Turkey. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 74, 127-133.
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Veteriner Bilimleri
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Kader Yıldız 0000-0001-5802-6156

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2019
Kabul Tarihi 13 Kasım 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Yıldız, K. (2019). KEDİLERDE İSHAL OLUŞTURAN PARAZİTLER VE TEDAVİSİ. Veteriner Farmakoloji Ve Toksikoloji Derneği Bülteni, 10(3), 115-124.