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BİLİMSEL ARAŞTIRMALARDA MİKRODİYALİZ TEKNİĞİ

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 1 - 14, 07.05.2021

Zeyno Nuhoğlu Abdurrahman Aksoy

https://doi.org/10.38137/vftd.864222

Öz

Mikrodiyaliz (MD), doku ve organlardaki fizyolojik ve kimyasal maddeleri belirlemek için hem hayvan hem de insanlarda kullanılan in vivo biyoanalitik örnekleme yöntemidir. “Mikro” son derece küçük ölçeği, “diyaliz” ise kimyasalların yarı geçirgen bir zar üzerindeki hareketini ifade eder. MD, kimyasal olayların sistemik kan seviyelerinde değişiklikler yaratmadan önce dokularda neler olup bittiğinin bir ön izlemesini sunar. Bu yöntem, ilk kez 1950’li yılların sonunda hayvan beynindeki endojen bileşikleri incelemek için tasarlanmış; yıllar içerisinde diğer organlarda kullanılmak üzere geliştirilmiştir. İn vivo olan bu yöntemde; hemen hemen her doku, organ veya biyolojik sıvıdan elde edilen mikrodiyaliz örneklemesi, hücre dışı sıvının bileşimini yansıtmaktadır. Özel olarak tasarlanmış problar kullanılarak, bağlı olmayan analitler sürekli olarak örneklenir. Bu analitler, biyokimyasal işlevlerini değerlendirmek için örneklenen endojen molekülleri (nörotransmitter, hormon, glikoz) veya bu moleküllerin biyolojik sistem içindeki dağılımlarını belirlemek için örneklenen ekzojen bileşikleri (farmasötikler) içerebilir. Ekzojen bileşiklerin lokal etkileri; merkezi sinir sistemi, hepatik doku, dermis, kalp düzeyinde mikrodiyaliz yoluyla incelenebilmektedir. Ayrıca, MD merkezi sinir sistemi çalışmalarında, antidepresan, antipsikotik, antiparkinson, halüsinojen, bağımlılık yapıcı maddeler ve deneysel ilaçlar gibi farklı farmakolojik ve toksikolojik maddelerin nörotransmisyon üzerindeki etkilerin araştırılması için yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. MD, çok yönlü olmasından dolayı biyomedikal araştırmalar da dahil olmak üzere günümüzde birçok alanda yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu derlemenin amacı, mikrodiyalizin; temel prensiplerini tanımlamak, uygulama alanlarını belirtmek, avantaj ve dezavantajlarını ortaya koymak, klinik farmakoloji ve toksikoloji araştırmalarındaki önemini vurgulamaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

ekstrasellüler sıvı farmakoloji mikrodiyaliz örnekleme yöntemi toksikoloji

Kaynakça

  • Anderson C. Andersson T, Wardell K. (1994). Changes in skin circulation after insertion of a microdialysis probe visualized by laser Doppler perfusion imaging. J Invest Dermatol, 102:807-811.
  • Ault JM, Lunte CE, Meltzer NM, Riley CM. (1992). Microdialysis sampling for the investigation of dermal drug transport. Pharm Res, 9(10):1256-1261.
  • Ault JM, Riley CM, Meltzer NM, Lunte CE. (1994). Dermal microdialysis sampling in vivo. Pharm Res, 11(11):1631-1639.
  • Azeredo FJ, Dalla Costa T, Derendorf H. (2014). Role of microdialysis in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: current status and future directions. Clin Pharmacokinet, 53(3):205-212.
  • Benveniste H, Hüttemeier PC. (1990). Microdialysis—theory and application. Prog Neurobiol, 35(3):195-215.
  • Blöchl-Daum B, Müller M, Meisinger V, Eichler H, Fassolt A, Pehamberger H. (1996). Measurement of extracellular fluid carboplatin kinetics in melanoma metastases with microdialysis. Br J Cancer, 73(7):920-924.
  • Boelsma E, Anderson C, Karlsson AM, Ponec M. (2000). Microdialysis technique as a method to study the percutaneous penetration of methyl nicotinate through excised human skin, reconstructed epidermis, and human skin in vivo. Pharm Res, 17(2):141-147.
  • Chaurasia CS. (1999). In vivo microdialysis sampling: theory and applications. Biomed Chromatogr, 13(5):317-332.
  • Cimmino M, Geloen A. (1997). Tissue microdialysis: practical and theoretical aspects. Diabetes Metab, 23(2):164-170.
  • CMA Microdialysis. (1984). Microdialysis Education. Erişim: www.microdialysis.com. Erişim tarihi: 27.02.2020
  • De la Peña A, Liu P, Derendorf H. (2000). Microdialysis in peripheral tissues. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 45(2-3):189-216.
  • De Lange EC, Danhof M, de Boer AG, Breimer DD. (1997). Methodological considerations of intracerebral microdialysis in pharmacokinetic studies on drug transport across the blood–brain barrier. Brain Res Rev, 25(1):27-49.
  • Delgado J. (1972). Dialytrode for long term intracerebral perfusion in awake monkeys. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther, 198:9-21.
  • Ekstrom PO, Andersen A, Saeter G, Giercksky KE, Slordal L. (1996). Continuous intratumoral microdialysis during high-dose methotrexate therapy in a patient with malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the femur: a case report. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 39(3):267-272.
  • Erdo F. (2015). Microdialysis Techniques In Pharmacokinetic and Biomarker Studies. Past, Present and Future Directions A Review. Clin Exp Pharmacol P, 5(180):1459-2161.
  • Feichtner F, Schaller R, Fercher A, Ratzer M, Ellmerer M, Plank J, Krause B, Pieber T, Schaupp L. (2010). Microdialysis based device for continuous extravascular monitoring of blood glucose. Biomed Microdevices, 12(3):399-407.
  • Fettweis G, Borlak J. (1996). Topics in xenobiochemistry–application of microdialysis techniques in pharmacokinetic studies. Xenobh, 26(5):473-485.
  • Groothuis DR, Ward S, Schlageter KE, Itskovich AC, Schwerin SC, Allen CV, Dills C, Levy RM. (1998). Changes in blood-brain barrier permeability associated with insertion of brain cannulas and microdialysis probes. Brain Res, 803(1-2):218-230.
  • Gunaratna C, Lunte S, Zuo H. (1994). Shunt probe: a new microdialysis probe design for in vivo drug metabolism studies. Curr Separations, 13(3):80-83.
  • Hammarlund-Udenaes M. (2017). Microdialysis as an important technique in systems pharmacology—a historical and methodological review. AAPS J, 19(5):1294-1303.
  • Hegemann L, Forstinger C, Partsch B, Lagler I, Krotz S, Wolff K. (1995). Microdialysis in cutaneous pharmacology: kinetic analysis of transdermally delivered nicotine. J Invest Dermatol, 104(5):839-843.
  • Helmark IC, Mikkelsen UR, Borglum J, Rothe A, Petersen MC, Andersen O, Langberg H, Kjaer M. (2010). Exercise increases interleukin-10 levels both intraarticularly and peri-synovially in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Res Ther, 12(4):R126.
  • Hickner RC, Ekelund U, Mellander S, Ungerstedt U, Henriksson J. (1995). Muscle blood flow in cats: comparison of microdialysis ethanol technique with direct measurement. J Appl Physiol, 79(2):638-647.
  • Hildingsson U, Lönnqvist PA, Selldén H, Eksborg S, Ungerstedt U, Marcus C. (2000). Age‐dependent variations in white adipose tissue glycerol and lactate production after surgery measured by microdialysis in neonates and children. Pediatr Anesth, 10(3):283-289.
  • Hocht C, Opezzo JA, Taira CA. (2004). Microdialysis in drug discovery. Curr Drug Discov Technol, 1(4):269-285.
  • Höcht C, Opezzo JA, Taira CA. (2007). Applicability of reverse microdialysis in pharmacological and toxicological studies. J Pharmacol Tox Met, 55(1):3-15.
  • Huff JK, Bresnahan JF, Davies MI. (2003). Preliminary evaluation of several disinfection/sterilization techniques for use with microdialysis probes. Life Sci, 73(3):275-287.
  • Jain RK. (1987). Transport of molecules in the tumor interstitium: a review. Cancer Res, 47(12):3039-3051.
  • Jain RK. (1996). Delivery of molecular medicine to solid tumors. Scieas, 271(5252):1079-1080.
  • Joukhadar C, Derendorf H, Müller M. (2001). Microdialysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 57(3):211-219.
  • Joukhadar C, Müller M. (2005). Microdialysis: current applications to clinical pharmacokinetic studies and its role in the future. Clin Pharmacokinet, 44 (9): 895-913.
  • Kho CM, Ab Rahim SKE, Ahmad ZA, Abdullah NS. (2017). A review on microdialysis calibration methods: the theory and current related efforts. Mol Neurobiol, 54(5):3506-3527.
  • Kunin CM, Craig WA, Kornguth M, Monson R. (1973). Influence of binding on the pharmacologic activity of antibiotics. Ann NY Acad Sci, 226(1):214-224.
  • Lönnroth P. (1991). Microdialysis—a new and promising method in clinical medicine. Intern Med J, 230(4):363-364.
  • Mader RM, Brunner M, Rizovski B, Mensik C, Steger GG, Eichler HG, Müller M. (1998). Analysis of microdialysates from cancer patients by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis, 19(16‐17):2981-2985.
  • Maidment N, Brumbaugh D, Rudolph V, Erdelyi E, Evans C. (1989). Microdialysis of extracellular endogenous opioid peptides from rat brain in vivo. Neuroscience, 33(3):549-557.
  • Merrikin DJ, Briant J, Rolinson GN. (1983). Effect of protein binding on antibiotic activity in vivo. J Antimicrob Chemotherapy, 11(3):233-238.
  • Müller M. (2000). Microdialysis in clinical drug delivery studies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 45(2-3):255-269.
  • Müller M. (2002). Science, medicine, and the future: microdialysis. BMJ, 324(7337):588.
  • Müller M, Brunner M, Schmid R, Mader RM, Bockenheimer J, Steger GG, Steiner B, Eichler HG, Blöchl-Daum B. (1998). Interstitial methotrexate kinetics in primary breast cancer lesions. Cancer Res, 58(14):2982-2985.
  • Müller M, Haag O, Burgdorff T, Georgopoulos A, Weninger W, Jansen B, Stanek G, Pehamberger H, Agneter E, Eichler H. (1996). Characterization of peripheral-compartment kinetics of antibiotics by in vivo microdialysis in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 40(12):2703-2709.
  • Müller M, Mader RM, Steiner B, Steger GG, Jansen B, Gnant M, Helbich T, Jakesz R, Eichler HG, BlÖchl-Daum B. (1997). 5-Fluorouracil kinetics in the interstitial tumor space: clinical response in breast cancer patients. Cancer Res, 57(13):2598-2601.
  • Müller M, Schmid R, Nieszpaur‐Los M, Fassolt A, Lönnroth P, Fasching P, Eichler H. (1995). Key metabolite kinetics in human skeletal muscle during ischaemia and reperfusion: measurement by microdialysis. Eur J Clin Invest, 25(8):601-607.
  • Müller M, Schmid R, Wagner O, Osten Bv, Shayganfar H, Eichler HG. (1995). In vivo characterization of transdermal drug transport by microdialysis. J Control Release, 37(1-2):49-57.
  • Nilsson OG, Brandt L, Ungerstedt U, Säveland H. (1999). Bedside detection of brain ischemia using intracerebral microdialysis: subarachnoid hemorrhage and delayed ischemic deterioration. Neurosurgery, 45(5):1176-1185.
  • Plock N, Kloft C. (2005). Microdialysis—theoretical background and recent implementation in applied life-sciences. Eur J Pharm Sci, 25(1):1-24.
  • Ronquist G, Hugosson R, Sjölander U, Ungerstedt U. (1992). Treatment of malignant glioma by a new therapeutic principle. Acta Neurochir, 114(1-2):8-11.
  • Rooyackers O, Blixt C, Mattsson P, Wernerman J. (2010). Continuous glucose monitoring by intravenous microdialysis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 54(7):841-847.
  • Scott DO, Sorenson LR, Steele KL, Puckett DL, Lunte CE. (1991). In vivo microdialysis sampling for pharmacokinetic investigations. Pharm Res, 8(3):389-392.
  • Shippenberg TS, Thompson AC. (1997). Overview of microdialysis. Curr Protoc Neurosci, 1, Chapter 7: Unit7.1.
  • Ungerstedt U. (1991) Microdialysis—principles and applications for studies in animals and man. Intern Med J, 230(4):365-373.
  • Weiss DJ, Lunte CE, Lunte SM. (2000). In vivo microdialysis as a tool for monitoring pharmacokinetics. Trac Trend Anal Chem, 19(10):606-616.
  • Westergren I, Nyström B, Hamberger A, Johansson BB. (1995). Intracerebral dialysis and the blood‐brain barrier. J Neurochem, 64(1):229-234.
  • Wu Z, Smithers B, Anderson C, Roberts M. (2000). Can tissue drug concentrations be monitored by microdialysis during or after isolated limb perfusion for melanoma treatment? Melanoma Res, 10(1):47-54.
  • Zapata A, Chefer VI, Shippenberg TS. (2009). Microdialysis in rodents. Curr Protoc Neurosci, 47(1):7.2. 1-7.2. 29.
  • Zsigmond P, Dernroth N, Kullman A, Augustinsson L-E, Dizdar N. (2012). Stereotactic microdialysis of the basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci Methods, 207(1):17-22.

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 1 - 14, 07.05.2021

Zeyno Nuhoğlu Abdurrahman Aksoy

https://doi.org/10.38137/vftd.864222

Öz

Microdialysis (MD) is an in vivo bioanalytical sampling method used in both animals and humans to determine physiological and chemical substances in tissues and organs. “Micro” refers to the extremely small scale and “dialysis” refers to the movement of chemicals across a permeable membrane. MD provides a preview of what goes on in tissues, before chemical events can be reflected as changes in systemic blood levels. This method was designed for the first time in the late 1950s to study endogenous compounds in the animal brain. It has been developed for use in other organs over the years. In this in vivo method, sampling from almost any tissue, organ or biological fluid reflects the composition of the extracellular fluid. Using specially designed probes, unbound analytes are continuously sampled continuously. These may include endogenous molecules (e.g. neurotransmitters, hormones, glucose) sampled to assess their biochemical functions or exogenous compounds (e.g. pharmaceuticals) sampled to determine their distribution within the animal. Local effects of exogenous compounds have been studied in the central nervous system, hepatic tissue, dermis, heart and corpora luteae of experimental animals by means of microdialysis. Furthermore in central nervous studies, this technique has been extensively used for the study of the effects on neurotransmission at different central nuclei of diverse pharmacological and toxicological agents, such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, antiparkinsonians, hallucinogens, drugs of abuse and experimental drugs. MD is widely used today in many fields including biomedical research. The aim of this review is to define the basic principles of microdialysis, to indicate its application areas to reveal its advantages and disadvantages and to emphasize its importance in clinical pharmacology and toxicology research.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Extracellular fluid microdialysis pharmacology sampling method toxicology

Kaynakça

  • Anderson C. Andersson T, Wardell K. (1994). Changes in skin circulation after insertion of a microdialysis probe visualized by laser Doppler perfusion imaging. J Invest Dermatol, 102:807-811.
  • Ault JM, Lunte CE, Meltzer NM, Riley CM. (1992). Microdialysis sampling for the investigation of dermal drug transport. Pharm Res, 9(10):1256-1261.
  • Ault JM, Riley CM, Meltzer NM, Lunte CE. (1994). Dermal microdialysis sampling in vivo. Pharm Res, 11(11):1631-1639.
  • Azeredo FJ, Dalla Costa T, Derendorf H. (2014). Role of microdialysis in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: current status and future directions. Clin Pharmacokinet, 53(3):205-212.
  • Benveniste H, Hüttemeier PC. (1990). Microdialysis—theory and application. Prog Neurobiol, 35(3):195-215.
  • Blöchl-Daum B, Müller M, Meisinger V, Eichler H, Fassolt A, Pehamberger H. (1996). Measurement of extracellular fluid carboplatin kinetics in melanoma metastases with microdialysis. Br J Cancer, 73(7):920-924.
  • Boelsma E, Anderson C, Karlsson AM, Ponec M. (2000). Microdialysis technique as a method to study the percutaneous penetration of methyl nicotinate through excised human skin, reconstructed epidermis, and human skin in vivo. Pharm Res, 17(2):141-147.
  • Chaurasia CS. (1999). In vivo microdialysis sampling: theory and applications. Biomed Chromatogr, 13(5):317-332.
  • Cimmino M, Geloen A. (1997). Tissue microdialysis: practical and theoretical aspects. Diabetes Metab, 23(2):164-170.
  • CMA Microdialysis. (1984). Microdialysis Education. Erişim: www.microdialysis.com. Erişim tarihi: 27.02.2020
  • De la Peña A, Liu P, Derendorf H. (2000). Microdialysis in peripheral tissues. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 45(2-3):189-216.
  • De Lange EC, Danhof M, de Boer AG, Breimer DD. (1997). Methodological considerations of intracerebral microdialysis in pharmacokinetic studies on drug transport across the blood–brain barrier. Brain Res Rev, 25(1):27-49.
  • Delgado J. (1972). Dialytrode for long term intracerebral perfusion in awake monkeys. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther, 198:9-21.
  • Ekstrom PO, Andersen A, Saeter G, Giercksky KE, Slordal L. (1996). Continuous intratumoral microdialysis during high-dose methotrexate therapy in a patient with malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the femur: a case report. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 39(3):267-272.
  • Erdo F. (2015). Microdialysis Techniques In Pharmacokinetic and Biomarker Studies. Past, Present and Future Directions A Review. Clin Exp Pharmacol P, 5(180):1459-2161.
  • Feichtner F, Schaller R, Fercher A, Ratzer M, Ellmerer M, Plank J, Krause B, Pieber T, Schaupp L. (2010). Microdialysis based device for continuous extravascular monitoring of blood glucose. Biomed Microdevices, 12(3):399-407.
  • Fettweis G, Borlak J. (1996). Topics in xenobiochemistry–application of microdialysis techniques in pharmacokinetic studies. Xenobh, 26(5):473-485.
  • Groothuis DR, Ward S, Schlageter KE, Itskovich AC, Schwerin SC, Allen CV, Dills C, Levy RM. (1998). Changes in blood-brain barrier permeability associated with insertion of brain cannulas and microdialysis probes. Brain Res, 803(1-2):218-230.
  • Gunaratna C, Lunte S, Zuo H. (1994). Shunt probe: a new microdialysis probe design for in vivo drug metabolism studies. Curr Separations, 13(3):80-83.
  • Hammarlund-Udenaes M. (2017). Microdialysis as an important technique in systems pharmacology—a historical and methodological review. AAPS J, 19(5):1294-1303.
  • Hegemann L, Forstinger C, Partsch B, Lagler I, Krotz S, Wolff K. (1995). Microdialysis in cutaneous pharmacology: kinetic analysis of transdermally delivered nicotine. J Invest Dermatol, 104(5):839-843.
  • Helmark IC, Mikkelsen UR, Borglum J, Rothe A, Petersen MC, Andersen O, Langberg H, Kjaer M. (2010). Exercise increases interleukin-10 levels both intraarticularly and peri-synovially in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Res Ther, 12(4):R126.
  • Hickner RC, Ekelund U, Mellander S, Ungerstedt U, Henriksson J. (1995). Muscle blood flow in cats: comparison of microdialysis ethanol technique with direct measurement. J Appl Physiol, 79(2):638-647.
  • Hildingsson U, Lönnqvist PA, Selldén H, Eksborg S, Ungerstedt U, Marcus C. (2000). Age‐dependent variations in white adipose tissue glycerol and lactate production after surgery measured by microdialysis in neonates and children. Pediatr Anesth, 10(3):283-289.
  • Hocht C, Opezzo JA, Taira CA. (2004). Microdialysis in drug discovery. Curr Drug Discov Technol, 1(4):269-285.
  • Höcht C, Opezzo JA, Taira CA. (2007). Applicability of reverse microdialysis in pharmacological and toxicological studies. J Pharmacol Tox Met, 55(1):3-15.
  • Huff JK, Bresnahan JF, Davies MI. (2003). Preliminary evaluation of several disinfection/sterilization techniques for use with microdialysis probes. Life Sci, 73(3):275-287.
  • Jain RK. (1987). Transport of molecules in the tumor interstitium: a review. Cancer Res, 47(12):3039-3051.
  • Jain RK. (1996). Delivery of molecular medicine to solid tumors. Scieas, 271(5252):1079-1080.
  • Joukhadar C, Derendorf H, Müller M. (2001). Microdialysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 57(3):211-219.
  • Joukhadar C, Müller M. (2005). Microdialysis: current applications to clinical pharmacokinetic studies and its role in the future. Clin Pharmacokinet, 44 (9): 895-913.
  • Kho CM, Ab Rahim SKE, Ahmad ZA, Abdullah NS. (2017). A review on microdialysis calibration methods: the theory and current related efforts. Mol Neurobiol, 54(5):3506-3527.
  • Kunin CM, Craig WA, Kornguth M, Monson R. (1973). Influence of binding on the pharmacologic activity of antibiotics. Ann NY Acad Sci, 226(1):214-224.
  • Lönnroth P. (1991). Microdialysis—a new and promising method in clinical medicine. Intern Med J, 230(4):363-364.
  • Mader RM, Brunner M, Rizovski B, Mensik C, Steger GG, Eichler HG, Müller M. (1998). Analysis of microdialysates from cancer patients by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis, 19(16‐17):2981-2985.
  • Maidment N, Brumbaugh D, Rudolph V, Erdelyi E, Evans C. (1989). Microdialysis of extracellular endogenous opioid peptides from rat brain in vivo. Neuroscience, 33(3):549-557.
  • Merrikin DJ, Briant J, Rolinson GN. (1983). Effect of protein binding on antibiotic activity in vivo. J Antimicrob Chemotherapy, 11(3):233-238.
  • Müller M. (2000). Microdialysis in clinical drug delivery studies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 45(2-3):255-269.
  • Müller M. (2002). Science, medicine, and the future: microdialysis. BMJ, 324(7337):588.
  • Müller M, Brunner M, Schmid R, Mader RM, Bockenheimer J, Steger GG, Steiner B, Eichler HG, Blöchl-Daum B. (1998). Interstitial methotrexate kinetics in primary breast cancer lesions. Cancer Res, 58(14):2982-2985.
  • Müller M, Haag O, Burgdorff T, Georgopoulos A, Weninger W, Jansen B, Stanek G, Pehamberger H, Agneter E, Eichler H. (1996). Characterization of peripheral-compartment kinetics of antibiotics by in vivo microdialysis in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 40(12):2703-2709.
  • Müller M, Mader RM, Steiner B, Steger GG, Jansen B, Gnant M, Helbich T, Jakesz R, Eichler HG, BlÖchl-Daum B. (1997). 5-Fluorouracil kinetics in the interstitial tumor space: clinical response in breast cancer patients. Cancer Res, 57(13):2598-2601.
  • Müller M, Schmid R, Nieszpaur‐Los M, Fassolt A, Lönnroth P, Fasching P, Eichler H. (1995). Key metabolite kinetics in human skeletal muscle during ischaemia and reperfusion: measurement by microdialysis. Eur J Clin Invest, 25(8):601-607.
  • Müller M, Schmid R, Wagner O, Osten Bv, Shayganfar H, Eichler HG. (1995). In vivo characterization of transdermal drug transport by microdialysis. J Control Release, 37(1-2):49-57.
  • Nilsson OG, Brandt L, Ungerstedt U, Säveland H. (1999). Bedside detection of brain ischemia using intracerebral microdialysis: subarachnoid hemorrhage and delayed ischemic deterioration. Neurosurgery, 45(5):1176-1185.
  • Plock N, Kloft C. (2005). Microdialysis—theoretical background and recent implementation in applied life-sciences. Eur J Pharm Sci, 25(1):1-24.
  • Ronquist G, Hugosson R, Sjölander U, Ungerstedt U. (1992). Treatment of malignant glioma by a new therapeutic principle. Acta Neurochir, 114(1-2):8-11.
  • Rooyackers O, Blixt C, Mattsson P, Wernerman J. (2010). Continuous glucose monitoring by intravenous microdialysis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 54(7):841-847.
  • Scott DO, Sorenson LR, Steele KL, Puckett DL, Lunte CE. (1991). In vivo microdialysis sampling for pharmacokinetic investigations. Pharm Res, 8(3):389-392.
  • Shippenberg TS, Thompson AC. (1997). Overview of microdialysis. Curr Protoc Neurosci, 1, Chapter 7: Unit7.1.
  • Ungerstedt U. (1991) Microdialysis—principles and applications for studies in animals and man. Intern Med J, 230(4):365-373.
  • Weiss DJ, Lunte CE, Lunte SM. (2000). In vivo microdialysis as a tool for monitoring pharmacokinetics. Trac Trend Anal Chem, 19(10):606-616.
  • Westergren I, Nyström B, Hamberger A, Johansson BB. (1995). Intracerebral dialysis and the blood‐brain barrier. J Neurochem, 64(1):229-234.
  • Wu Z, Smithers B, Anderson C, Roberts M. (2000). Can tissue drug concentrations be monitored by microdialysis during or after isolated limb perfusion for melanoma treatment? Melanoma Res, 10(1):47-54.
  • Zapata A, Chefer VI, Shippenberg TS. (2009). Microdialysis in rodents. Curr Protoc Neurosci, 47(1):7.2. 1-7.2. 29.
  • Zsigmond P, Dernroth N, Kullman A, Augustinsson L-E, Dizdar N. (2012). Stereotactic microdialysis of the basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci Methods, 207(1):17-22.
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Veteriner Bilimleri
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Zeyno Nuhoğlu 0000-0002-1080-2926

Abdurrahman Aksoy 0000-0001-9486-312X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 7 Mayıs 2021
Kabul Tarihi 22 Şubat 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Nuhoğlu, Z., & Aksoy, A. (2021). BİLİMSEL ARAŞTIRMALARDA MİKRODİYALİZ TEKNİĞİ. Veteriner Farmakoloji Ve Toksikoloji Derneği Bülteni, 12(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.38137/vftd.864222
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