Derleme
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

KÖPEK VE KEDİLERDE KULAK VE GÖZ HASTALIKLARINDA KULLANILAN İLAÇLAR

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 127 - 142, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.38137/vftd.1468057

Öz

Sistemik uygulanan ilaçların geçişi bakımından zor organlar olan kulak ve göze ilişkin hastalıklar köpek ve kedilerde sıklıkla problemlere yol açar. Her iki organda da tedavi genellikle topikal ilaç uygulamaları ile yapılır. Fakat bazı durumlarda topikal uygulama sistemik ilaç tedavisi ile desteklenebilir. Bazen de topikal ilaç uygulamanın mümkün/uygun olmadığı hallerde sistemik ilaç uygulaması yapılır. Kulak ve göz hastalıklarının tedavisinde antibakteriyel ilaç uygulamaları başta gelir. Bunu glukokortikoid uygulamaları takip eder. Gözde ise hastalık nedenlerine bağlı olarak oldukça farklı farmakolojik gruplardan ilaç uygulamaları söz konusudur. Bu makalede köpek ve kedilerde kulak ve göz hastalıklarının nedenleri, tanısı ve tedavilerinde kullanılan ilaçlar hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Agarwal, P. & Rupenthal, I. D. (2023). Non-aqueous formulations in topical ocular drug delivery – A paradigm shift? Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 198, 114867.
  • Alsaad, K. M. (2021). A common problems of dog eyes (A Review). IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 14,19-26.
  • Andaluz-Scher, L. & Medow, N. B. (2020). Chloramphenicol Eye Drops: An Old Dog in a New House. American Academy of Ophthalmology, 127, 1289–1291.
  • Apaydın, N. & Hasandayıoğlu, Ö. (2018). Köpeklerde Dış Kulak Yolu Hastalıklarının Video-Otoskopik, Ultrasonografik ve Radyografik Yöntemlerle Belirlenmesi. Kocatepe Vet J, 11, 63-69.
  • Arisov, M. V., Indyuhova, E. N. & Arisova, G. B. (2020). The use of multicomponent ear drops in the treatment of otitis of various etiologies in animals. J Adv Vet Anim Res, 7, 115–126.
  • Avcı, B. & Yıldız, K. (2023). Köpek ve Kedide Parazit Hastalıklarının Tedavisinde Makrosiklik Laktonlar. Veteriner Farmakoloji ve Toksikoloji Derneği Bülteni, 14, 88-97.
  • Bajwa, J. (2019). Canine otitis externa - Treatment and complications. CVJ, 60, 97-99.
  • Beckwith-Cohen, B. & Petersen-Jones, S. M. (2024). Manifestations of systemic disease in the retina and fundus of cats and dogs. Front Vet Sci, 11, 1337062.
  • Brame, B. & Cain, C. (2021). ChroniC otitis in Cats Clinical management of primary, predisposing and perpetuating factors. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 23, 433–446.
  • Canpolat, İ., Tanrısever, M. & Başer, S. (2022). The prevalence of ear diseases in cat and dogs in Kocaeli provinces. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Research, 6, 53-60.
  • Casson, R. J. (2022). Medical therapy for glaucoma: a review. Clin Exp Ophthal-Mol, 50, 198-212.
  • Cho, J. (2021). Ocular Ultrasound Abnormalities and Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter in Dogs and Cats. Vet Clin Small Anim, 51, 1295–1314.
  • Choi, N., Edginton, H. D., Griffin, C. E. & Angus, J. C. (2018). Comparison of two ear cytological collection techniques in dogs with otitis externa. Vet Dermatol, 29, 413–e136.
  • Clegg, J., Souza, C. & Brame, B. (2023). Tolerability of Otic Solutions Containing Different Enrofloxacin Concentrations in Dogs with Healthy Ears. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc, 2023, 59, 214–218.
  • Costa, F. V. A., Spanamberg, A., Araujo, R., Werner, J. & Ferreiro, L. (2019). Feline Sino-orbital Fungal Infection Caused by Aspergillus and Scopulariopsis. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 47 (Suppl 1), 383.
  • Costa, G. L., Leonardi, F., Interlandi, C., Spadola, F., Fisichella, S., Macrì, F., Nastasi, B., Macrì, D., Ferrantelli, V. & Di Pietro, S. (2023). Levobupivacaine Combined with Cisatracurium in Peribulbar Anaesthesia in Cats Undergoing Corneal and Lens Surgery. Animals, 13, 170.
  • Cury, L. R. P., de Carvalho, C. M. & Galera, P. D. (2023). Canine keratoconjunctivitis sicca therapeutics: literature review. R Bras Ci Vet, 30, 9-18.
  • Çatalkaya, E., Ersöz-Kanay, B., Yayla, S., Saylak, N. & Bayat, A. (2023). Evaluation of Eye Diseases Encountered in Cats: A Retrospective Study (2020-2023). Dicle Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 16, 108-111.
  • da Silva, C. F., Almeida,T., de Melo Barbosa, R., Cardoso, J. C., Morsink, M., Souto,E.B. & Severino, P. (2021). New trends in drug delivery systems for veterinary applications. Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, 9, 15–25.
  • Das, S., Mishra, R., Rath, P. K., Mishra, B., Mishra, C. & Behera, S. S. (2019). Antimicrobial Sensitivity Profile of Eye Infection in Dogs. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci, 8, 505-511.
  • Defalque, V. E. (2022). Isoxazolines for treating canine demodicosis, sarcoptic mange (scabies), and lice infestation. Can Vet J, 63, 1159–1162.
  • El-Kasapy, A. H. (2023). The influence of the different cherry eye surgical intervention on tear production in dogs. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal, 45, 51-53.
  • Emery, C. B., Outerbridge, C. A., Knych, H. K., Lam, A. T. H., Gomez-Vazquez, J. P. & White, S. D. (2021). Preliminary study of the stability of dexamethasone when added to commercial veterinary ear cleaners over a 90 day period. Vet Dermatol, 32, 168–e39.
  • Ergin, İ & Çetin, K. G. (2022). Köpeklerde İmmun Aracılı Göz Hastalıkları. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 19, 226-2.
  • Faghihi, H., Rajaei, S. M., Ostadhasan, H. &Alagha, H. E. (2022). Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 24, 185–188.
  • Fontenelle, J. P., Powell, C. C., Veir, J. K., Radecki, S. V. & Lappin, M. R. (2008). Effect of topical ophthalmic application of cidofovir on experimentally induced primary ocular feline herpesvirus-1 infection in cats. Am J Vet Res, 69, 289-93.
  • Gayathri, K., Venugopal, S. K. & Martin, J. (2021). Glaucoma in small animals. In: Reviews of veterinary research-what next? Giggin, T., Niyas, E., Sivakumar, A. Editors. United States: Lulu Publication; 2021 pp. 40-58.
  • Ghiggi, E., Andrade, M. C. C., Hünning, P. S., Martinez, T., Carneiro, R. K. & Canseco, M. V. D. (2023). Glaucoma in Dogs and Cats - Management with Cyclocryotherapy. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 51(Suppl 1), 888.
  • Giannetto, C., Macrì, F., Falcone, A., Giudice, E., Crupi, R., Cicero, L., Cassata, G., Staffieri, F. & Di Pietro, S. (2021). Evaluation of Tear Production as Measured by Schirmer Test I in Dogs after Acepromazine and Acepromazine–Methadone Premedication. Animals (Basel), 11, 3015.
  • Grams, N. (2019). Homeopathy-where is the science? EMBO Reports, 20, e47761.
  • Gomes, R. F., Mace, M. A. M., de Loreto, E. S., Fuentefria, A. M. & Zanette, R. A. (2024). Alternative approaches for treating canine otitis externa caused by Malassezia pachydermatis: Review and recommendations. Pubvet, 18, e1544.
  • Guardabassi L., Houser, G. A., Frank, L .A. & Papich, M. G. (2008). Guidelines for antimicrobial use in dogs and cats (Chapter 11). In, Guardabassi, L., Jensen L.B., Kruse, H. Editors. Guide to Antimicrobial use in Animals. Oxford, Blackwell Publishing; 2008. pp. 182-206.
  • Heuer, L., Wilhelm, C., Roy, O., Löhlein, W., Wolf, O. & Zschiesche, E. (2024). Clinical safety and efficacy of a single-dose gentamicin, posaconazole and mometasone furoate otic suspension for treatment of canine otitis externa. Vet Rec, 2024, e3955.
  • Jacobson, L.S. (2002). Diagnosis and medical treatment of otitis externa in the dog and cat. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 73, 162-170.
  • Jacobson, L. S., Janke, K. J., Kennedy, S. K., Lockwood, G. A., Mackenzie, S. D., Porte, C. D. & Ringwood, P. B. (2023). A Pandora’s box in feline medicine: presenting signs and surgical outcomes in 58 previously hoarded cats with chronic otitis media-interna. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 25,1098612X231197089.
  • James-Jenks, E. M. & Pinard, C. L. (2023). Topical Ocular The rapeutics in Small Animals. Vet Clin Small Anim, 53, 473–492.
  • Jasiecka-Mikołajczyk, A., Jaroszewski, J. J. & Ma´slanka, T. (2021). Oclacitinib, a Janus Kinase Inhibitor, Reduces the Frequency of IL-4- and IL-10-, but Not IFN-γ-, Producing Murine CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells and Counteracts the Induction of Type 1 Regulatory T Cells. Molecules, 26, 5655.
  • Kang, S., Shim, J. & Seo, K. (2020). The association of topical flurbiprofen with the incidence of postoperative glaucoma after phacoemulsification in dogs. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 24, 460–468.
  • Kasondra, A. K., Joshi, N. H. & Patel, S. S. (2023). Prevention and control of dog and cat diseases in India. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 12, 3651-3656.
  • Kaya, E., Kayar, A., Dokuzeylül, B. & Or, M. E. (2020). Topikal Takrolimusun Veteriner Dermatolojide Kullanımı. Cumhuriyet Üniv Sağ Bil Enst Derg, 5, 28-35.
  • Kent, M., Arnold, S. A., Perlini, M., Glass, E. N. & Barber, R. M. (2022). Unilateral Laryngeal Paralysis Secondary to Otitis Media/Interna in Two Cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc, 58, 42–47.
  • Koch, S. N., Torres, S. M. F. & Kramek, B. (2020). Patulous Eustachian tube and palatine defect in a Dachshund with chronic unilateral otitis externa and otitis media. Vet Dermatol, 31, 240–e53.
  • Kurup, K. R., Parikh, P. V., Mahla, J. K. & Ratnu, D. A. (2017). Optimized Ophthalmic: Advances in the Treatment of Ocular Diseases in Animals. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res, 1, 1617-1620.
  • Ledbetter, E. C., Badanes, Z. I., Chan, R. X., Donohue, L. K., Hayot, N. L., Harman, R. M., Van de Walle, G. R. & Mohammed, H. O. (2022). Comparative Efficacy of Topical Ophthalmic Ganciclovir and Oral Famciclovir in Cats with Experimental Ocular Feline Herpesvirus-1 Epithelial Infection. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther, 38, 339-347.
  • Lelescu, C. A., Urdă-Cîmpean, A. E., Dumitraş, D. A., Taulescu, M. & Mureşan, C. (2020). Effects of topical application of 0.4% oxybuprocaine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution and 1% ropivacaine hydrochloride on corneal sensitivity in rats. PLoS ONE, 15, e0241567.
  • Leonard, C., Thiry, D., Taminiau, B., Daube, G. & Fontaine, J. (2022). External Ear Canal Evaluation in Dogs with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Externa: Comparison of Direct Cytology, Bacterial Culture and 16S Amplicon Profiling. Vet Sci, 9, 366.
  • Lewin, A. C., Hicks, S. K. & Carter, R. T. (2023). A review of evidence-based management of infectious ocular surface disease in shelter-housed domestic cats. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 26, 47–58.
  • López-Ruiz, E., Jiménez, G., Álvarez de Cienfuegos, L., Antic, C, Sabata, R., Marchal, J. A. & Gálvez-Martín, P. (2019). Advances of hyaluronic acid in stem cell therapy and tissue engineering, including current clinical trials. Eur Cell Mater, 37, 186-213.
  • Luz, L. da C., Amaral, A. V. C. do, Gummaraes, J. R., Silva, A. C. A., Neves, C. A., Cangussu, L. C. & Reglin, D. (2021). Effects of auriculopalpebral nerve block on ocular parameters in dogs. Bioscience Journal, 37, e37073. Makker, S. S., Singh, J. & Arora, S. (2021). Homeopathic treatment of aural hematoma in a Labrador dog: A case report. Indian J Vet Med, 41, 86-88.
  • Mamachan1, M., Manjusha, K. M., Amitha Banu, S., Sharun, K. & Maiti, S. K. (2023). An overview of ulcerative keratitis in Dogs and Cats. Veterinary Today, 1, 162 -164.
  • Marignac, G., Petit, J. Y., Jamet, J. F., Desquilbet, L., Petit, J. L., Woehrlé, F., Trouchon, T., Fantini, O. & Perrot, S. (2019). Double Blinded, Randomized and Controlled Comparative Study Evaluating the Cleaning Activity of Two Ear Cleaners in Client-Owned Dogs with Spontaneous Otitis Externa. Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 9, 67-78.
  • Mehmedov, T. N., Vacheva, I. B., & Genova, K. I. (2023). Comparative analysis of different methods of treatment of atopic otitis in dogs. Zhivotnovadni Nauki, 60, 58-64 (Bg).
  • Mertens, A. M., Schenk, H. C. & Volk, H. A. (2023). Current definition, diagnosis, and treatment of canine and feline idiopathic vestibular syndrome. Front Vet Sci, 10,1263976.
  • Miller, J., Simpson, A., Bloom, P., Diesel, A., Friedeck, A., Paterson, T., Wisecup, M. & Yu, C-M. (2023). 2023 AAHA Management of Allergic Skin Diseases in Dogs and Cats Guidelines. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc, 59, 255-284.
  • Mironovich, M. A., Mitchell, M. S., Liu, C-C., Carter, R. T. & Lewin, A. C. (2022). The effect of topical ophthalmic proparacaine, fluorescein, and tropicamide on subsequent bacterial cultures in healthy dogs. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 25, 44–51.
  • Mood, M. A., Rajaei, S. M., Faghihi, H. & Ghiadi, A. (2019). Effect of Topical 1% Cyclopentolate Hydrochloride on Tear Production, Intraocular Pressure, and Pupil Size in Healthy Turkman Horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 75, 25-29.
  • Moog, F., Mivielle, J., Brun, J., Dumitrache, M. O., Amalric, N., Lecru, L.-A., Pressanti, C., Kondratjeva, J., Combarros, D., Fantini, O. & Cadiergues, M. C. (2022). Clinical and Microbiological Performances and Effects on Lipid and Cytokine Production of a Ceruminolytic Ear Cleaner in Canine Erythemato Ceruminous Otitis Externa, Vet Sci, 9, 185.
  • Mwacalimba, K., Hillier, A., Rosenbaum, M., Brennan, C. & Amodie, D. (2023). Diminished antimicrobial drug use in dogs with allergic dermatitis treated with oclacitinib. Front Vet Sci, 10, 1207582.
  • Necula, G. A., Ionita, M. & Mitrea, I. L. (2022). Scientific Works. Series C. Veterinary Medicine, LXVIII, 83-87.
  • Nùñez, C. R., Ortega, A. F., Cordero, A. M., Waisburd, G. S., Cardenas, R. H. & Márquez, C. L. (2021). Effectiveness of an Otic Cleaner with Detergent and Acidifying Properties in Dogs with External Otitis Effectiveness of an Otic Cleaner with Detergent and Acidifying Properties in Dogs with External Otitis. World J Vet Sci, 3, 1014.
  • Nutall, T. (2018). Managing chronic and recurrent otitis externa in dogs. Veterinary Practice Today, 6, 23-29.
  • Nuttall, T. (2020). Otitis. In: Noli C, Colombo S. Editors. Feline Dermatology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29836-4_10
  • Nuttall, T. (2023). Managing recurrent otitis externa in dogs: what have we learned and what can we do better? Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 261, S10-S22.
  • Olabode, I. R., Sachivkina, N. P., Kiseleva, E. V. & Shurov, A. I. (2023). Effectiveness of Farnesol for treatment of dog otitis complicated by Malassezia pachydermatis. RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries, 18, 250-263.
  • O’Neill, D. G., Volk, A. V., Soares, T., Church, D. B., Brodbelt, D. C. & Pegram, C. (2021). Frequency and predisposing factors for canine otitis externa in the UK – a primary veterinary care epidemiological view. Canine Medicine and Genetics, 8, 1-16.
  • Orlandi, R., Gutierrez-Quintana, R., Carletti, B., Cooper, C., Brocal, J., Silva, S. & Gonçalves, R. (2020). Clinical signs, MRI findings and outcome in dogs with peripheral vestibular disease: a retrospective study. BMC Veterinary Research, 16,159.
  • Özdemir Kütahya, Z. & Traş, B. (2019). Kedi ve Köpeklerde Antitrombotik İlaçların Kullanımı. Turkiye Klinikleri J Vet Sci, 10, 84-96.
  • Paterson, S. & Matyskiewicz, W. (2018). A study to evaluate the primary causes associated with Pseudomonas otitis in 60 dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 59, 238–242.
  • Paterson, S. (2020). Otitis. In: Bruyette, D. Ed. Clinical Small Animal Internal Medicine. USA: Wıley Blackwell; 2020. pp. 1471-1481.
  • Paterson, S., Nett, C., Neuber, A., Maddison, J., Ackerman, N., Fitzgerald, R., Noli, C. & Warren, S. (2021). Otitis externa: a roundtable discussion. Companion Animal, 26, Sup3, S1-S16.
  • Peano, A., Johnson, E., Chiavassa, E., Tizzani, P., Guillot, J. & Pasquetti, M. (2020). Antifungal Resistance Regarding Malassezia pachydermatis: Where Are We Now? J Fungi (Basel), 6, 93.
  • Permana, I. B. K. I., Soma, I. G. & Batan, I. W. (2023). Otitis externa due to complication of Otodectes cynotis, bacteria, and Malassezia sp. Accompanied by scabiosis in domestic cat. Vet Sci Med J, 5, 232-243.
  • Robert, J. K., Meekins, J. M., Roush, J. K. & Rankin, A. J. (2021). Effects of topical instillation of 0.1% diclofenac sodium, 0.5% ketorolac tromethamine, and 0.03% flurbiprofen sodium on corneal sensitivity in ophthalmologically normal cats. Am J Vet Res, 82, 81–87.
  • Romero, B., Susperregui, J., Sahagún, A. M., Diez, M. J., Fernández, N., García, J. J., López, C., Sierra, M. & Díez, R. (2022). Use of medicinal plants by veterinary practitioners in Spain: A cross-sectional survey. Front Vet Sci, 9,1060738.
  • Rosenkrantz, W. (2015). Canine otitis externa ‒ my favorıte topical and systemic treatments. NAVC Conference. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/20153171178.
  • Sauvé, F. (2019). Use of topical glucocorticoids in veterinary dermatology. CVJ, 60, 785-788.
  • Sebbag, L. & Sanchez, R. F. (2023). The pandemic of ocular surface disease in brachycephalic dogs: The brachycephalic ocular syndrome. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 26, 31–46.
  • Sebbag, L., Silva, A. P. S. M., Santos, A. P. B. & Raposo, A. C. S. (2022). An eye on the Shih Tzu dog: Ophthalmic examination findings and ocular surface diagnostics. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 26, 59–71.
  • Singh, B. R., Pawde, A. M., Singh, S. V., Agri, H., Sinha, D. K., Vinodhkumar, O. R., Zama, M. M. S., Kinjavdekar, P., Amarpal, A. & Saxena, A. C. (2019). Ear Infections in Animals in Bareilly: Common causes and Effective Antimicrobials. Austin J Vet Sci & Anim Husb, 3, 1061.
  • Souza, C. P., Foss, K. D. & Mascarenhas, M. B. (2023). Otitis media with effusion in two Boston terrier dogs. Vet Med Sci, 9, 1069–1073.
  • Srinivas, S. P. & Rao, S. K. (2023). Ocular surface staining: Current concepts and techniques. Indian J Ophthalmol, 71, 1080-9.
  • Steagall, P. V., Pelligand, L., Page, S., Granick, J. L., Allerton, F., Bęczkowski, P. M., Weese, J. S., Hrček, A. K., Queiroga, F. & Guardabassi, L. (2023). The 2023 World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA): list of essential medicines for cats and dogs. J Small Anim Pract, 64, 731-748.
  • Stiles, J. & Kimmitt, B. (2016). Eye Examination in the cat step-by-step approach and common findings. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 18, 702–711.
  • Sugita, S., Takase, H. & Nakano, S. (2023). Role of Recent PCR Tests for Infectious Ocular Diseases: From Laboratory-Based Studies to the Clinic. Int J Mol Sci, 24, 8146.
  • Şirin, Ö. Ş., Çetin, M. N. & Neyse, B. (2023). Evaluation of eye diseases in cats and dogs: A retrospective study: 200 cases (2021-2022). MAE Vet Fak Derg, 8, 44-49.
  • Tamminen, L-M., Emanuelson, U. & Blanco-Penedo, I. (2018). Systematic Review of Phytotherapeutic Treatments for Different Farm Animals Under European Conditions. Front Vet Sci, 5, 140.
  • Thomasy, S. M. & Maggs, J. A. (2016). Review of antiviral drugs and other compounds with activity against feline herpesvirus type 1. Vet Ophthalmol, 19 Suppl 1(Suppl 1), 119-30.
  • Thomasy, S. M., Shull, O., Outerbridge, C. A., Lim, C. C., Freeman, K. S., Strom, A. R., Kass, P. H. & Maggs, D. J. (2016). Oral administration of famciclovir for treatment of spontaneous ocular, respiratory, or dermatologic disease attributed to feline herpesvirus type 1: 59 cases (2006-2013). J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1, 249,526-38.
  • Thompson, L. (2017). How I Treat Otitis Media/Interna. Today’s Veterinary Practice, https://todaysveterinarypractice.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2016/12/TVP-0102_COLUMN_How-I-Treat_AUTHORPDF.pdf.
  • Tresch, M., Mevissen, M., Ayrle, H., Melzig, M., Roosje, P. & Walkenhorst, M. (2019). Medicinal plants as therapeutic options for topical treatment in canine dermatology? A systematic review. BMC Veterinary Research, 15, 174.
  • Uzunlu, E. O., Aras, S., Zamirbekova, N., Akyol, E. T. & Arıcan M. (2020). Kedi ve Köpeklerde Görülen Yaygın Göz Hastalıkları: Retrospektif Çalışma (2018-2019). Bozok Vet Sci, 1, 17-22. Valle, A. C. V., Valle, M. L. P. V. & Carvalho, A. C. (2022). Recurrent Aural Hematoma In Mixed-Breed Dog Treated With Homeopathy – Case Report. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, 13, 1385-1387.
  • Vekšins A (2022). Feline upper respiratory tract disease – Computed tomography and laboratory diagnostic. Veterinary World, 15, 1880–1886.
  • Verdenius, C. Y., Broens, E. M., Slenter, I. J. M. & Djajadiningrat-Laanen, S. C. (2024). Corneal stromal ulcerations in a referral population of dogs and cats in the Netherlands (2012–2019): Bacterial isolates and antibiotic resistance. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 27, 7-16.
  • Walter, H., Verspohl, J., Meißner, J. Oltmanns, H. Geks, A. K. & Busse, C. (2023). In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of N-Acetylcysteine against Pathogens Most Commonly Associated with Infectious Keratitis in Dogs and Cats. Antibiotics, 12, 559.
  • Yanar, E. (2022). Pet Hayvanlarında Fitoterapi. Palandöken Journal of Animal Science, Technology and Economics, 1, 60-67.
  • Yaşar, T. Ö. & Dik, B. (2022). Kedi ve Köpeklerde Göze Göç Edebilen Parazitler ve Oküler Belirtileri, Ankara/Turkey Iksad Publications.
  • Yavuz, Ü., Yener, K. & Hayat, A. (2020). Eye Cases Requiring Emergency Intervention in Animals. Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 9, 90-97.
  • Yılmaz Kolancı, B. (2020). Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi’nde Göz Hastalıklarının Tedavisinde Kullanılan Bazı Tıbbi Bitkiler. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 19, 629-64.
  • Zăvoi, A. A. & Enache, A. E. (2021). The glaucomas in dogs. Cluj Vet J, 26, 3.

DRUGS USED FOR EAR AND EYE DISEASES IN DOGS AND CATS

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 127 - 142, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.38137/vftd.1468057

Öz

Diseases related to the ear and eye, which are difficult organs for the passage of systemically administered drugs, often cause problems in dogs and cats. Treatment in both organs is usually done with topical drug applications. However, in some cases, topical application can be supported by systemic drug therapy. Sometimes, when topical drug application is not possible/appropriate, systemic drug application is done alone. Antibacterial drug applications come first in the treatment of ear and eye diseases. This is followed by glucocorticoid applications. In the eye, drug applications from very different pharmacological groups are available, depending on the cause of the disease. This article provides information about the causes, diagnosis and medications used in the treatment of ear and eye diseases in dogs and cats.

Kaynakça

  • Agarwal, P. & Rupenthal, I. D. (2023). Non-aqueous formulations in topical ocular drug delivery – A paradigm shift? Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 198, 114867.
  • Alsaad, K. M. (2021). A common problems of dog eyes (A Review). IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 14,19-26.
  • Andaluz-Scher, L. & Medow, N. B. (2020). Chloramphenicol Eye Drops: An Old Dog in a New House. American Academy of Ophthalmology, 127, 1289–1291.
  • Apaydın, N. & Hasandayıoğlu, Ö. (2018). Köpeklerde Dış Kulak Yolu Hastalıklarının Video-Otoskopik, Ultrasonografik ve Radyografik Yöntemlerle Belirlenmesi. Kocatepe Vet J, 11, 63-69.
  • Arisov, M. V., Indyuhova, E. N. & Arisova, G. B. (2020). The use of multicomponent ear drops in the treatment of otitis of various etiologies in animals. J Adv Vet Anim Res, 7, 115–126.
  • Avcı, B. & Yıldız, K. (2023). Köpek ve Kedide Parazit Hastalıklarının Tedavisinde Makrosiklik Laktonlar. Veteriner Farmakoloji ve Toksikoloji Derneği Bülteni, 14, 88-97.
  • Bajwa, J. (2019). Canine otitis externa - Treatment and complications. CVJ, 60, 97-99.
  • Beckwith-Cohen, B. & Petersen-Jones, S. M. (2024). Manifestations of systemic disease in the retina and fundus of cats and dogs. Front Vet Sci, 11, 1337062.
  • Brame, B. & Cain, C. (2021). ChroniC otitis in Cats Clinical management of primary, predisposing and perpetuating factors. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 23, 433–446.
  • Canpolat, İ., Tanrısever, M. & Başer, S. (2022). The prevalence of ear diseases in cat and dogs in Kocaeli provinces. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Research, 6, 53-60.
  • Casson, R. J. (2022). Medical therapy for glaucoma: a review. Clin Exp Ophthal-Mol, 50, 198-212.
  • Cho, J. (2021). Ocular Ultrasound Abnormalities and Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter in Dogs and Cats. Vet Clin Small Anim, 51, 1295–1314.
  • Choi, N., Edginton, H. D., Griffin, C. E. & Angus, J. C. (2018). Comparison of two ear cytological collection techniques in dogs with otitis externa. Vet Dermatol, 29, 413–e136.
  • Clegg, J., Souza, C. & Brame, B. (2023). Tolerability of Otic Solutions Containing Different Enrofloxacin Concentrations in Dogs with Healthy Ears. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc, 2023, 59, 214–218.
  • Costa, F. V. A., Spanamberg, A., Araujo, R., Werner, J. & Ferreiro, L. (2019). Feline Sino-orbital Fungal Infection Caused by Aspergillus and Scopulariopsis. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 47 (Suppl 1), 383.
  • Costa, G. L., Leonardi, F., Interlandi, C., Spadola, F., Fisichella, S., Macrì, F., Nastasi, B., Macrì, D., Ferrantelli, V. & Di Pietro, S. (2023). Levobupivacaine Combined with Cisatracurium in Peribulbar Anaesthesia in Cats Undergoing Corneal and Lens Surgery. Animals, 13, 170.
  • Cury, L. R. P., de Carvalho, C. M. & Galera, P. D. (2023). Canine keratoconjunctivitis sicca therapeutics: literature review. R Bras Ci Vet, 30, 9-18.
  • Çatalkaya, E., Ersöz-Kanay, B., Yayla, S., Saylak, N. & Bayat, A. (2023). Evaluation of Eye Diseases Encountered in Cats: A Retrospective Study (2020-2023). Dicle Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 16, 108-111.
  • da Silva, C. F., Almeida,T., de Melo Barbosa, R., Cardoso, J. C., Morsink, M., Souto,E.B. & Severino, P. (2021). New trends in drug delivery systems for veterinary applications. Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, 9, 15–25.
  • Das, S., Mishra, R., Rath, P. K., Mishra, B., Mishra, C. & Behera, S. S. (2019). Antimicrobial Sensitivity Profile of Eye Infection in Dogs. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci, 8, 505-511.
  • Defalque, V. E. (2022). Isoxazolines for treating canine demodicosis, sarcoptic mange (scabies), and lice infestation. Can Vet J, 63, 1159–1162.
  • El-Kasapy, A. H. (2023). The influence of the different cherry eye surgical intervention on tear production in dogs. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal, 45, 51-53.
  • Emery, C. B., Outerbridge, C. A., Knych, H. K., Lam, A. T. H., Gomez-Vazquez, J. P. & White, S. D. (2021). Preliminary study of the stability of dexamethasone when added to commercial veterinary ear cleaners over a 90 day period. Vet Dermatol, 32, 168–e39.
  • Ergin, İ & Çetin, K. G. (2022). Köpeklerde İmmun Aracılı Göz Hastalıkları. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 19, 226-2.
  • Faghihi, H., Rajaei, S. M., Ostadhasan, H. &Alagha, H. E. (2022). Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 24, 185–188.
  • Fontenelle, J. P., Powell, C. C., Veir, J. K., Radecki, S. V. & Lappin, M. R. (2008). Effect of topical ophthalmic application of cidofovir on experimentally induced primary ocular feline herpesvirus-1 infection in cats. Am J Vet Res, 69, 289-93.
  • Gayathri, K., Venugopal, S. K. & Martin, J. (2021). Glaucoma in small animals. In: Reviews of veterinary research-what next? Giggin, T., Niyas, E., Sivakumar, A. Editors. United States: Lulu Publication; 2021 pp. 40-58.
  • Ghiggi, E., Andrade, M. C. C., Hünning, P. S., Martinez, T., Carneiro, R. K. & Canseco, M. V. D. (2023). Glaucoma in Dogs and Cats - Management with Cyclocryotherapy. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 51(Suppl 1), 888.
  • Giannetto, C., Macrì, F., Falcone, A., Giudice, E., Crupi, R., Cicero, L., Cassata, G., Staffieri, F. & Di Pietro, S. (2021). Evaluation of Tear Production as Measured by Schirmer Test I in Dogs after Acepromazine and Acepromazine–Methadone Premedication. Animals (Basel), 11, 3015.
  • Grams, N. (2019). Homeopathy-where is the science? EMBO Reports, 20, e47761.
  • Gomes, R. F., Mace, M. A. M., de Loreto, E. S., Fuentefria, A. M. & Zanette, R. A. (2024). Alternative approaches for treating canine otitis externa caused by Malassezia pachydermatis: Review and recommendations. Pubvet, 18, e1544.
  • Guardabassi L., Houser, G. A., Frank, L .A. & Papich, M. G. (2008). Guidelines for antimicrobial use in dogs and cats (Chapter 11). In, Guardabassi, L., Jensen L.B., Kruse, H. Editors. Guide to Antimicrobial use in Animals. Oxford, Blackwell Publishing; 2008. pp. 182-206.
  • Heuer, L., Wilhelm, C., Roy, O., Löhlein, W., Wolf, O. & Zschiesche, E. (2024). Clinical safety and efficacy of a single-dose gentamicin, posaconazole and mometasone furoate otic suspension for treatment of canine otitis externa. Vet Rec, 2024, e3955.
  • Jacobson, L.S. (2002). Diagnosis and medical treatment of otitis externa in the dog and cat. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 73, 162-170.
  • Jacobson, L. S., Janke, K. J., Kennedy, S. K., Lockwood, G. A., Mackenzie, S. D., Porte, C. D. & Ringwood, P. B. (2023). A Pandora’s box in feline medicine: presenting signs and surgical outcomes in 58 previously hoarded cats with chronic otitis media-interna. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 25,1098612X231197089.
  • James-Jenks, E. M. & Pinard, C. L. (2023). Topical Ocular The rapeutics in Small Animals. Vet Clin Small Anim, 53, 473–492.
  • Jasiecka-Mikołajczyk, A., Jaroszewski, J. J. & Ma´slanka, T. (2021). Oclacitinib, a Janus Kinase Inhibitor, Reduces the Frequency of IL-4- and IL-10-, but Not IFN-γ-, Producing Murine CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells and Counteracts the Induction of Type 1 Regulatory T Cells. Molecules, 26, 5655.
  • Kang, S., Shim, J. & Seo, K. (2020). The association of topical flurbiprofen with the incidence of postoperative glaucoma after phacoemulsification in dogs. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 24, 460–468.
  • Kasondra, A. K., Joshi, N. H. & Patel, S. S. (2023). Prevention and control of dog and cat diseases in India. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 12, 3651-3656.
  • Kaya, E., Kayar, A., Dokuzeylül, B. & Or, M. E. (2020). Topikal Takrolimusun Veteriner Dermatolojide Kullanımı. Cumhuriyet Üniv Sağ Bil Enst Derg, 5, 28-35.
  • Kent, M., Arnold, S. A., Perlini, M., Glass, E. N. & Barber, R. M. (2022). Unilateral Laryngeal Paralysis Secondary to Otitis Media/Interna in Two Cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc, 58, 42–47.
  • Koch, S. N., Torres, S. M. F. & Kramek, B. (2020). Patulous Eustachian tube and palatine defect in a Dachshund with chronic unilateral otitis externa and otitis media. Vet Dermatol, 31, 240–e53.
  • Kurup, K. R., Parikh, P. V., Mahla, J. K. & Ratnu, D. A. (2017). Optimized Ophthalmic: Advances in the Treatment of Ocular Diseases in Animals. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res, 1, 1617-1620.
  • Ledbetter, E. C., Badanes, Z. I., Chan, R. X., Donohue, L. K., Hayot, N. L., Harman, R. M., Van de Walle, G. R. & Mohammed, H. O. (2022). Comparative Efficacy of Topical Ophthalmic Ganciclovir and Oral Famciclovir in Cats with Experimental Ocular Feline Herpesvirus-1 Epithelial Infection. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther, 38, 339-347.
  • Lelescu, C. A., Urdă-Cîmpean, A. E., Dumitraş, D. A., Taulescu, M. & Mureşan, C. (2020). Effects of topical application of 0.4% oxybuprocaine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution and 1% ropivacaine hydrochloride on corneal sensitivity in rats. PLoS ONE, 15, e0241567.
  • Leonard, C., Thiry, D., Taminiau, B., Daube, G. & Fontaine, J. (2022). External Ear Canal Evaluation in Dogs with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Externa: Comparison of Direct Cytology, Bacterial Culture and 16S Amplicon Profiling. Vet Sci, 9, 366.
  • Lewin, A. C., Hicks, S. K. & Carter, R. T. (2023). A review of evidence-based management of infectious ocular surface disease in shelter-housed domestic cats. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 26, 47–58.
  • López-Ruiz, E., Jiménez, G., Álvarez de Cienfuegos, L., Antic, C, Sabata, R., Marchal, J. A. & Gálvez-Martín, P. (2019). Advances of hyaluronic acid in stem cell therapy and tissue engineering, including current clinical trials. Eur Cell Mater, 37, 186-213.
  • Luz, L. da C., Amaral, A. V. C. do, Gummaraes, J. R., Silva, A. C. A., Neves, C. A., Cangussu, L. C. & Reglin, D. (2021). Effects of auriculopalpebral nerve block on ocular parameters in dogs. Bioscience Journal, 37, e37073. Makker, S. S., Singh, J. & Arora, S. (2021). Homeopathic treatment of aural hematoma in a Labrador dog: A case report. Indian J Vet Med, 41, 86-88.
  • Mamachan1, M., Manjusha, K. M., Amitha Banu, S., Sharun, K. & Maiti, S. K. (2023). An overview of ulcerative keratitis in Dogs and Cats. Veterinary Today, 1, 162 -164.
  • Marignac, G., Petit, J. Y., Jamet, J. F., Desquilbet, L., Petit, J. L., Woehrlé, F., Trouchon, T., Fantini, O. & Perrot, S. (2019). Double Blinded, Randomized and Controlled Comparative Study Evaluating the Cleaning Activity of Two Ear Cleaners in Client-Owned Dogs with Spontaneous Otitis Externa. Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 9, 67-78.
  • Mehmedov, T. N., Vacheva, I. B., & Genova, K. I. (2023). Comparative analysis of different methods of treatment of atopic otitis in dogs. Zhivotnovadni Nauki, 60, 58-64 (Bg).
  • Mertens, A. M., Schenk, H. C. & Volk, H. A. (2023). Current definition, diagnosis, and treatment of canine and feline idiopathic vestibular syndrome. Front Vet Sci, 10,1263976.
  • Miller, J., Simpson, A., Bloom, P., Diesel, A., Friedeck, A., Paterson, T., Wisecup, M. & Yu, C-M. (2023). 2023 AAHA Management of Allergic Skin Diseases in Dogs and Cats Guidelines. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc, 59, 255-284.
  • Mironovich, M. A., Mitchell, M. S., Liu, C-C., Carter, R. T. & Lewin, A. C. (2022). The effect of topical ophthalmic proparacaine, fluorescein, and tropicamide on subsequent bacterial cultures in healthy dogs. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 25, 44–51.
  • Mood, M. A., Rajaei, S. M., Faghihi, H. & Ghiadi, A. (2019). Effect of Topical 1% Cyclopentolate Hydrochloride on Tear Production, Intraocular Pressure, and Pupil Size in Healthy Turkman Horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 75, 25-29.
  • Moog, F., Mivielle, J., Brun, J., Dumitrache, M. O., Amalric, N., Lecru, L.-A., Pressanti, C., Kondratjeva, J., Combarros, D., Fantini, O. & Cadiergues, M. C. (2022). Clinical and Microbiological Performances and Effects on Lipid and Cytokine Production of a Ceruminolytic Ear Cleaner in Canine Erythemato Ceruminous Otitis Externa, Vet Sci, 9, 185.
  • Mwacalimba, K., Hillier, A., Rosenbaum, M., Brennan, C. & Amodie, D. (2023). Diminished antimicrobial drug use in dogs with allergic dermatitis treated with oclacitinib. Front Vet Sci, 10, 1207582.
  • Necula, G. A., Ionita, M. & Mitrea, I. L. (2022). Scientific Works. Series C. Veterinary Medicine, LXVIII, 83-87.
  • Nùñez, C. R., Ortega, A. F., Cordero, A. M., Waisburd, G. S., Cardenas, R. H. & Márquez, C. L. (2021). Effectiveness of an Otic Cleaner with Detergent and Acidifying Properties in Dogs with External Otitis Effectiveness of an Otic Cleaner with Detergent and Acidifying Properties in Dogs with External Otitis. World J Vet Sci, 3, 1014.
  • Nutall, T. (2018). Managing chronic and recurrent otitis externa in dogs. Veterinary Practice Today, 6, 23-29.
  • Nuttall, T. (2020). Otitis. In: Noli C, Colombo S. Editors. Feline Dermatology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29836-4_10
  • Nuttall, T. (2023). Managing recurrent otitis externa in dogs: what have we learned and what can we do better? Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 261, S10-S22.
  • Olabode, I. R., Sachivkina, N. P., Kiseleva, E. V. & Shurov, A. I. (2023). Effectiveness of Farnesol for treatment of dog otitis complicated by Malassezia pachydermatis. RUDN Journal of Agronomy and Animal Industries, 18, 250-263.
  • O’Neill, D. G., Volk, A. V., Soares, T., Church, D. B., Brodbelt, D. C. & Pegram, C. (2021). Frequency and predisposing factors for canine otitis externa in the UK – a primary veterinary care epidemiological view. Canine Medicine and Genetics, 8, 1-16.
  • Orlandi, R., Gutierrez-Quintana, R., Carletti, B., Cooper, C., Brocal, J., Silva, S. & Gonçalves, R. (2020). Clinical signs, MRI findings and outcome in dogs with peripheral vestibular disease: a retrospective study. BMC Veterinary Research, 16,159.
  • Özdemir Kütahya, Z. & Traş, B. (2019). Kedi ve Köpeklerde Antitrombotik İlaçların Kullanımı. Turkiye Klinikleri J Vet Sci, 10, 84-96.
  • Paterson, S. & Matyskiewicz, W. (2018). A study to evaluate the primary causes associated with Pseudomonas otitis in 60 dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 59, 238–242.
  • Paterson, S. (2020). Otitis. In: Bruyette, D. Ed. Clinical Small Animal Internal Medicine. USA: Wıley Blackwell; 2020. pp. 1471-1481.
  • Paterson, S., Nett, C., Neuber, A., Maddison, J., Ackerman, N., Fitzgerald, R., Noli, C. & Warren, S. (2021). Otitis externa: a roundtable discussion. Companion Animal, 26, Sup3, S1-S16.
  • Peano, A., Johnson, E., Chiavassa, E., Tizzani, P., Guillot, J. & Pasquetti, M. (2020). Antifungal Resistance Regarding Malassezia pachydermatis: Where Are We Now? J Fungi (Basel), 6, 93.
  • Permana, I. B. K. I., Soma, I. G. & Batan, I. W. (2023). Otitis externa due to complication of Otodectes cynotis, bacteria, and Malassezia sp. Accompanied by scabiosis in domestic cat. Vet Sci Med J, 5, 232-243.
  • Robert, J. K., Meekins, J. M., Roush, J. K. & Rankin, A. J. (2021). Effects of topical instillation of 0.1% diclofenac sodium, 0.5% ketorolac tromethamine, and 0.03% flurbiprofen sodium on corneal sensitivity in ophthalmologically normal cats. Am J Vet Res, 82, 81–87.
  • Romero, B., Susperregui, J., Sahagún, A. M., Diez, M. J., Fernández, N., García, J. J., López, C., Sierra, M. & Díez, R. (2022). Use of medicinal plants by veterinary practitioners in Spain: A cross-sectional survey. Front Vet Sci, 9,1060738.
  • Rosenkrantz, W. (2015). Canine otitis externa ‒ my favorıte topical and systemic treatments. NAVC Conference. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/20153171178.
  • Sauvé, F. (2019). Use of topical glucocorticoids in veterinary dermatology. CVJ, 60, 785-788.
  • Sebbag, L. & Sanchez, R. F. (2023). The pandemic of ocular surface disease in brachycephalic dogs: The brachycephalic ocular syndrome. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 26, 31–46.
  • Sebbag, L., Silva, A. P. S. M., Santos, A. P. B. & Raposo, A. C. S. (2022). An eye on the Shih Tzu dog: Ophthalmic examination findings and ocular surface diagnostics. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 26, 59–71.
  • Singh, B. R., Pawde, A. M., Singh, S. V., Agri, H., Sinha, D. K., Vinodhkumar, O. R., Zama, M. M. S., Kinjavdekar, P., Amarpal, A. & Saxena, A. C. (2019). Ear Infections in Animals in Bareilly: Common causes and Effective Antimicrobials. Austin J Vet Sci & Anim Husb, 3, 1061.
  • Souza, C. P., Foss, K. D. & Mascarenhas, M. B. (2023). Otitis media with effusion in two Boston terrier dogs. Vet Med Sci, 9, 1069–1073.
  • Srinivas, S. P. & Rao, S. K. (2023). Ocular surface staining: Current concepts and techniques. Indian J Ophthalmol, 71, 1080-9.
  • Steagall, P. V., Pelligand, L., Page, S., Granick, J. L., Allerton, F., Bęczkowski, P. M., Weese, J. S., Hrček, A. K., Queiroga, F. & Guardabassi, L. (2023). The 2023 World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA): list of essential medicines for cats and dogs. J Small Anim Pract, 64, 731-748.
  • Stiles, J. & Kimmitt, B. (2016). Eye Examination in the cat step-by-step approach and common findings. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 18, 702–711.
  • Sugita, S., Takase, H. & Nakano, S. (2023). Role of Recent PCR Tests for Infectious Ocular Diseases: From Laboratory-Based Studies to the Clinic. Int J Mol Sci, 24, 8146.
  • Şirin, Ö. Ş., Çetin, M. N. & Neyse, B. (2023). Evaluation of eye diseases in cats and dogs: A retrospective study: 200 cases (2021-2022). MAE Vet Fak Derg, 8, 44-49.
  • Tamminen, L-M., Emanuelson, U. & Blanco-Penedo, I. (2018). Systematic Review of Phytotherapeutic Treatments for Different Farm Animals Under European Conditions. Front Vet Sci, 5, 140.
  • Thomasy, S. M. & Maggs, J. A. (2016). Review of antiviral drugs and other compounds with activity against feline herpesvirus type 1. Vet Ophthalmol, 19 Suppl 1(Suppl 1), 119-30.
  • Thomasy, S. M., Shull, O., Outerbridge, C. A., Lim, C. C., Freeman, K. S., Strom, A. R., Kass, P. H. & Maggs, D. J. (2016). Oral administration of famciclovir for treatment of spontaneous ocular, respiratory, or dermatologic disease attributed to feline herpesvirus type 1: 59 cases (2006-2013). J Am Vet Med Assoc, 1, 249,526-38.
  • Thompson, L. (2017). How I Treat Otitis Media/Interna. Today’s Veterinary Practice, https://todaysveterinarypractice.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2016/12/TVP-0102_COLUMN_How-I-Treat_AUTHORPDF.pdf.
  • Tresch, M., Mevissen, M., Ayrle, H., Melzig, M., Roosje, P. & Walkenhorst, M. (2019). Medicinal plants as therapeutic options for topical treatment in canine dermatology? A systematic review. BMC Veterinary Research, 15, 174.
  • Uzunlu, E. O., Aras, S., Zamirbekova, N., Akyol, E. T. & Arıcan M. (2020). Kedi ve Köpeklerde Görülen Yaygın Göz Hastalıkları: Retrospektif Çalışma (2018-2019). Bozok Vet Sci, 1, 17-22. Valle, A. C. V., Valle, M. L. P. V. & Carvalho, A. C. (2022). Recurrent Aural Hematoma In Mixed-Breed Dog Treated With Homeopathy – Case Report. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, 13, 1385-1387.
  • Vekšins A (2022). Feline upper respiratory tract disease – Computed tomography and laboratory diagnostic. Veterinary World, 15, 1880–1886.
  • Verdenius, C. Y., Broens, E. M., Slenter, I. J. M. & Djajadiningrat-Laanen, S. C. (2024). Corneal stromal ulcerations in a referral population of dogs and cats in the Netherlands (2012–2019): Bacterial isolates and antibiotic resistance. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 27, 7-16.
  • Walter, H., Verspohl, J., Meißner, J. Oltmanns, H. Geks, A. K. & Busse, C. (2023). In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of N-Acetylcysteine against Pathogens Most Commonly Associated with Infectious Keratitis in Dogs and Cats. Antibiotics, 12, 559.
  • Yanar, E. (2022). Pet Hayvanlarında Fitoterapi. Palandöken Journal of Animal Science, Technology and Economics, 1, 60-67.
  • Yaşar, T. Ö. & Dik, B. (2022). Kedi ve Köpeklerde Göze Göç Edebilen Parazitler ve Oküler Belirtileri, Ankara/Turkey Iksad Publications.
  • Yavuz, Ü., Yener, K. & Hayat, A. (2020). Eye Cases Requiring Emergency Intervention in Animals. Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 9, 90-97.
  • Yılmaz Kolancı, B. (2020). Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi’nde Göz Hastalıklarının Tedavisinde Kullanılan Bazı Tıbbi Bitkiler. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 19, 629-64.
  • Zăvoi, A. A. & Enache, A. E. (2021). The glaucomas in dogs. Cluj Vet J, 26, 3.
Toplam 99 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Veteriner Farmakoloji, Veteriner Hekimlik
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Mehmet Serkan Tuğan Bu kişi benim 0009-0004-4834-1477

Emine Baydan 0000-0001-5459-8616

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Nisan 2024
Kabul Tarihi 21 Ekim 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Tuğan, M. S., & Baydan, E. (2024). KÖPEK VE KEDİLERDE KULAK VE GÖZ HASTALIKLARINDA KULLANILAN İLAÇLAR. Veteriner Farmakoloji Ve Toksikoloji Derneği Bülteni, 15(3), 127-142. https://doi.org/10.38137/vftd.1468057