Embryonic and foetal losses during the first trimester of gestation in cows

Abstract

Embryonic and foetal deaths are critical problems affecting dairy farms' economic and biological productivity. Pregnancy losses, which occur in the first trimester of pregnancy, are more frequent than the cases occur in later period. While almost all oocytes are fertilized at each insemination, about half reach parturition. As the majority of pregnancy losses in the first trimester (60-87%) occur in the first 28 days after insemination (early embryonic death), late embryonic or early foetal deaths are observed in the following days (28-90 days) (10-35%). Although early embryonic deaths have a higher prevalence, late embryonic and early fetal deaths cause higher economic losses. Postpartum gynecological problems, intrauterine and extrauterine infections, insemination in the early postpartum period, insemination number, blood progesterone level, genetic reasons, twin pregnancy, race and milk yield, season, and body condition score are the most prevalent reasons for pregnancy losses. Rectal palpation, progesterone measurements (P4), ultrasonography, and pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) measurements are used to detect pregnancy losses. Following to insemination, GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) and hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) injections and insertion of intravaginal progesterone releasing devices are suggested in order to prevent pregnancy losses in the first trimester.

Keywords

• Embryonic death
• Foetal death
• Gestation
• Cow

Gebeliğin ilk trimesterindeki ineklerde embriyonik ve fötal kayıplar

Öz

Embriyonik ve fötal ölümler süt sığırcılığı işletmelerinde hem ekonomik hem de biyolojik verimliliği olumsuz etkileyen kritik problemlerdir. Gebeliğin ilk trimesterindeki gebelik kayıpları, sonraki dönemlerdeki gebelik kayıplarına göre daha sık gözlenir. Her tohumlamada, oositlerin neredeyse tamamı fertilize olurken, oluşan embriyoların yaklaşık yarısı doğuma ulaşabilmektedir. İlk trimesterdeki gebelik kayıplarının çoğunluğu (%60 – 87) tohumlama sonrası ilk 28 günde meydana gelirken (erken embriyonik ölüm), ilerleyen günlerde de (28 – 90. günler) (%10 – 35) geç embriyonik veya erken fötal ölümler gözlenmektedir. Her ne kadar erken embriyonik ölümlerin prevalansı daha fazla olsa da, geç embriyonik ve erken fötal ölümler daha yüksek ekonomik zarara neden olmaktadır. Doğum sonrası jinekolojik problemler, uterus içi ve uterus dışı enfeksiyonlar, doğum sonrası erken dönemde yapılan tohumlamalar, tohumlama sayısı, kan progesteron düzeyi, genetik nedenler, ikiz gebelik, ırk ve süt verimi, mevsim ve vücut kondüsyon skoru gebelik kayıplarının en önemli nedenleridir. Gebelik kayıplarının tespitinde, rektal palpasyon, progesteron ölçümleri (P4), ultrasonografi ve gebelik ilişkili glikoprotein (PAG) ölçümleri kullanılmaktadır. İlk trimesterde meydana gelen gebelik kayıplarının önlenmesi amacıyla tohumlama sonrası GnRH (gonadotropin salıcı hormon) ve hCG (insan koriyonikgonadotropini) enjeksiyonu ile vajina içi progesteron salan gereçlerin kullanımı önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Embriyonik ölüm
• Fötal ölüm
• Gebelik
• İnek

Kaynakça

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