The effect of silage fermentation end products on feed consumption and milk yield in dairy cow

Yıl 2024, , 73 - 82, 15.01.2024

Oğuzhan Kahraman , Zekeriya Safa İnanç , Deniz Şişman , Emel Demirci

https://doi.org/10.33188/vetheder.1284911

Öz

The ensiling of forages is based on a fermentation process that preserves the nutritional value of the fresh crop and lowers the pH. The main principle is to produce lactic acid by using the water-soluble carbohydrates in the plant by the lactic acid bacteria. Other than lactic acid, the end products considered to evaluate silage fermentation are volatile fatty acids, alcohols, ammonia concentrations and various microbial populations. However, different fermentations may occur in the silo ambience. These differences depend on the substrate, microbial populations, moisture content and the buffering capacity of the feed during ensiling. Fermentation affects the nutritional quality of the silage and animal performance. If undesirable fermentations occur, the palatability of the silage will deteriorate and feed consumption will decrease. In addition, spoiled silages are risky for animal health. Well-fermented silage can be used in rations without posing any risk to dairy cows and affecting yield performance. Silage fermentation end products affect the nutrient profile absorbed from the digestive system, as well as feed consumption. With this effect, milk yield and composition of milk may change. Factors affecting silage quality are effective in shaping the desired fermentation. In this review, the effects of factors affecting silage quality on fermentation end products and the effects of these products on milk yield and feed consumption are discussed and explained.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Fermentation, Silage, Water Consumption, Feed consumption

Süt sığırlarında silaj fermantasyon son ürünlerinin yem tüketimi ve süt verimi üzerine etkisi

Öz

Yem bitkilerinin silolanarak saklanması, taze mahsulün besin değerini koruyan ve pH'yı düşüren bir fermantasyon işlemine dayanır. Ana prensip, bitkideki suda çözünen karbonhidratların laktik asit bakterileri tarafından kullanılarak laktik asit üretilmesidir. Laktik asit dışında silaj fermantasyonunu değerlendirmek için dikkat edilen son ürünler uçucu yağ asitleri, alkoller, amonyak konsantrasyonları ve çeşitli mikrobiyal popülasyonlardır. Bununla birlikte, silo ortamında farklı fermantasyonlar meydana gelebilir. Bu farklılıklar substrata, mikrobiyal popülasyonlara, bitkinin nem içeriğine ve silolama sırasında yemin tamponlama kapasitesine bağlıdır. Fermantasyon, silajın besin kalitesini ve hayvan performansını etkiler. İstenmeyen fermantasyonlar gerçekleşirse silajın tadı bozulur ve yem tüketimi düşer. Ayrıca bozuk silajlar hayvan sağlığı için risklidir. İyi fermente edilmiş silaj, süt ineklerinde herhangi bir risk oluşturmadan ve verim performansını etkilemeden rasyonlarda kullanılabilir. Silaj fermantasyon son ürünleri yem tüketimi dışında sindirim sisteminden emilen besin madde profilini de etkiler. Bu etki ile süt verimi ve sütün kompozisyonu değişiklik gösterebilir. Silaj kalitesine etki eden faktörler istenilen fermantasyonun şekillenmesinde etkilidir. Bu derlemede silaj kalitesine etki eden faktörlerin fermantasyon son ürünlerine etkileri ve bu ürünlerin süt verimi ve yem tüketimi üzerine etkileri tartışılarak açıklanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Fermentasyon, Silaj, Süt Verimi, Yem Tüketimi

Kaynakça

• Vargas E, Mustafa AF, Seguin P. Effects of feeding forage soybean silage on milk production, nutrient digestion, and ruminal fermentation of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2008;91(1):229-35.
• Cattani M, Guzzo N, Mantovani R, Bailoni L. Effects of total replacement of corn silage with sorghum silage on milk yield, composition, and quality. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017;8(1):15.
• Bolsen KK, Ashbell G, Weinberg ZG. Silage fermentation and silage additives-Review. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 1996;9(5):483-94.
• Aleixo JA, Daza J, Keim JP, Castillo I, Pulido RG. Effects of Sugar Beet Silage, High-Moisture Corn, and Corn Silage Feed Supplementation on the Performance of Dairy Cows with Restricted Daily Access to Pasture. Animals 2022;12(19).
• Kung L, Jr., Shaver RD, Grant RJ, Schmidt RJ. Silage review: Interpretation of chemical, microbial, and organoleptic components of silages. J Dairy Sci 2018;101(5):4020-33.
• Mertens D. Regulation of forage intake. Forage Quality Evulation and Utilatization 1994. 450-93 p.
• Huhtanen P, Nousiainen JI, Khalili H, Jaakkola S, Heikkilä T. Relationships between silage fermentation characteristics and milk production parameters: analyses of literature data. Livest Prod Sci 2003;81(1):57-73.
• Wilkinson J, Davies D. The aerobic stability of silage: key findings and recent developments. Grass Forage Sci 2013;68(1):1-19.
• Pahlow G, Muck RE, Driehuis F, Elferink SJO, Spoelstra SF. Microbiology of ensiling. Silage Sci and Technol 2003; 42:31-93.
• McAllister T, Hristov A. The fundamentals of making good quality silage. Adv Dairy Sci Technol 2000; 12:381-99.
• Gerlach K, Roß F, Weiß K, Büscher W, Südekum KH. Changes in maize silage fermentation products during aerobic deterioration and effects on dry matter intake by goats. Agric Food Sci 2013;22(1):168-81.
• Windle M, Kung Jr L. The effect of a feed additive on the feeding value of a silage based TMR exposed to air. J Dairy Sci 2013; 91:16.
• Okoye CO, Wang Y, Gao L, Wu Y, Li X, Sun J, et al. The performance of lactic acid bacteria in silage production: A review of modern biotechnology for silage improvement. Microbio Res 2023; 266:127-212.
• Oliveira AS, Weinberg ZG, Ogunade IM, Cervantes AAP, Arriola KG, Jiang Y, et al. Meta-analysis of effects of inoculation with homofermentative and facultative heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and the performance of dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 2017;100(6):4587-603.
• Borreani G, Tabacco E, Schmidt RJ, Holmes BJ, Muck RE. Silage review: Factors affecting dry matter and quality losses in silages. J Dairy Sci 2018;101(5):3952-79.
• Lara EC, Bragiato UC, Rabelo CHS, Messana JD, Reis RA. Inoculation of corn silage with Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus subtilis associated with amylolytic enzyme supply at feeding. Anim Feed Sci and Techno 2018; 243:22-34.
• Gomes ALM, Jacovaci FA, Bolson DC, Nussio LG, Jobim CC, Daniel JLP. Effects of light wilting and heterolactic inoculant on the formation of volatile organic compounds, fermentative losses and aerobic stability of oat silage. Anim Feed Sci and Techno 2019; 247:194-8.
• Rotz CA. How to maintain forage quality during harvest and storage. Adv Dairy Sci Technol 2003; 15:227-39.
• Morin C, Tremblay GF, Bélanger G, Bertrand A, Castonguay Y, Drapeau R, et al. Nonstructural carbohydrate concentration during field wilting of PM- and AM-cut alfalfa. Agron J 2012;104(3):649-60.
• Brito AF, Tremblay GF, Bertrand A, Castonguay Y, Bélanger G, Michaud R, et al. Alfalfa Cut at Sundown and Harvested as Baleage Improves Milk Yield of Late-Lactation Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci 2008;91(10):3968-82.
• Pitt R, Muck R. A diffusion model of aerobic deterioration at the exposed face of bunker silos. J Agri Eng Res 1993;55(1):11-26.
• Borreani G, Tabacco E. The relationship of silage temperature with the microbiological status of the face of corn silage bunkers. J Dairy Sci 2010;93(6):2620-9.
• Tayyab U, Wilkinson RG, Charlton GL, Reynolds CK, Sinclair LA. Grass silage particle size when fed with or without maize silage alters performance, reticular pH and metabolism of Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. Animal 2019;13(3):524-32.
• Cherney J, Cherney D. Assessing silage quality. Silage Sci Technol 2003; 42:141-98.
• Kim SC, Adesogan AT. Influence of Ensiling Temperature, Simulated Rainfall, and Delayed Sealing on Fermentation Characteristics and Aerobic Stability of Corn Silage. J Dairy Sci 2006;89(8):3122-32.
• Kung L, Shaver R. Interpretation and use of silage fermentation analysis reports. Wisconsin Team Forage 2001; 13:20-8.
• Driehuis F, Wikselaar PG. The occurrence and prevention of ethanol fermentation in high dry matter grass silage. J Sci Food Agric 2000;80(6):711-8.
• Ward R. Fermentation analysis of silage: use and interpretation. Cumberland Valley Analytical Services 2008.
• Erdman R, editor. Silage fermentation characteristics affecting feed intake. National Silage Prod. Conference 1993 Feb 25-23; Ithaca, NY. 1993.
• Mahanna B, Chase LE. Editors. Practical applications and solutions to silage problems. Silage Sci Technol 2003; 42:855-95.
• Grant RJ, Ferraretto LF. Silage review: Silage feeding management: Silage characteristics and dairy cow feeding behavior. J Dairy Sci 2018;101(5):4111-21.
• Muck RE, Nadeau EMG, McAllister TA, Contreras-Govea FE, Santos MC, Kung L. Silage review: Recent advances and future uses of silage additives. J Dairy Sci 2018;101(5):3980-4000.
• Steen RWJ, Unsworth EF, Gracey HI, Kennedy SJ, Anderson R, Kılpatrıck DJ. Evaluation studies in the development of a commercial bacterial inoculant as an additive for grass silage. Grass Forage Sci 1989;44(4):381-90.
• Monteiro HF, Paula EM, Muck RE, Broderick GA, Faciola AP. Effects of lactic acid bacteria in a silage inoculant on ruminal nutrient digestibility, nitrogen metabolism, and lactation performance of high-producing dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021;104(8):8826-34.
• Oliveira AS, Weinberg ZG, Ogunade IM, Cervantes AAP, Arriola KG, Jiang Y, et al. Meta-analysis of effects of inoculation with homofermentative and facultative heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and the performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017;100(6):4587-603.
• McDonald P, Henderson N, Heron S. The biochemistry of silage. 2rd ed. Marlow, England Chalcombe; 1991.
• Larsen M, Kristensen N. Precursors for liver gluconeogenesis in periparturient dairy cows. Animal 2013;7(10):1640-50.
• Chen L, Guo G, Yuan X, Shimojo M, Yu C, Shao T. Effect of Applying Molasses and Propionic Acid on Fermentation Quality and Aerobic Stability of Total Mixed Ration Silage Prepared with Whole-plant Corn in Tibet. Anim Biosci 2014;27(3):349-56.
• Stallings C, Townes R, Jesse B, Thomas J. Changes in alfalfa haylage during wilting and ensiling with and without additives. J Anim Sci 1981;53(3):765-73.
• Sheperd A, Smagala A, Endres K, Bessett C, Ranjit N, et al. The effect of preservatives based on propionic acid on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage and a total mixed ration. J Dairy Sci 1998;81(5):1322-30.
• Bica R, Palarea J, Lima J, Uhrin D, Miller GA, Bowen JM, et al. Methane emissions and rumen metabolite concentrations in cattle fed two different silages. Sci Rep 2022;12(1):5441.
• Kung L, Robinson JR, Ranjit NK, Chen JH, Golt CM, Pesek JD. Microbial Populations, Fermentation End-Products, and Aerobic Stability of Corn Silage Treated with Ammonia or a Propionic Acid-Based Preservative. J Dairy Sci 2000;83(7):1479-86.
• Elferink S, Driehuis F, Gottschal JC, Spoelstra SF. Silage fermentation processes and their manipulation. FAO Electronic Conference on Tropical Silage; 2000 Sep 17-30; İtaly, Rome. 2000.
• Thaysen J. Die Produktion von qualitativ hochwertigen Grassilagen. Übers Tierernährg. 2004; 32:57-102.
• Aleixo JA, Daza J, Keim JP, Castillo I, Pulido RG. Effects of Sugar Beet Silage, High-Moisture Corn, and Corn Silage Feed Supplementation on the Performance of Dairy Cows with Restricted Daily Access to Pasture. Animals 2022;12(19):2672.
• So S, Wanapat M, Cherdthong A. Effect of sugarcane bagasse as industrial by-products treated with Lactobacillus casei TH14, cellulase and molasses on feed utilization, ruminal ecology and milk production of mid-lactating Holstein Friesian cows. J Sci Food Agric 2021;101(11):4481-9.
• Gerlach K, Daniel JLP, Jobim CC, Nussio LG. A data analysis on the effect of acetic acid on dry matter intake in dairy cattle. Anim Feed Sci and Tech 2021; 272:114782.
• Nkosi BD, Meeske R, Palic D, Langa T, Leeuw KJ, Groenewald IB. Effects of ensiling whole crop maize with bacterial inoculants on the fermentation, aerobic stability, and growth performance of lambs. Anim Feed Sci Tech 2009;154(3-4):193-203.
• Tveit B, Lingaas F, Svendsen M, Sjaastad V. Etiology of acetonemia in Norwegian cattle. Effect of ketogenic silage, season, energy level, and genetic factors. J Dairy Sci 1992;75(9):2421-32.
• Kung L, Shaver R. Interpretation and use of silage fermentation analysis reports. Focus on forage 2001;3(13):1-5.
• Kung L, editor Understanding the biology of silage preservation to maximize quality and protect the environment. California Alfalfa & Forage Symposium and Corn/Cereal Silage Conference; 2010: University of California, California, Davis, 2010.
• Bruning CL, Yokoyama MT. Characteristics of Live and Killed Brewer's Yeast Slurries and Intoxication by Intraruminal Administration to Cattle. J Dairy Sci 1988;66(2):585-91.
• Randby Å, Selmer-Olsen I, Baevre L. Effect of Ethanol in Feed on Milk Flavor and Chemical Composition. J Dairy Sci 1999;82(2):420-8.
• Peixoto P, Brust L, Brito M, França T, Malafaia P, Tokarnia C. Ethanol poisoning in cattle by ingestion of waste beer yeast in Brazil. CABI International 2011. 494–8 p.
• Kristensen NB, Storm A, Raun BML, Røjen BA, Harmon DL. Metabolism of Silage Alcohols in Lactating Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci 2007;90(3):1364-77.
• Raun BML, Kristensen NB. Metabolic effects of feeding ethanol or propanol to postpartum transition Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2011;94(5):2566-80.
• Daniel JLP, Amaral RC, Sá Neto A, Cabezas-Garcia EH, Bispo AW, Zopollatto M, et al. Performance of dairy cows fed high levels of acetic acid or ethanol. J Dairy Sci 2013;96(1):398-406.
• Muck RE, editor. The art and science of making silage. 41st West Alfalfa & Forage Symp; 2011 Dec 11-13; Las Vegas, Nevada 2011
• García Á. Ammonia-N concentration in alfalfa silage and its effects on dairy cow performance: A meta-analysis. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias 2017. p. 175-84.
• Givens DI, Rulquin H. Utilisation by ruminants of nitrogen compounds in silage-based diets. Anim Feed Sci Tech 2004;114(1):1-18.
• Soest PJV. editor Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press; 1994.
• Van M, Dulphy J, Baumont R, Jailler M, Ballet J, editors. The influence of ammonia and amines on grass silage intake and intake behaviour in dairy cows. Ann zootech; 1995.
• Wright D, Gordon F, Steen R, Patterson D. Factors influencing the response in intake of silage and animal performance after wilting of grass before ensiling: A review. Grass Forage Sci 2000;55(1):1-13