Çiğ süt örneklerinden izole edilen Staphylococcus aureus izolatlarında antibiyotik direnç özelliklerinin tespiti

Öz

Staphylococcus aureus önemli bir gıda patojeni olup, tüm dünyada görülen gıda intoksikasyonları içerisinde üst sıralarda yer almaktadır. S. aureus’un gıda intoksikasyonlarında etkili olması yanında önemli bir diğer halk sağlığı problemi de farklı antibiyotiklere karşı şekillenen tekli veya çoklu antibiyotik direncidir. Bu çalışmada toplam 60 adet çiğ süt örneğinden izole edilen 31 adet S. aureus izolatı antibiyotik direnç özellikleri yönünden analiz edilmiştir. İzolatların antimikrobiyel duyarlılıkları disk difüzyon yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir. Bu analiz, CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standarts Institute) tarafından bildirilen yöntem esas alınarak, tetrasiklin, gentamisin, eritromisin, trimetoprim-sülfametaksazol, kloramfenikol, siprofloksasin ve klindamisin antibiyotik diskleri ile yapılmıştır. Analiz sonucunda gentamisin, eritromisin, tetrasiklin, siprofloksasin, klindamisin, trimetoprim- sülfametaksazol ve kloramfenikole karşı gelişen direnç sırasıyla %3,33, % 6,46 , % 16,12, % 6,47 ,% 80,64 ,% 6,46 , % 16,13 oranında tespit edilmiştir. Yetiştiriciler antibiyotik kullanımı konusunda bilinçlendirilmeli ve yasal bekleme sürelerine özen göstermelidir. Ayrıca yetkili otoriteler tarafından sütte antibiyotik varlığının tespitine yönelik kontroller düzenli olarak yapılmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Antibiyotik direnci,Staphylococcus aureus,Çiğ süt

Detection of antibiotic resistance properties of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk samples

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus is an important food pathogen and it is the main food intoxication agent all over the world. Also,  S. aureus may cause a public health problem which is single or multiple antibiotic resistance against various antibiotics. In this study, thirty one S. aureus isolates which obtained from a total of 60 raw milk samples were analyzed for their antibiotic resistance properties. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of isolates were determined by disk diffusion method with tetracycline, gentamycin, erythromycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramfenicole, ciprofloxacin and clindamycin disks according to CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standarts Institute). Based on our results, antibiotic resistance of S. aureus isolates were detected in gentamycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and chloramfenicole as 3.33%, 6.46% , 16.12%, 6.47%, 80.64%, 6.46%, 16.13%, respectively.  Dairy farmers should be educated about antibiotic use and comply with legal waiting periods in milk productions. Also, antibiotic residues in milk should be controlled regularly by local authorities.

Keywords

• Antibiotic resistance,Raw milk,Staphylococcus aureus

Kaynakça

1. Akineden Ö, Hassan AA, Schneider E, Usleber E (2008): Enterotoxigenic properties of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from goat’s milk cheese. Int J Food Microbiol, 124, 211-216.
2. Al-Ashmawy MA, Sallam KI, Abd-Elghany SM, Elhadidy M, Tamura T (2016): Prevalence, molecular characterization, and antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk and dairy products. Foodborne Pathog Dis, 13(3), 156-162.
3. ISO (International Standart Office, 6888-1) (2003): Microbiology of food and animal feedingstuffs - Horizontal method for the enumeration of coagulase-positive staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus and other species).
4. Aqib AI, Ijaz M, Anjum AA, Malik MAR, Mehmood K, Farooqi SH, Hussain K (2017): Antibiotic susceptibilities and prevalence of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from bovine milk in Pakistan. Acta Trop, 176, 168-172.
5. Barkema HW, Green MJ, Bradley AJ, Zadoks RN (2009): Invited review: The role of contagious disease in udder health. J Dairy Sci, 92(10), 4717-4729.
6. Can HY, Elmalı M, Ergün Y (2017): Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in milk from dairy cows with chronic mastitis. Eurasian J Vet Sci, 33(4), 255-259.
7. Chaalal W, Aggad H, Zidane K, Saidi N, Kihal M (2016): Antimicrobial susceptibility profiling of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from milk. Br Microbiol Res J, 13(3), 1-7.
8. Chambers HF, DeLeo FR (2009): Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era. Nat Rev Microbiol, 7, 629-641.

9. Chambers, HF (1997): Methicillin Resistance in Staphylococci: Molecular and Biochemical Basis and Clinical Implications. Clin Microbiol Rev, 10, 781–791.
10. Chu C, Yu C, Lee Y, Su Y (2012): Genetically divergent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and sec-dependent mastitis of dairy goats in Taiwan. BMC Vet Res, 8, 39.
11. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (2013): M100-S23. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: 23rd informational supplement. Wayne, PA: CLSI.
12. Cortimiglia CEA, Bianchini V, Franco A, Caprioli A, Battisti A, Colombo L, Stradiotto K, Vezzoli F, Luini M (2015): Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus in bulk tank milk from dairy goat farms in Northern Italy. J Dairy Sci, 98(4), 2307-2311.
13. Deurenberg RH, Stobberingh EE (2008): The evolution of Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Genet Evol, 8, 747-763.
14. Duarte CM, Freitas PP, Bexiga R (2015): Technological advances in bovine mastitis diagnosis: an overview. J Vet Diagn Invest, 27(6), 665-672.
15. Gomes F, Henriques M (2016) Control of Bovine Mastitis: Old and Recent Therapeutic Approaches. Curr Microbiol, 72, 377–38.
16. Guimaraes FF, Manzi MP, Joaquim SF, Richini-Pereira VB, Langoni H (2017): Outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-associated mastitis in a closed dairy herd. J Dairy Sci, 100, 726–730.
17. Haran KP, Godden SM, Boxrud D, Jawahir S, Bender JB, Sreevatsan S (2011): Prevalence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from bulk tank milk from Minnesota dairy farms. J Clin Microbiol, 50(3), 688-695.
18. Jamali H, Paydar M, Radmehr B, Ismail S, Dadrasnia A (2015): Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw milk and dairy products. Food Control, 54, 383-388.
19. Jamali H, Radmehr B, Ismail S (2014): Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine clinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci, 97(4), 2226-2230.
20. Jørgensen HJ, Mørk T, Høgåsen HR, Rørvik LM (2005): Enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in bulk milk in Norway. J Appl Microbiol, 99, 158–166.
21. Kav K, Col R, Ardıc M (2011): Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from white-brined Urfa cheese. J Food Protect, 74, 1788-1796.
22. Keyvan E, Özdemir H (2016): Occurrence, enterotoxigenic properties and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus on beef carcasses. Ankara Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 63(1), 17-23.
23. Korhonen H, Kaartinen L (1995): Changes in the composition of milk induced by mastitis. 76–82. In: Sandholm M, Honkanen-Buzalski T, Kaartinen L, Pyörälä S (Eds.), The bovine udder and mastitis, Gummerus, Jyväskylä, Finland.
24. Lem P, Spiegelman J, Toye B (2001): Direct detection of mecA, nuc and 16S rRNA genes in BacT/Alert blood culture bottles. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 41, 165–168.
25. Levy SB (1992): The Antibiotic Paradox. How miracle drugs are destroying the miracle. Plenum Publishing, New York, NY.
26. Mehmeti I, Bytyqi H, Muji S, Nes IF, Diep DB (2017): The prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus and their virulence genes in bulk tank milk in Kosovo. J Infect Dev Ctries, 11(03), 247-254.
27. Mehrotra M, Wang G, Johnson WM (2000): Multiplex PCR for detection of genes for Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins, exfoliative toxins, toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 and methicillin resistance. J Clin Microbiol, 38, 1032-1035.
28. Meyrand A, Boutrand-Loei S, Ray-Gueniot S, Mazuy C, Gaspard CE, Jaubert G, Perrin G, Lapeyre C, Vernozy-Rozand C (1998); Growth and enterotoxin production of Staphylococcus aureus during the manufacture and ripening of Camembert-type cheeses from raw goats’ milk. J Appl Microbiol, 85, 537–544.
29. Moon JS, Lee AR, Kang HM, Lee ES, Kim MN, Paik YH, Park YH, Joo YS, Koo HC (2007): Phenotypic and genetic antibiogram of methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated from bovine mastitis in Korea. J Dairy Sci, 90, 1176–1185.
30. Muehlherr JE, Zweifel C, Corti S, Blanco JE, Stephan R (2003): Microbiological quality of raw goat’s and ewe’s bulk-tank milk in Switzerland. J Dairy Sci, 86, 3849–3856.
31. Obaidat MM, Salman AEB, Roess AA (2018): High prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of mecA Staphylococcus aureus in dairy cattle, sheep, and goat bulk tank milk in Jordan. Trop Anim Health Prod, 50(2), 405-412.
32. Olde Riekerink RGM, Barkema HW, Veenstra S, Poole DE, Dingwell RT, Keefe GP (2006): Prevalence of contagious mastitis pathogens in bulk tank milk in Prince Edward Island. Can Vet J, 47, 567–572.
33. Papadopoulos P, Papadopoulos T, Angelidis AS, Boukouvala E, Zdragas A, Papa A, Hadjichristodoulou C, Sergelidis D (2018): Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) along the production chain of dairy products in north-western Greece. Food Microbiol, 69, 43-50.
34. Parisi A, Caruso M, Normanno G, L. Latorre R, Sottili A, Miccolupo R, Fraccalvieri G (2016): Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in bulk tank milk from southern Italy. Food Microbiol, 58, 36–42.
35. Peles F, Wagner M, Varga L, Hein I, Rieck P, Gutser K, Kereszturi P, Kardos G, Turcsanyi I, Beri B, Szabo A (2007): Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine milk in Hungary. Int J Food Microbiol, 118, 186-193.
36. Quigley L, O'Sullivan O, Stanton C, Beresford TP, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF, Cotter PD (2013) The complex microbiota of raw milk. FEMS Microbiol Rev, 37, 664-698.
37. Roberson JR, Fox LK, Hancock DD, Gay JM, Besser TE (1998) Sources of intramammary infections from Staphylococcus aureus in dairy heifers at first parturition. J Dairy Sci, 81(3), 687-693.
38. Sawant AA, Sordillo LM, Jayarao BM (2005): A survey on antibiotic usage in dairy herds in Pennsylvania. J Dairy Sci, 88, 2991–2999.
39. Seo KS, Bohach GA (2007): Staphylococcus aureus. 493-518. In: Doyle MP, Beuchat LR (Eds.), Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers ASM Press, Washington.
40. Spanu V, Scarano C, Virdis S, Melito S, Spanu C, De Santis E (2013): Population structure of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bulk tank goat’s milk. Foodborne Pathog Dis, 10(4), 310-315.
41. Tauxe RV (2002): Emerging foodborne pathogens. Int J Food Microbiol, 78, 31-41.
42. Wang X, Li G, Xia X, Yang B, Xi M, Meng J (2014): Antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in retail foods in Shaanxi, China. Foodborne Pathog Dis, 11, 281–286.
43. Zaman SB, Hussain MA, Nye R, Mehta V, Mamun KT, Hossain N (2017): A review on antibiotic resistance: alarm bells are ringing. Cureus, 9(6), 1403.