Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

The association of serum glucose and BHB levels, body condition score, calving type, season and parity with uterine health in Holstein dairy cows

Yıl 2019, , 83 - 91, 15.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.33188/vetheder.517127

Öz





The objective of current study was
to evaluate the association of uterine health between serum
glucose and beta hydroxybutyric acid (BHB)
levels, body condition score (BCS), calving type (eutocia or dystocia),
calving season (summer or winter) and parity in Holstein dairy cows and to
determine the cut-off levels for these parameters
. While cows without any reproductive
problems during calving and pp 50 days enrolled into control group (n:27),
cows with metritis and endometritis in the same days included the other one
(n:33). BCS were recorded at dry period (-60 days), calving and pp 30 days. Blood
samples were collected at d 21±3 prepartum
and
d 15 and d 35 for determination
of
glucose and
BHB levels. Parity, calving
type and calving season of cows were recorded and their relationship with
uterine health were evaluated. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC)
curves for BHB, glucose and BCS were used to determine the cow-level
thresholds for the development of uterine problems. In addition, pairwise
comparisons of area under the curve (AUC) of ROC curves for the thresholds of
glucose, BHB, BCS predicting uterine problems were determined. While the BHB concentration were higher,
glucose concentration were lower at 21±3 days prepartum and 15 days postpartum
in cows with uterine problems.
Serum glucose and BHB concentrations at 21±3 days prepartum and 15 days were
also the best predictor for the diagnosis of uterine problems. However, BCS
had no significant effect on development of uterine problems. There were also
no significant effect of parity, calving season and type on development of
uterine problems. In conclusion, serum glucose and BHB concentrations were
the risk factors for uterine problems but BCS had no significant role on
development of uterine disorders.


Kaynakça

  • Akbar H, Cardoso FC, Meier S, Burke C, McDougall S, Mitchell M, Walker C, Rodriguez-Zas SL, Everts RE, Lewin HA, Roche JR, Loor JJ (2014): Postpartal subclinical endometritis alters transcriptome profiles in liver and adipose tissue of dairy cows. Bioinform Biol Insights, 8, 45–63.
  • Bartlett PC, Kirk JH, Wilke MA, Kaneene JB and Mather EC (1986): Metritis complex in Michigan Holstein-Friesian cattle: incidence, descriptive epidemiology and estimated economic impact. Prev Vet Med, 4(3), 235-248.
  • Bicalho ML, Lima FS, Ganda EK, Foditsch C, Meira Jr EB, Machado VS, Teixeira AG, Oikonomou G, Gilbert RO, Bicalho RC (2014): Effect of trace mineral supplementation on selected minerals, energy metabolites, oxidative stress, and immune parameters and its association with uterine diseases in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci, 97(7), 4281-4295.
  • Bicalho MLS, Marques EC, Gilbert RO, Bicalho RC (2017): The association of plasma glucose, BHBA, and NEFA with postpartum uterine diseases, fertility, and milk production of Holstein dairy cows. Theriogenology, 88, 270-282.
  • Buckley F, Dillon P, Mee JF (2010): Major management factors associated with the variation in the reproductive performance in Irish dairy herds. End of Project Report, Teagasc, 2007.
  • Burke CR, Meier S, McDougall S, Compton C, Mitchell M, Roche JR (2010): Relationships between endometritis and metabolic state during the transition period in pasture-grazed dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 93, 5363–5373.
  • Carneiro LC, Ferreira AF, Padua M, Saut JP, Ferraudo AS, Dos Santos RM (2014): Incidence of subclinical endometritis and its effects on reproductive performance of crossbred dairy cows. Trop Anim Health Prod, 46, 1435-1439
  • Chen J, Soede NM, Remmelink GJ, Bruckmaier RM, Kemp B, van Knegsel ATM (2017): Relationships between uterine health and metabolism in dairy cows with different dry period lengths. Theriogenology, 101, 8-14.
  • Dohoo IR, Martin SW (1984): Subclinical ketosis: prevalence and associations with production and disease. Can J Comp Med, 48, 1-5.
  • Dolezel R, Vecera M, Palenik T, Cech S, Vyskocil M (2008): Systematic clinical examination of early postpartum cows and treatment of puerperal metritis did not have any beneficial effect on subsequent reproductive performance. Veterinarni Medicina, 53(2), 59–69.
  • Dubuc J, Duffield TF, Leslie KE, Walton JS, LeBlanc SJ (2010): Risk factors for postpartum uterine diseases in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 93, 5764-5771.
  • Duffield T, Lissemore K, McBride B, Leslie K (2009): Impact of hyperketonemia in early lactation dairy cows on health and production. J Dairy Sci, 92, 571-580.
  • Ferguson JD, Galligan DT, Thomsen T (1994): Principal descriptors of body condition score in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci, 77, 2695-703.
  • Galvao KN, Flaminio MJ, Brittin SB, Sper R, Fraga M, Caixeta L, Ricci A, Guard CL, Butler WR, Gilbert RO (2010): Association between uterine disease and indicators of neutrophil and systemic energy status in lactating Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci, 93(7), 2926–2937.
  • Gautam G, Nakao T, Yusuf M, Koike K (2009): Prevalence of endometritis during postpartum period and its impact on subsequent reproductive performance in two Japanese dairy herds. Anim Reprod Sci, 116, 175-187.
  • Ghanem M, Shalaby AH, Sharawy S and Saleh N (2002): Factors leading to endometritis in dairy cows in Egypt with special reference to reproductive performance. J Reprod Dev, 48, 371-375.
  • Gilbert RO, Gröhn YT, Miller PM, Hoffman DJ (1993): Effect of parity on periparturient neutrophil function in dairy cows. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 36, 75-82.
  • Gilbert RO, Shin ST, Guard CL, Erb HN, Frajblat M (2005): Prevalence of endometritis and its effects on reproductive performance of dairy cows. Theriogenology 64, 1879–1888.
  • Hammon DS, Evjen IM, Dhiman TR, Goff JP, Walters JL (2006): Neutrophil function and energy status in Holstein cows with uterine health disorders. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 113, 21-29.
  • Heins BJ, Hansen LB, Seykora AJ (2006): Calving difficulty and stillbirths of pure Holsteins versus crossbreds of Holstein with Normande, Montbeliarde, and Scandinavian Red. J Dairy Sci, 89, 2805-2810.Holstein-Friesian cattle: incidence, descriptive epidemiology and estimated economic impact. Prev Vet Med, 4, 235-248.
  • Hossain MK, Uddin AHMM, Yasmin N, Hossain MM, Lucky NS, Haque MM, Aktaruzzaman M, Alam S (2015): Risk factors of postpartum uterine infection and its subsequent effect on fertility of crossbred dairy cows in Bangladesh. Int J Nat Sci, 5(2), 107-111.
  • Huzzey, JM; Veira, DM; Weary, DM, von Keyserlingk, MA (2007): Prepartum behavior and dry matter intake identify dairy cows at risk for metritis. J Dairy Sci, 90, 3220-3233.
  • Kadivar A, Ahmadi MR, Vatankhah M (2014): Associations of prepartum body condition score with occurrence of clinical endometritis and resumption of postpartum ovarian activity in dairy cattle. Trop Anim Health Prod, 46(1), 121-126.
  • Khan HM, Bhakat M, Mohanty TK, Gupta AK, Raina VS, Mir MS (2009): Peripartum reproductive disorders in buffaloes: an overview. Veterinary Journal, 4, 1-6.
  • Kim IH, Kang H (2003): Risk factors for post partumendometritis and effect of endometritis on reproductive performance in dairy cows in Korea. J Reprod Dev, 49, 485-491.
  • Kim IH, Na KJ, Yang MP (2005): Immune responses during the peripartum period in dairy cows with postpartum endometritis. J Reprod Dev, 51, 757-764.
  • Kluciński W, Degorski W, Miernik-Degorska E, Targowski S, Winnicka A (1988): Effect of ketone bodies on the phagocytic activity of bovine milk macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A, 35, 632-639.
  • Konvicna J, Vargova M, Pulikova I, Kovac G, Kostecka Z (2015): Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in dairy cows during prepartal and postpartal periods. Acta Vet Brno, 84(2), 133-140.
  • Konyves L, Szenci O, Jurkovich V, Tegzes L, Tirian A, Solymosi N, Gyulay G, Brydl E (2009a): Risk assessment of postpartum uterine disease and consequences of puerperal metritis for subsequent metabolic status, reproduction and milk yield in dairy cows. Acta Vet Hung, 57, 155-169.
  • LeBlanc SJ, Duffield TF, Leslie KE, Keefe GP, Walton JS, Johnson WH (2002). Defining and diagnosing clinical endometritis and its impact on reproductive performance in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 85, 2223-2236.
  • Lin X, Candlish JK, Thai AC (1993): Superoxide production by neutrophils from diabetics and normal subjects in response to glucose and galactose. Exp Mol Pathol, 58, 229–236.
  • Onyango J (2014): Cow postpartum uterine infection: A review of risk factors, prevention and the overall impact. Veterianry Research International, 2(2), 18-32.
  • Ortmeyer J, Mohsenin V (1993): Glucose suppresses superoxide generation in normal neutrophils: interference in phospholipase D activation. Am J Physiol, 264, 402-410.
  • Ospina PA, Nydam DV, Stokol T, Overton TR (2010): Evaluation of nonesterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate in transition dairy cattle in the northeastern United States: critical thresholds for prediction of clinical diseases. J Dairy Sci, 93(2), 546-554.
  • Potter TJ, Guitian J, Fishwick J, Gordon PJ, Sheldon IM (2010): Risk factors for clinical endometritis in postpartum dairy cattle. Theriogenology, 74, 127-134.
  • Quintela LA, Pena AI, Taboada MJ, Alonso G, Portas BV, Diaz C, Barrio M, Garcia ME, Becerra JJ and Herradon PG (2004): Risk factors for low pregnancy rate in dairy cattle: a retrospective study in North West of Spain. Archivos DeZootecnia, 53, 69-76.
  • Senosy WS, Izaike Y, Osawa T (2012): Influences of metabolic traits on subclinical endometritis at different intervals postpartum in high milking cows. Reprod Domest Anim, 47, 666–674.
  • Sheldon IM, Lewis GS, LeBlanc S, Gilbert RO (2006): Defining postpartum uterine disease in cattle Theriogenology, 65, 1516-1530.
  • Şahal M, Deniz A, Vural R, Küplülü Ş, Polat IM, Çolakoğlu EÇ, Öcal N, Macun HC, Pekcan M, Ocak M (2017): Evaluation of the effect of different doses of Butaphosphan and Cyanocobalamin combination in dairy cattle with subclinical ketosis. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 23(3), 349-356.
  • Wathes DC, Cheng Z, Bourne N, Taylor VJ, Coffey MP, Brotherstone S (2007): Differences between primiparous and multiparous dairy cows in the inter-relationships between metabolic traits, milk yield and body condition score in the periparturient period. Domest Anim Endocrinol, 33, 203-225.

Holstein ırkı sütçü ineklerde serum glikoz ve BHB düzeyleri, vücut kondisyon skoru, doğum şekli, mevsimi ve sayısının uterus sağlığıyla ilişkisi

Yıl 2019, , 83 - 91, 15.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.33188/vetheder.517127

Öz





Sunulan çalışmada
Holstein ırkı ineklerde uterus enfeksiyonlarının; doğum şekli, doğum mevsimi,
doğum sayısı, vücut kondisyon skoru, serum BHB ve glikoz konsantrasyonu ile
ilişkisinin değerlendirilmesi ve anılan parametreler için kritik eşik
değerlerin belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Doğum ve postpartum 50 gün aralığında reprodüktif sorun yaşamayan
inekler kontrol grubuna (n=27), anılan süre içinde metritis ve endometritis
saptanan inekler de uterus problemli inekler grubuna (n=33) dahil edildi.
Gruplara ait ineklerin vücut kondisyon skorları kuruya çıkarken (-60. gün),
doğum zamanında ve postpartum 30. günde belirlendi. Prepartum 21. gün,
postpartum 15. ve 35. günlerde kan glikoz ve BHB konsantrasyonları
belirlendi. İneklerin doğum sayıları, doğum şekli ve doğum mevsimi bilgileri
toplanarak uterus durumu ile ilişkisi araştırıldı.
BHB, Glikoz ve VKS değerleri ROC analizi ile
değerlendirilerek her bir örnekleme zamanındaki uterus enfeksiyonlarının
varlığının tahmin edilmesi amacıyla kritik eşik değerler saptandı. Uterus
problemli ineklerin prepartum 21. günde ve pp 15. günde
kan serum BHB düzeylerinin daha yüksek, glikoz düzeylerinin ise
daha düşük olduğu gözlendi. Ayrıca, serum BHB ve glikoz konsantrasyonlarının
prepartum 21. günde ve postpartum 15. günde en iyi ön belirteç oldukları
gözlendi. VKS’nin uterus problemleri üzerine herhangi bir etkisi
saptanmadı. Ayrıca doğum sayısı, doğum
mevsimi ve doğum tipinin de uterus enfeksiyonlarının gelişimine herhangi bir
etkisinin olmadığı gözlemlendi. Sonuç olarak, serum glikoz ve BHB
düzeylerinin uterus problemleri açısından birer risk faktörü olduğu, ancak
VKS’nin uterus enfeksiyonlarının gelişiminde belirgin bir role sahip olmadığı
gözlendi.


Kaynakça

  • Akbar H, Cardoso FC, Meier S, Burke C, McDougall S, Mitchell M, Walker C, Rodriguez-Zas SL, Everts RE, Lewin HA, Roche JR, Loor JJ (2014): Postpartal subclinical endometritis alters transcriptome profiles in liver and adipose tissue of dairy cows. Bioinform Biol Insights, 8, 45–63.
  • Bartlett PC, Kirk JH, Wilke MA, Kaneene JB and Mather EC (1986): Metritis complex in Michigan Holstein-Friesian cattle: incidence, descriptive epidemiology and estimated economic impact. Prev Vet Med, 4(3), 235-248.
  • Bicalho ML, Lima FS, Ganda EK, Foditsch C, Meira Jr EB, Machado VS, Teixeira AG, Oikonomou G, Gilbert RO, Bicalho RC (2014): Effect of trace mineral supplementation on selected minerals, energy metabolites, oxidative stress, and immune parameters and its association with uterine diseases in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci, 97(7), 4281-4295.
  • Bicalho MLS, Marques EC, Gilbert RO, Bicalho RC (2017): The association of plasma glucose, BHBA, and NEFA with postpartum uterine diseases, fertility, and milk production of Holstein dairy cows. Theriogenology, 88, 270-282.
  • Buckley F, Dillon P, Mee JF (2010): Major management factors associated with the variation in the reproductive performance in Irish dairy herds. End of Project Report, Teagasc, 2007.
  • Burke CR, Meier S, McDougall S, Compton C, Mitchell M, Roche JR (2010): Relationships between endometritis and metabolic state during the transition period in pasture-grazed dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 93, 5363–5373.
  • Carneiro LC, Ferreira AF, Padua M, Saut JP, Ferraudo AS, Dos Santos RM (2014): Incidence of subclinical endometritis and its effects on reproductive performance of crossbred dairy cows. Trop Anim Health Prod, 46, 1435-1439
  • Chen J, Soede NM, Remmelink GJ, Bruckmaier RM, Kemp B, van Knegsel ATM (2017): Relationships between uterine health and metabolism in dairy cows with different dry period lengths. Theriogenology, 101, 8-14.
  • Dohoo IR, Martin SW (1984): Subclinical ketosis: prevalence and associations with production and disease. Can J Comp Med, 48, 1-5.
  • Dolezel R, Vecera M, Palenik T, Cech S, Vyskocil M (2008): Systematic clinical examination of early postpartum cows and treatment of puerperal metritis did not have any beneficial effect on subsequent reproductive performance. Veterinarni Medicina, 53(2), 59–69.
  • Dubuc J, Duffield TF, Leslie KE, Walton JS, LeBlanc SJ (2010): Risk factors for postpartum uterine diseases in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 93, 5764-5771.
  • Duffield T, Lissemore K, McBride B, Leslie K (2009): Impact of hyperketonemia in early lactation dairy cows on health and production. J Dairy Sci, 92, 571-580.
  • Ferguson JD, Galligan DT, Thomsen T (1994): Principal descriptors of body condition score in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci, 77, 2695-703.
  • Galvao KN, Flaminio MJ, Brittin SB, Sper R, Fraga M, Caixeta L, Ricci A, Guard CL, Butler WR, Gilbert RO (2010): Association between uterine disease and indicators of neutrophil and systemic energy status in lactating Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci, 93(7), 2926–2937.
  • Gautam G, Nakao T, Yusuf M, Koike K (2009): Prevalence of endometritis during postpartum period and its impact on subsequent reproductive performance in two Japanese dairy herds. Anim Reprod Sci, 116, 175-187.
  • Ghanem M, Shalaby AH, Sharawy S and Saleh N (2002): Factors leading to endometritis in dairy cows in Egypt with special reference to reproductive performance. J Reprod Dev, 48, 371-375.
  • Gilbert RO, Gröhn YT, Miller PM, Hoffman DJ (1993): Effect of parity on periparturient neutrophil function in dairy cows. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 36, 75-82.
  • Gilbert RO, Shin ST, Guard CL, Erb HN, Frajblat M (2005): Prevalence of endometritis and its effects on reproductive performance of dairy cows. Theriogenology 64, 1879–1888.
  • Hammon DS, Evjen IM, Dhiman TR, Goff JP, Walters JL (2006): Neutrophil function and energy status in Holstein cows with uterine health disorders. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 113, 21-29.
  • Heins BJ, Hansen LB, Seykora AJ (2006): Calving difficulty and stillbirths of pure Holsteins versus crossbreds of Holstein with Normande, Montbeliarde, and Scandinavian Red. J Dairy Sci, 89, 2805-2810.Holstein-Friesian cattle: incidence, descriptive epidemiology and estimated economic impact. Prev Vet Med, 4, 235-248.
  • Hossain MK, Uddin AHMM, Yasmin N, Hossain MM, Lucky NS, Haque MM, Aktaruzzaman M, Alam S (2015): Risk factors of postpartum uterine infection and its subsequent effect on fertility of crossbred dairy cows in Bangladesh. Int J Nat Sci, 5(2), 107-111.
  • Huzzey, JM; Veira, DM; Weary, DM, von Keyserlingk, MA (2007): Prepartum behavior and dry matter intake identify dairy cows at risk for metritis. J Dairy Sci, 90, 3220-3233.
  • Kadivar A, Ahmadi MR, Vatankhah M (2014): Associations of prepartum body condition score with occurrence of clinical endometritis and resumption of postpartum ovarian activity in dairy cattle. Trop Anim Health Prod, 46(1), 121-126.
  • Khan HM, Bhakat M, Mohanty TK, Gupta AK, Raina VS, Mir MS (2009): Peripartum reproductive disorders in buffaloes: an overview. Veterinary Journal, 4, 1-6.
  • Kim IH, Kang H (2003): Risk factors for post partumendometritis and effect of endometritis on reproductive performance in dairy cows in Korea. J Reprod Dev, 49, 485-491.
  • Kim IH, Na KJ, Yang MP (2005): Immune responses during the peripartum period in dairy cows with postpartum endometritis. J Reprod Dev, 51, 757-764.
  • Kluciński W, Degorski W, Miernik-Degorska E, Targowski S, Winnicka A (1988): Effect of ketone bodies on the phagocytic activity of bovine milk macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A, 35, 632-639.
  • Konvicna J, Vargova M, Pulikova I, Kovac G, Kostecka Z (2015): Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in dairy cows during prepartal and postpartal periods. Acta Vet Brno, 84(2), 133-140.
  • Konyves L, Szenci O, Jurkovich V, Tegzes L, Tirian A, Solymosi N, Gyulay G, Brydl E (2009a): Risk assessment of postpartum uterine disease and consequences of puerperal metritis for subsequent metabolic status, reproduction and milk yield in dairy cows. Acta Vet Hung, 57, 155-169.
  • LeBlanc SJ, Duffield TF, Leslie KE, Keefe GP, Walton JS, Johnson WH (2002). Defining and diagnosing clinical endometritis and its impact on reproductive performance in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 85, 2223-2236.
  • Lin X, Candlish JK, Thai AC (1993): Superoxide production by neutrophils from diabetics and normal subjects in response to glucose and galactose. Exp Mol Pathol, 58, 229–236.
  • Onyango J (2014): Cow postpartum uterine infection: A review of risk factors, prevention and the overall impact. Veterianry Research International, 2(2), 18-32.
  • Ortmeyer J, Mohsenin V (1993): Glucose suppresses superoxide generation in normal neutrophils: interference in phospholipase D activation. Am J Physiol, 264, 402-410.
  • Ospina PA, Nydam DV, Stokol T, Overton TR (2010): Evaluation of nonesterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate in transition dairy cattle in the northeastern United States: critical thresholds for prediction of clinical diseases. J Dairy Sci, 93(2), 546-554.
  • Potter TJ, Guitian J, Fishwick J, Gordon PJ, Sheldon IM (2010): Risk factors for clinical endometritis in postpartum dairy cattle. Theriogenology, 74, 127-134.
  • Quintela LA, Pena AI, Taboada MJ, Alonso G, Portas BV, Diaz C, Barrio M, Garcia ME, Becerra JJ and Herradon PG (2004): Risk factors for low pregnancy rate in dairy cattle: a retrospective study in North West of Spain. Archivos DeZootecnia, 53, 69-76.
  • Senosy WS, Izaike Y, Osawa T (2012): Influences of metabolic traits on subclinical endometritis at different intervals postpartum in high milking cows. Reprod Domest Anim, 47, 666–674.
  • Sheldon IM, Lewis GS, LeBlanc S, Gilbert RO (2006): Defining postpartum uterine disease in cattle Theriogenology, 65, 1516-1530.
  • Şahal M, Deniz A, Vural R, Küplülü Ş, Polat IM, Çolakoğlu EÇ, Öcal N, Macun HC, Pekcan M, Ocak M (2017): Evaluation of the effect of different doses of Butaphosphan and Cyanocobalamin combination in dairy cattle with subclinical ketosis. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 23(3), 349-356.
  • Wathes DC, Cheng Z, Bourne N, Taylor VJ, Coffey MP, Brotherstone S (2007): Differences between primiparous and multiparous dairy cows in the inter-relationships between metabolic traits, milk yield and body condition score in the periparturient period. Domest Anim Endocrinol, 33, 203-225.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Veteriner Cerrahi
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ
Yazarlar

Hatice Esra Çolakoğlu 0000-0001-8217-5151

Murat Onur Yazlık Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-0039-5597

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Haziran 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Ocak 2019
Kabul Tarihi 14 Mart 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Çolakoğlu HE, Yazlık MO. Holstein ırkı sütçü ineklerde serum glikoz ve BHB düzeyleri, vücut kondisyon skoru, doğum şekli, mevsimi ve sayısının uterus sağlığıyla ilişkisi. Vet Hekim Der Derg. 2019;90(2):83-91.

Veteriner Hekimler Derneği Dergisi açık erişimli bir dergi olup, derginin yayın modeli Budapeşte Erişim Girişimi (BOAI) bildirisine dayanmaktadır. Yayınlanan tüm içerik, çevrimiçi ve ücretsiz olarak sunulan Creative Commons CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansı altında lisanslanmıştır. Yazarlar, Veteriner Hekimler Derneği Dergisi'nde yayınlanan eserlerinin telif haklarını saklı tutarlar.


Veteriner Hekimler Derneği / Turkish Veterinary Medical Society