Effects of herbal extract mixtures on performance, carcass yield and some internal organ weight in broilers

Abstract

This study was realized to determine the effects of the mixture of herbal extracts added to broiler rations on performance carcass parameters and some internal organ weights. In this study, a total of 192 mixed-age broiler chicks (Ross 308) were divided into four groups, each with 48 chicks. The groups were divided into 4 subgroups, which included 12 animals. In the trial, groups were composed as control and three treatment groups. Basal diets were supplemented with herbal extract mix (HEM) at 1 g / kg, 2 g / kg and 4 g / kg levels, respectively. The experiment was continued for 42 days. The end of the experiment, performance parameters of HEM added to rations did not create statistically significant differences on cutting parameters and internal organ weights. In the study, it is thought that the extract was no effect on performance values is due to active molecules of the extract and the level of application to animals in broiler rations. As a result, it was concluded that the herb extract could not cause significant changes on the growth performance, carcass and internal organ weights, but determined the doses of the optimum mixtures of these additives and it would be beneficial to research the effects of the animals on different doses at different periods.

Keywords

• broiler,carcass yield,herbal extract,performance

Bitkisel ekstrakt karışımlarının broylerlerde performans, karkas randımanı ve bazı iç organ ağırlıkları üzerine etkisi

Öz

Bu araştırma broyler rasyonlarına farklı düzeylerde ilave edilen bitkisel ekstrat karışımının performans karkas parametreleri ve bazı iç organ ağırlıkları üzerine etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada toplam 192 adet günlük yaşta karışık cinsiyette broyler civciv (Ross 308) her birinde 48 civciv bulunan dört gruba ayrılmıştır. Gruplar kendi içinde 12 adet hayvan içeren 4 alt gruba ayrılmıştır. Denemede bir kontrol ve üç deneme grubu oluşturulmuştur. Denemede basal rasyon (katkı içermeyen) başlangıç, ve bitirme dönemlerine uygun şekilde hazırlanmıştır. Deneme gruplarının rasyonlarına sırası ile 1gr/kg, 2 gr/kg ve 4 gr/kg düzeyinde bitkisel ekstrakt karışımı ilave edilmiştir. Deneme 42 gün sürdürülmüştür. Deneme sonunda rasyonlara ilave edilen bitkisel ekstrakt karışımı (BEK) ‘nın performans parametreleri (GCAA, GYT, YYO), kesim parametreleri ve iç organ ağırlıkları üzerine istatistiksel açıdan önemli farklılıklar yaratmamıştır. Çalışmada BEK performans değerleri üzerine etki göstermemesi broyler rasyonlarına katılan bu ekstraktın aktif moleküllerine ve hayvanlara uygulama dozundan kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir. Sonuç olarak bitkisel ekstrakt karışımının performans değerleri, karkas ve iç organ ağırlıkları üzerine önemli değişikliklere neden olamadıkları ancak adı geçen katkıların optimum karışımlarının dozları belirlenerek farklı dozlarda farklı dönemlerde hayvanlar üzerinde etkilerinin incelenmesinin faydalı olacağı kanaatine varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bitkisel Ekstrakt,Broyler,Karkas randımanı,Performans

Kaynakça

1. 1Dibner JJ, Richards JD (2005): Antibiotic growth promoters in agriculture: history and mode of action. Poult Sci, 84, 634-643.
2. Nasir Z ve Grashorn MA (2006): Use of Black cumin (Nigella sativa Linn.) as alternative to antibiotics in poultry diets. 9 Tagung. Schweine und Geflugelernahrung, Martin Luther Universitat Halle Wittenberg, Halle, Germany, 28-30 November, 210 213.
3. Brenes A, Roura E (2010): Essential oils in poultry nutrition: Main effects and modes of action. Anim Feed Sci and Tech, 158, 1–14.
4. Windisch WM, Schedle K, Plitzner C, Kroismayr A (2008): Use of phytogenic products as feed additives for swine and poultry. J Anim Sci, 86 (14 Suppl.), E140–E148.
5. Lee KW, Evert H, Beynen AC (2004): Essential Oils in Broiler Nutrition. Int J Poult Sci, 3; 738-752.
6. Ruberto G, Barrata M, Sari M, Kaabehe M (2002): Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oils from Algerian Origanum glandulosum Desf. Flavour and Fragrance J, 17, 251-254.
7. Krishan G, Narang A (2014): Use of essential oils in poultry nutrition: A New Approach. J Adv. Vet. and Anim Res, 1, 156-16.
8. Hammer KA, Carson CF, Riley TV (1999): Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts. J Appl Microbiol, 86, 985.

9. Svoboda PK., Hampson BJ (1999): Bioactivity of essential oils of selected temperate aromatic plants: antibacterial, antioxidant, antiinflammatory and other related pharmacological activities. Aromatopia 35: 50–54.
10. Dorman HJD, Deans SG (2000): Antimicrobial Agents From Plants: Antibacterial Activity of Plant Volatile Oils. J Appli Microbiol, 88; 308316.
11. Rauha JP, Remes S, Heinonen M, Hopia A, Kähkönen M, Kujala T, Pihlaja K, Vuorela H. Ve Vuorela P (2000): Antimicrobial effects of Finnish plants extracts containing flavonoids and other phenolic compounds. Int J Food Microbial. 56, 3-12.
12. Lambert RJW, Skandamis PN, Coote PJ ve Nychas GJ (2001): A study of the minimum inhibitory concentration and mode of action of oregano essential oil, thymol and carvacrol. J Appli Microbiol 91(3): 453-462.
13. Ultee A, Smid EJ (2001): Influence of Carvacrol on Growth and Toxin Production by Bacillus cereus. Int J Food Microbiol. 64; 373–378.
14. Botsoglou NA, Florou-Paner P, Christaki E, Fletouris DJ and Spais AB (2002):. Effect of dietary oregano essential oil on performance of chickens and on iron-induced lipid oxidation of breast, thigh and abdominal fat tissues. Bri Poult Sci 43: 223- 230.
15. Botsoglou NA, Christaki E, Florou-Paneri P, Giannenas I, Papageorgiou G, Spaıs AB (2004): The effect of a mixture of herbal essential oils or α-tocoheryl acetate on performance parameters and oxidation of body lipid in broylers. S Afr J Anim Sci, 34, 52-61.
16. Juglal S, Govinden R, Odhav B (2002): Spice Oils For The Control of Co-Occurring Mycotoxin Producing Fungi. J Food Pro, 65; 683-687.
17. Baser KH (2008): Biological and Pharmacological Activities of Carvacrol and Carvacrol Bearing Essential Oils. Curr Pharm Des, 14, 3106.
18. Langhout P (2000): New additives for broiler chickens. World Poult -Elsevier, Vol: 16, No:3, 22-27.
19. Ross ZM, O’Gara EA, Hill DJ, Sleightholme HV, Maslin DJ (2001): Antimicrobial properties of garlic oil against human entericbacteria Evaluation of methodologie sand comparisons with garlic oil sulphides and garlic powder. Appl Environ Microbiol, 67:475480.
20. Griggs JP and JP Jacob (2005): Alternatives to antibiotics for organic poultry production. J Appli Poult Res 14:750756.
21. Jamroz D, Wiliczkiewicz A, Wertelecki T, Orda J, Scorupinska J (2005): Use of active substances of plant origin in chicken diets based on maize and domestic grains. Bri Poult Sci, 46, 485-493.
22. Wei A, Shibamoto T (2007): Antioxidant activities and volatile constituents of various essential oils. J Agri Food Chem, 55, 1737–1742.
23. Yitbarek MB (2015): Phytogenics as feed additives in poultry production: A review. Int J Ext Res, 3, 49-60.
24. Zhang KY, Yan F ,Keen CA, Waldroup PW (2005): Evaluation of microencapsılated essential oils and organic acids in diets for broiler chickens. Int J Poult Sci, 4 (9), 612-619.
25. Hernandez F, Madrid J, Garcia V, Orengo J, Megias MD (2004): Influence of two plant extracts on broiler performance, digestibility, and digestive organ size. Poult Sci, 85, 1466-1471.
26. Lee KW, Everts H, Kappert HJ, van der Kuilen J, Lemmers AG, Frehner M, Beynen AC (2003a): Growth performance, intestinal viscosity, fat digestibility and plasma cholesterol in broiler chickens fed a rye-containing diet without or with essential oil components. Int J Poult Sci, 3, 613-618.
27. Ocak N, Erener G, Ak FB, Sungu M, Altop A, Ozmen A (2008): Performance of broilers fed diets Thymus vulgaris L supplemented with dry peppermint ( Mentha piperita L.) or thyme leaves as growth promoter source. Czech J Anim Sci, 53, 169–175.
28. Fascina VB, Sartori JR, Gonzales E, Barros de Carvalho F, Pereira de Souza IMG, Polycarpo GV, Stradiotti AC, Pelicia V (2012): Phytogenic additives and organic acids in broiler chicken diets. R Bras Zootec, 41, 2189-2197.
29. Al-Kassie (2009): GAM. Influence of two plant extracts derıved from thyme and cınnamon on broiler performance. Pakistan Vet J, 29: 169- 173.
30. Mohammed AA, Abbas RJ (2009): The effect of using fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare L.) on productive performance of broiler chickens. InT J Poult Sci, 8, 642-644.
31. Fukayama EH, Bertechini AG, Geraldo A, Kato RK, Murgas LDS (2005): Extrato de orégano como aditivo em rações para frangos de corte. R Bras Zootec, 34, 2316-2326.(Portuguese with English abstract).
32. Lippens M, Huyghebaert G, Cerchiari E (2005): Effect of the use of coated plant extracts and organic acids as alternatives for antimicrobial growth promoters on the performance of broiler chickens. ARCH, 69, 261-266.
33. Cross DE, McDevitt RM, Hillman K, Acamovic T (2007): The effect of herbs and their associated essential oils on performance, dietary digestibility and gut microflora in chickens 7 to 28 d of age. Bri Poult Sci, 48, 496-506.
34. Spernakova D, Mate D, Rozanska H, Kovac G (2007): Effect of dietary rosemary extract and α tocopherol on the performance of chickens, meat quality, and lipid oxidation in meat storage under chilling conditions. B Vet I Pulawy, 51, 585-589.
35. Rizzo PV, Menten JFM, Racanicci AMC, Traldi, AB, Silva CS, Pereira PWZ (2010): Extratos vegetais em dietas para frangos de corte. R Bras Zootec, 39, 801-807. (Portuguese with English abstract).
36. Tiihonen K, Kettunen H, Bento MHL, Saarinen M, Lathinen S, Ouwehand AC, Schulze H, Rautonen N (2010): The effect of feeding essential oils on broiler performance and gut microbiota. Bri Poult Sci, 51, 381-392.
37. Kumar S, Sharadamma KC, Radhakrishna PM (2010): Effects of a garlic active based growth promoter on growth performance and specific pathogenic intestinal microbial counts of broiler chicks. Int J Poult Sci, 9, 244-246.
38. Khaksar V van Krimpen M Hashemipour H Pilevar M (2012): Effects of thyme essential oil on performance, some blood parameters and ıleal microflora of japanese quail. Japan Poult Sci Assoc, 49: 106-110.
39. Settle T, Leonard SS, Falkenstein E, Fix N, Van Dyke K, Klandorf H (2014): Effects of a phytogenic feed additive versus an antibiotic feed additive on oxidative stress in broiler chicks and a possible mechanism determined by electron spin resonance. . Int J Poult Sci, 13(2), 62-69.
40. Kumar M, Berwal JS (1998): Sensitivity of food pathogens to garlic (Allium sativum). J Appli Microbiol, 84, 213-215.
41. Lewis MR, Rose SP, Mackenzie AM, Tucker LA (2003): Effects of dietary inclusion of plant extracts on the growth performance of male broiler chickens. Bri Poult Sci, 44 (Suppl. 1), 43-44.
42. Lee KW, Everts H, Kappert HJ, Yeom KH, Beynen AC (2003b.): Dietary carvacrol lowers body weight gain but improves feed conversion in female broiler chickens. J Appli Poult Res, 12, 394-399.
43. Puvaca N, Stanacev V, Glamocic D, Levic J, Peric L, Stanacev ve Milic D (2013): Beneficial effects of phytoadditives in broiler nutrition. World’s Poult Sci J, 69, 2734.
44. Mountzouris KC, Paraskevas V, Tsirtsikos P, Palamidi I, Steiner T, Schatzmayr G, Fegeros K (2011): Assessment of a phytogenic feed additive effect on broiler growth performance, nutrient digestibility and caecal microflora composition. Anim Feed Sci and Tech, 168, 223–231.
45. Nobakht A ve Mehmannavaz Y (2012): Effects of saturated and unsaturated fats in starter and grower feeds on performance and carcass traits of broilers. J Basic Appl Sci Res, 2(2):967-970.
46. Muhl A, Liebert F (2007): Growth, nutrient utilization and threonine requirement of growing chicken fed threonine limiting diets with commercial blends of phytogenic feed additives. J Poult Sci, 44, 297–304.
47. Lee KW, Everts H, Kappert HJ, Frehner M, Losa R, Beynen AC (2010): Effects of dietary essentialoil components on growth performance, digestive enzymes and lipid metabolism in female broiler chickens, Bri Poult Sci, 44: 450-457.
48. Mathlouthi N, Bouzaienne T, Oueslati I, Recoquillay F, Hamdi M, Urdaci M, Bergaoui R (2011): Use of rosemary, oregano, and a commercial blend of essential oils in broiler chickens: In vitro antimicro- bial activities and effects on growth performance, J Anim Sci, 90: 813–823.
49. Küçükyılmaz K, Çatlı AU, Çınar M (2012): Etlik Piliç Yemlerine Esansiyel Yağ Karışımı İlavesinin Büyüme Performansı, Karkas Randımanı ve Bazı İç Organ Ağırlıkları Üzerine Etkileri. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 18 (2): 291-296.
50. Günal M, Yaylı G, Kaya N, Karahan N and Sulak O (2006): The Effects of Antibiotic Growht Promoter, Probiotic or Organic Acid Supplementation on Performance, Intestinal Microflora and Tissue of Broylers. Int J Poult Sci, 5 (2):149-155.
51. Tekeli A, Çelik L, Kutlu,HR, and Görgülü M (2006): Effect of Syzygium Aromaticum and Zingeber Officinale Essential Oils on Performance and Some Carcass, Blood and Intestinal Parameters of Broilers. European Assoc Anim Prod, Antalya.
52. Halle I, Thomann R, Bauermann U, Henning M, Kohler P (2004): Effects of a Graded Supplementation of Herbs and Essential Oils in Broiler Feed on Growth and Carcass Traits. Landbauforschung Volkenrode, 54: 219-229.
53. Çelik E, Çelik GY (2007): Bitki uçucu yağlarının antimikrobiyal özellikleri. Orlab On-Line Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 5(2): 1-6.
54. Toghyani M, Tohidi M, Gheisari AA, Tabeidian SA (2010): Performance, immunity, serum biochemical and hematological parameters in broiler chicks fed dietary thyme as alternative for an antibiotic growth promoter. African J Biotech, 9, 6819-6825.
55. Giannenas I, Florou-Paneri P, Papazahariadou M, Christaki E, Botsoglou NA, Spais AB (2003): Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Oregano Essential Oil on Performance of Broilers After Experimental İnfection with Eimeria tenella, Arch Tierernahr 57; 99-106.
56. Bozkurt M, Çatlı AU, Küçükyılmaz K, Çınar M, Bintaş E (2007): Etlik piliç yemlerinde organik asit ve esansiyel yağ karışımı ile kombinasyonlarının ilave edilmesinin besi performansı üzerine etkisi. 4. Ulusal Hayvan Besleme Kongresi, Bursa, Türkiye, 24-28 Haziran.
57. Şimşek ÜG, Güler T, Çiftçi M, Ertaş ON, Dalkılıç B (2005): Esans Yağ Karışımının (kekik, karanfil ve anason) Broylerlerde Canlı Ağırlık, Karkas ve Etlerin Duyusal Özellikleri Üzerine Etkisi. YYÜ Vet Fak Derg, 16 (2): 1-5.
58. Mansoub NH (2011): Performance, carcass quality, blood parameters and Immune System of broilers fed diets supplemented with oregano oil (Origanum sp.). Annals of Bio Res, 2: 652-656.
59. Çelik R, Şahin T (2015): İçme suyuna farklı düzeylerde ilave edilen esansiyel yağ karışımlarının (nane+ kekik+ardıç+ biberiye) broylerlerde besi performansı, kesim ve karkas özellikleri üzerine etkisi. Vet Hek Der Derg, 86 (1), 22-35.
60. Köksal BH, Küçükersan MK (2012a): Broyler rasyonlarına humat ile bitki ekstraktı karışmı ilavesinin büyüme performansı, Baz bağışıklık ve serum biyokimya değerlerine etkileri(1). Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 18(1): 103-108.