The Effects of a Diet Containing Yoghurt with Krill Oil Consumed by Rats During Their Pregnancy on Long Bones of Their Offspring

Abstract

The use of calcium, vitamins, minerals, and omega 3 fatty acids during pregnancy are recommended to support the bone development of infants. The aim of this study is to feed pregnant rats with the probiotic yoghurt mixed with krill oil, which is rich in these features, and examine the morphometric development of long bones in their offspring. For this purpose, a total of twelve 2-month-old offspring including 6 in the experimental group (offspring of pregnant rats fed with yoghurt mixed with krill oil) and 6 in the control group (offspring of pregnant rats fed a standard feed), were used in the study. When they became 2 months old, their biometric measurements were taken. After euthanasia, long bones of the offspring (Humerus, antebrachium, femur, ossa cruris) were cleaned by maceration. These bones were photographed. Morphometric measurements of the length and width of these bones were made using the Image J program. In the SPSS (20.0 Version) program, the parameters were compared between the right and left leg bones and between the control and experimental groups by running the Independent Samples T test. Additionally, Pearson’s correlation test was applied between the parameters. The results of the study indicated that this diet with krill oil and yogurt consumed by pregnant rats had positive effects on the length parameters of the bones and biometric parameters of their offspring.

Keywords

• Krill oil
• Morphometry
• Rat
• Yoghurt

Ratların Gebelik Döneminde Tükettikleri Krill Yağlı Yoğurt İçeren Diyetin Yavrularının Uzun Kemikleri Üzerindeki Etkisi

Öz

Gebelikte yavruların kemik gelişimini desteklemek için kalsiyum, vitamin, mineral ve omega 3 yağ asitlerinin kullanımı önerilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, bu özelliklerden zengin olan krill yağı ile karıştırılmış probiyotik yoğurt ile gebe ratları beslemek ve yavrularında uzun kemiklerin morfometrik gelişimini incelemektir. Bu amaçla deney grubunda 6 adet (krill yağı ile karıştırılmış yoğurtla beslenen gebe ratların yavruları) ve kontrol grubunda 6 adet (standart yemle beslenen gebe ratların yavruları) olmak üzere toplam 12 adet 2 aylık yavru rat çalışmada kullanıldı. Yavru ratlar 2 aylık olduklarında biyometrik ölçümleri alındı. Ötanazi sonrasında yavruların uzun kemikleri (Humerus, antebrachium, femur, ossa cruris) maserasyonla temizlendi. Bu kemikler fotoğraflandı. Bu kemiklerin uzunluk ve genişliklerinin morfometrik ölçümleri Image J programı kullanılarak yapıldı. SPSS (20.0 Versiyonu) programında sağ ve sol bacak kemikleri arasında ve kontrol ve deney grupları arasında Independent Samples T testi ile parametreler karşılaştırıldı. Ayrıca parametreler arasında Pearson korelasyon testi uygulandı. Çalışmanın sonuçları, gebe ratların tükettiği krill yağı ilaveli yoğurt diyetinin kemik uzunluk parametreleri ve yavrularının biyometrik parametreleri üzerinde olumlu etkileri olduğunu gösterdi.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Krill yağı
• morfometri
• rat
• yoğurt

Kaynakça

1. Braarud H, Markhus M, Skotheim S, et al. Maternal DHA status during pregnancy has a positive impact on infant problem solving: A Norwegian prospective observation study. Nutrients. 2018;10(5):529.
2. 2. Xie D, Gong M, Wei W, et al. Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba) oil: a comprehensive review of chemical composition, extraction technologies, health benefits, and current applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 2019;18(2):514-534.
3. 3. Özüpek B, Deliorman Orhan D. Krill yağı ve sağlık faydaları. Düzce Üniv Sağlık Bilim Ens Derg. 2020;10(2):247-251.
4. 4. Kim OK, Yun JM, Kim D, et al. Krill oil inhibits cholesterol synthesis and stimulated cholesterol excretion in hypercholesterolemic rats. Mar Drugs. 2022;20(10):609.
5. 5. Shi J, Wang Y, Jiang F, et al. The effect of krill oil on longevity and locomotion: a pilot study. Mol Omics. 2022;18:206-213.
6. 6. Andraka J, Mason B, Marchaland Y, et al. Impact of high fat diet and krill oil supplementation on spatial memory, microglia migration and neurogenesis in aged rats. Phisiology. 2023;38(S1):1.
7. 7. Mozaffarian D, Maki KC, Bays HE, et al. Effectiveness of a Novel ω-3 Krill Oil Agent in Patients With Severe Hypertriglyceridemia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;4:5(1)-e2141898-e2141898.
8. 8. Parastoo MZA, Kianpour Rad S. Anti-pain and antiinflammation like effects of Neptune Krill oil and fish oil against carrageenan induced inflammation in mice models: current statues and pilot study. Biotechnol Rep. 2019;22(1):e00341.

9. 9. Rundblad A, Holven KB, Bruheim I, Myhrstat MC, Ulven SM. Effects of Krill oil and lean and fatty fish on cardiovascular risk markers: A randomised controlled trial. J Nutr Sci. 2018;7(e3):1-11.
10. 10. Watkins BA, Shen CL, Allen KG, Seifert M. Dietary (n-3) and (n-6) polyunsaturates and acetylsalicylic acid alter ex vivo PGE2 biosynthesis, tissue IGF-I levels and bone morphometry in chicks. J Bone Miner Res. 1996;11(9):1321-1332.
11. 11. Horrocks LA, Yeo YK. Health benefits of docosahexaenoic acid. Pharmacol Res. 1999;40(3):211-215.
12. 12. Watkins BA, Li Y, Lippman HE, Seifert M. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and skeletal health. Exp Biol Med. 2001;226(6):485-497.
13. 13. Reddy KP, Shahani KM, Kulkarni SM. B-complex vitamins in cultured and acidified yoghurt. J Dairy Sci. 1975;59(2):191-195.
14. 14. Weerathilake WADV, Rasika DMD, Ruwanmali JKU, Munasinghe M. The evolution, processing, varieties and health benefits of yoghurt. Int J Sci Res. 2014;4(4):1-10.
15. 15. Abd El-Gawad IA, Mehriz AEM, Saleh FA, Rayan EA. Bioavailability of Ca, P and Zn and bone mineralization in rats fed yoghurt and soy-yoghurt containing bifidobacteria. European J Nutr Food Saf. 2014;4(2):110-126.
16. 16. Robertson RC, Mateo MRG, O’Grady MN, et al. An assessment of the technofunctional and sensory properties of yoghurt fortified with a lipid extract from the microalga Pavlova lutheri. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol. 2016;37(1):237-246.
17. 17. Özen AN. Investigation of General Properties of Krill Oil Added Probiotic Yoghurt. Dissertation, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University; 2022.
18. 18. Uzdil Z, Özenoğlu A. Gebelikte çeşitli besin öğeleri tüketiminin bebek sağlığı üzerine etkileri. Balıkesir Sağ Bil Derg. 2015;4(2):117-121.
19. 19. Ericson GP, Stora J. A manual to the skeletal measurements of the seal genera Halichoerus and Phoca (Mammalia: Pinnipedia). Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Stencil; 1999.
20. 20. Tou JC, Jaczynski J, Chen YC. Krill for human consumption: nutritional value and potential health benefits. Nut Rev. 2007;65(2):63-77.
21. 21. Topaloğlu U, Ketani MA, Güney-Saruhan B. Kemik doku ve kemikleşme çeşitleri. Dicle Üniv Vet Fak Derg. 2017;10(1):62-71.
22. 22. Junqueira LC, Carneiro J. Basic Histology text and atlas. 10th ed. International publishing, America; 2013.
23. 23. Percy DH, Barthold SW. Pathology of laboratory rodents and rabbıts. 3rd ed. Blackwell Publushing, Oxford; 2007.
24. 24. Doğan Z, Çiledağ Özdemir F, Çağan Ö, Kekilli E, Aladağ MA, Türköz Y. Investigation of the effects of apricot on bone mineral density and morphometric measurements in rats. Adıyaman Univ Sağlık Bil Derg. 2015;1(1):5-10