From Individual to Whole Lichens as Examples of Symbiosis

Öz

Taxonomically, lichens are classified as a distinct group under the Kingdom Fungi. They have been subject to materia medica books since the ancient times, drawing attention for their medicinal properties. Studies on the biology and history of lichens in Türkiye have now reached a significant level. Therefore, it is epistemologically plausible to consider lichens in philosophy and from a philosophical perspective. The dual nature of lichens known as symbiotic organisms leads to the emergence of certain properties that are not observable when individual partners live separately. The present study explores whether lichens are indivisible individuals, discussing the lichen thallus as a relatively balanced system and even a miniature ‘ecosystem’. Consequently, this paper proposes that emergence, as a concept, can be considered a methodological apparatus in both defining and explaining biological facts and phenomena. Building on biological knowledge, it is suggested that philosophy, particularly biophilosophy and ethics, can consider lichens as model organisms. Through this perspective, principles for coexistence of both individuals, communities, and societies can be established.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• biophilosophy
• emergentism
• metabiology
• philosophy of biology
• symbiosis

Bir Aradalık Örneği Olarak Bireyden Bütüne Likenler

Öz

Taksonomik olarak likenler, Mantarlar Âlemi altında ayrı bir grup olarak ele alınırlar. Antik Çağ’dan itibaren materia medica kitaplarına da konu olmuş, tedavi edici özellikleri sebebiyle dikkat çekmişlerdir. Türkiye’de likenlerin biyolojisiyle ve tarihiyle ilgili çalışmalar artık belirli bir düzeye erişmiştir. Bu yüzden, likenlerin felsefede ve felsefece ele alınmaları epistemolojik açıdan mümkündür. Ortakyaşam organizmaları olarak bilinen likenlerin ikili doğası, bireysel ortakların bireyler halinde tekil yaşadıkları durumlarda gözlemleyemediğimiz bazı beliren (İng. emergent) özelliklere yol açar. Bu çalışmada, likenlerin bölünemez bireyler (İng. indivisible individuals) olup olmadığı sorusundan hareketle liken tallusunun nispeten dengeli bir sistem ve hatta minyatür bir ‘ekosistem’ olduğu konusu ele alınacaktır. Sonuç olarak biyolojik olgu ve olayların gerek tanımlanmalarında gerek açıklanmalarında metodolojik aygıt olarak belirmenin (Ar. zuhur, İng. emergence) dikkate alınması önerilecektir. Biyolojik bilgiden hareketle felsefe özellikle de biyofelsefe ve etik bakımından likenler model organizmalar olarak ele alınacak hem bireyler hem topluluklar ve toplumlar için bir arada yaşama ilkeleri belirlenebileceği öne sürülecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• belirimcilik
• biyofelsefe
• biyoloji felsefesi
• metabiyoloji
• simbiyoz

Kaynakça

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