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Eleştirel Fenomenoloji Perspektifinden Doğum Deneyimleri ve Duygusal Adaletsizlik

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 20, 7 - 37, 30.11.2024
https://doi.org/10.47124/viraverita.1567836

Öz

Bu çalışmadaki amacım 2023 yılında gerçekleştirdiğim Doğuran Benlik Anlatıları adlı araştırmada dinlediğim doğum hikayelerini eleştirel fenomenolojik bir analize tabii tutmak ve bu anlatılarda muayenehane/doğumhane/lohusa odası bağlamında ortaya çıkan duygusal adaletsizliklerin izini sürmektir. Duygusal adaletsizlik kişinin duygusal bir varlık olarak kapasitesinin seyrelmesi anlamına gelir ve (1) kişinin iyilik halini kesintiye uğratan unsurlardan uzaklaşma özgürlüğünün (2) kişinin duygusal kaynak ve fırsatlara erişiminin ve (3) kişinin duygularının tanınırlığının adil olmayan biçimde sınırlandırılmasını içerir. Bu çalışmada sunacağım incelemeyle muayenehane/doğumhane/lohusa bağlamının gebe/doğuran/lohusa bedenlerle kurduğu kapsama ve barındırma ilişkisinin bu bedenlerin özgür ve yapıcı biçimde hissetme kapasitelerini ironik biçimde tehdit edici niteliğini ortaya koyacak; muayenehane/doğumhane/lohusa odası bağlamının düşmansı bir mekân olarak tanımlanma potansiyelini ve bu düşmansı mekânsallığın sosyopolitik kökenlerini inceleyeceğim. Doğum bağlamında ortaya çıkan korku, can sıkıntısı, utanç, pasifize olma, kendine yönelik öfke, yılgınlık, teslimiyet ve duygu yokluğu gibi deneyimlerin ontojenezine yönelik bu aşkıncı analizden yola çıkarak; benliği tehdit edici ve yıkıcı duyguların doğumun doğasına değil, muayenehane/doğumhane/lohusa odası bağlamını kapsayan ve sistematik olarak adaletsizlikler üretmeye güdümlü güç sistemlerine içkin olduğunu iddia edeceğim.

Etik Beyan

Araştırma 2023 yılında Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi etik kurulu tarafından onaylanmıştır.

Teşekkür

Bu araştırmayı mümkün kılan tüm katılımcılara doğum hikayelerini benimle paylaştıkları için ve bunu yaparken gösterdikleri samimiyet ve özen için derin teşekkürlerimi sunuyorum. Mülakatların planlanması sırasında benim ve katılımcının çocuklarının ne olacağı hep bir gündem konusuydu ve bazen bu sorun başka kadınların gönüllü olarak bakım emeğini üstlenmesiyle çözüldü. Araştırmanın gerçekleşebilmesinin bu cinsiyetlendirilmiş ve ücretsiz bakım emeği sayesinde mümkün olduğunu beyan etmek, bu emeği icra eden herkese katkılarından ötürü teşekkür etmek istiyorum.

Kaynakça

  • Ağören, G.C. (2022). Understanding depressive feelings as situated affections. Emotion Review, 14(1), 55-65.
  • Ağören, G.C. (baskıda-a). Identity risks and structural injustices of birth.
  • Ağören, G.C. (baskıda-b). Narrative affordances for birthing-selves.
  • Ahmed, S. (2004/2015). Duyguların kültürel politikası (S. Komut, Çev.). Sel Yayıncılık.
  • Chadwick, R. (2017). Ambiguous subjects: Obstetric violence, assemblage, and South African birth narratives.
  • Feminism and Psychology, 27(4), 489-509.
  • Chadwick, R. (2018). Bodies that birth. Routledge.
  • Chadwick, R. (2019). Good birth narratives: Diverse South African women’s perspectives. Midwifery, 77, 1-8.
  • Chemero, A. (2003). An outline of a theory of affordances. Ecological Psychology, 15(2), 181-195.
  • Cindoğlu, D. ve Sayan Cengiz, F. (2010). Medicalization discourse and modernity: Contested meanings over childbirth in contemporary Turkey. Health Car efor Women International, 31, 221-243.
  • Clark, A. (1997). Being there: Putting brain, body and world together again. The MIT Press.
  • Clark, A. (2008). Supersizing the mind: Embodiment, action, and cognitive extension. Oxford University Press.
  • Clark, A. ve Chalmers, D. (1998). The extended mind. Analysis, 58(1), 7-19.
  • Cohen Shabot, S. ve Korem, K. (2018). Domesticating bodies: The role of shame in obstetric violence. Hypathia, 33(3), 384-401.
  • Colombetti, G. ve Krueger, J. (2015). Scaffoldings of the Affective Mind. Philosophical Psychology, 28(8), 1157-1176.
  • Colombetti, G. ve Roberts, T. (2015). Extending the extended mind: the case for extended affectivity. Philosophical Studies, 172(5), 1243–1263.
  • Crossley, M.L. (2007). Childbirth, complications, and the illusion of choice: A case study. Feminism and Psychology, 17(4), 543-563.
  • Davis-Floyd, R.E. (1994). The technocratic body: Americal childbirth as cultural expression. Social Sciences and Medicine, 38(8), 1125-1140.
  • Drapkin Lyerly, A. (2006). Shame, gender, birth. Hypathia, 21(1), 101-118.
  • Egal, J.A., Essa, A., Yusuf, R., Osman, F., Ereg, D., Klingberg-Allvin, M. ve Erlandsson, K. (2022). A lack of reproductive agency in facility-based births makes home births a first choice regardless of potential risks and medical needs – a qualitative study among multiparous women in Somaliland. Global Health Action, 15, 2054110.
  • Flanagan, B., Lord, B., Reed, R. ve Crimmins, G. (2019). Listening to women’s voices: The experience of giving birth with paramedic care in Queensland, Australia. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 19, 490.
  • Freeman, M., Fischer, O., Lebel, C., Giesbrecht, G. ve Tomfohr-Madsen, L. (2023). Making diversity visible: Collecting gender identity and sexual orientation data in perinatal research. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Oct 1: S0002-9378(23)00727-5.
  • Fuchs, T. (2013). Depression, intercorporeality, interaffectivity. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 20(7-8), 219–238.
  • Fuchs, T. ve Koch, S.C. (2014). Embodied affectivity: On moving and being moved. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 508.
  • Galera-Barbero, T.M. ve Aguilera-Manrique, G. (2022). Experience, perceptions, and attitudes of parents who planned home birth in Spain: A qualitative study. Women and Birth, 35(6), 602-611.
  • Gallagher, S. (2012). Phenomenology. Pelgrave.
  • Gallagher, S. (2013). The socially extended mind. Cognitive Systems Research, 25-26, 4-12.
  • Gallegos, F. (2022). Affective injustice and fundamental affective goods. Journal of Social Philosophy, 53, 185-201.
  • Gallegos, F. (2023). Introduction: Affective injustice. Philosophical Topics, 51(1), 1-6.
  • Gibson, J.J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Gillen, P., Bamidele, O. ve Healy, M. (2023). Women and maternity care providers experiences of planned home birth in Northern Ireland: A descriptive survey. Women and Birth, 36, e412-e420.
  • Goldkuhl, L., Dellenborg, L., Berg, M., Wijk, H., ve Nilsson, C. (2022). The influence and meaning of the birth environment for nulliparous women at a hospital-based labour ward in Sweden: An ethnographic study. Women and Birth 35: e337-e347.
  • Guenther, L. (2020). Critical phenomenology. G. Weiss, A.V. Murphy ve G. Salamon (Ed.), 50 Concepts for a Critical Phenomenology (11-16) içinde. North Western University Press.
  • Griffiths, A., Kingsley, S. Mason, Z., Tome, R., Tomkinson, M. ve Jenkinson, B. (2023). Listening to larger bodied women: Time for a new approach to maternity care. Women and Birth, 36, 397-400.
  • Hastings-Tolsma, M., Nolte, A.G.W. ve Temane, A. (2017). Birth stories from South Africa: Voices unheard. Women and Birth, 31(1), e42-50.
  • Hennegan, J., Redshaw, M. ve Kruske, S. (2015). Another country, another language, and a new baby: A quantitative study of the postnatal experiences of migrant women in Australia. Women and Birth, 28, e124-133.
  • Jones, J.C. (2012). Idealized and industrialized labor: Anatomy of a feminist controversy. Hypathia, 27(1), 99-117.
  • De Jonge, A., Rijnders, M.E.M., van Diem, M.T., Scheepers, P.L.H. ve Lagro-Janssen, A.L.M. (2009). Are there inequalities in choice of birthing position? Sociodemographic and labour factors associated with the spine position during the second stage of labour. Midwifery, 25, 439-448.
  • Kirubarajan, A., Barker, L., Leung, S., Ross, L., Zaheer, J., Park, B., Abramovich, A., Yudin, M. ve Lam, J.S.H. (2022). LGBTQ2S+ childbearing individuals and perinatal mental health: A systematic review. An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 129: 1630-1643.
  • Krueger, J. (2023). An ecological approach to affective injustice. Philosophical Topics, 51(1), 85-112.
  • Leite, T.H., Carvalho, T.D.G.C., Marques, E.S., Pereira, A.P.E., da Silva, A.A.M., Nakamura-Pereira, P. ve do Carmo Leal, M. (2021). The association between mistreatment of women during childbirth and postnatal maternal and child care: Findings from “Birth in Brazil”. Women and Birth, 35(1), e28-e40.
  • Martinez-Galiano, J.M., Martinez-Vazquez, S., Rodriguez-Almagro, J., Hernandez-Martinez, A. (2020). The magnitude of the problem of obstetric violence and its associated factors: A cross-sectional study. Women and Birth, 34(5), e526-e536.
  • Stockdale, K. (2023). (Why) do we need a theory of affective injustice? Philosophical Topics, 5(1), 113-134.
  • Mayra, K., Matthews, Z. ve Padmadas, S.S. (2021). Why do some health care providers disrespect and abuse women during childbirth in India? Women and Birth, 35(1), e49-e59.
  • Ratcliffe, D. (2012). The phenomenology of existential feelings. J. Fingerhut ve S. Marienberg (Ed.), Feelings of Being Alive (23-54) içinde. De Gruyter.
  • Sen, G., Reddy, B. ve Iyer, A. (2018). Beyond measurement: The drivers of disrespect and abuse in obstetric care. An International Journal on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights, 26(53), 6-18.
  • Simkin, P. (1992). Just another day in a woman’s life? Part 2: Nature and consistence of women’s long-term memories of their first birth experiences. Birth, 19, 64–81.
  • Stoffregen, T. A. (2003). Affordances as properties of the animal-environment system. Ecological Psychology, 15(2), 115-134.
  • Tsakmakis, P.L., Akter, S. ve Bohren, M.A. (2023). A qualitative exploration of women’s and their partners’ experiences of birth trauma in Australia, utilising critical femnist theory. Women and Birth, 36, 367-376.
  • TTB UDEK (2024, 11 Ekim). Sağlık Bakanlığı Tarafından “Normal Doğum Eylem Planı” Kapsamında 3 Ekim 2024 Tarihinde Paylaşılan Kamu Spotu ile İlgili TTP UDEK Açıklaması. https://ttb.org.tr/udek/haber_goster.php?Id=595 adresinden 15 Ekim 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı (2024, 4 Ekim). “Doğal Olan Normal Doğum” Temasıyla Normal Doğum Eylem Planı Tanıtım Toplantısı Yapıldı. https://saglik.gov.tr/TR-105999/dogal-olan-normal-dogum-temasiyla-normal-dogum-eylem-plani-tanitim-toplantisi-yapildi.html adresinden 15 Ekim 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Ulgu, M.M., Birinci, S., Ensari, T.A. ve Gözükara, M.G. (2023). Cesarean section rates in Turkey 2018-2023: Overview of national data by using Robston ten group classification system. Turkish Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 20, 191-198.
  • Vedam, S., Stoll, K., Taiwo, T.K., Rubashkin, N., Cheyney, M., Strauss, N., McLemore, M., Cadena, M., Nethey, E., Rushton, E., Schummers, L., Declercq, E. ve GVtM-US Steering Council (2019). The Giving Voice to Mothers study: Inequity and mistreatment during pregnancy and childbirth in the United States. Reproductive Health, 16, 77.
  • Whitney, S. (2023). Anger, gaslighting and affective injustice. Philosophical Topics, 51(1), 27-62.

Birth Experiences and Affective Injustice from a Critical Phenomenological Perspective

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 20, 7 - 37, 30.11.2024
https://doi.org/10.47124/viraverita.1567836

Öz

My aim in this study is to conduct a critical phenomenological analysis of the birth narratives I listened during my 2023 research entitled Birthing Self Narratives, and to trace affective injustices that emerge in the examination/birth/postpartum room context through these narratives. Affective injustice refers to the reduction of one's capacity as an affective being and involves unjust restrictions in (1) the freedom to move away from elements that disrupt one's well-being, (2) access to emotional resources and opportunities, and (3) the experienced affective recognition. Through this analysis, I will reveal the hostile character of the ironically inclusive and receptive relationship that the examination/birth/postpartum room establishes with pregnant/birthing/postpartum bodies, threatening these bodies’ capacity to feel in a free and flourishing manner. Hence, I will explore the potential for defining the examination/birth/postpartum room as a hostile environment and examine the sociopolitical roots of this hostile spatiality. Based on this extensive analysis of the ontogeny of experiences such as fright, boredom, shame, pacification, self-anger, frustration, submission, and affective indifference that occur in the context of birth; I will argue that self-threatening and destructive emotions are inherent not in the nature of birth, but in the injustice producing systems of power embedding the examination/birth/postpartum room.

Kaynakça

  • Ağören, G.C. (2022). Understanding depressive feelings as situated affections. Emotion Review, 14(1), 55-65.
  • Ağören, G.C. (baskıda-a). Identity risks and structural injustices of birth.
  • Ağören, G.C. (baskıda-b). Narrative affordances for birthing-selves.
  • Ahmed, S. (2004/2015). Duyguların kültürel politikası (S. Komut, Çev.). Sel Yayıncılık.
  • Chadwick, R. (2017). Ambiguous subjects: Obstetric violence, assemblage, and South African birth narratives.
  • Feminism and Psychology, 27(4), 489-509.
  • Chadwick, R. (2018). Bodies that birth. Routledge.
  • Chadwick, R. (2019). Good birth narratives: Diverse South African women’s perspectives. Midwifery, 77, 1-8.
  • Chemero, A. (2003). An outline of a theory of affordances. Ecological Psychology, 15(2), 181-195.
  • Cindoğlu, D. ve Sayan Cengiz, F. (2010). Medicalization discourse and modernity: Contested meanings over childbirth in contemporary Turkey. Health Car efor Women International, 31, 221-243.
  • Clark, A. (1997). Being there: Putting brain, body and world together again. The MIT Press.
  • Clark, A. (2008). Supersizing the mind: Embodiment, action, and cognitive extension. Oxford University Press.
  • Clark, A. ve Chalmers, D. (1998). The extended mind. Analysis, 58(1), 7-19.
  • Cohen Shabot, S. ve Korem, K. (2018). Domesticating bodies: The role of shame in obstetric violence. Hypathia, 33(3), 384-401.
  • Colombetti, G. ve Krueger, J. (2015). Scaffoldings of the Affective Mind. Philosophical Psychology, 28(8), 1157-1176.
  • Colombetti, G. ve Roberts, T. (2015). Extending the extended mind: the case for extended affectivity. Philosophical Studies, 172(5), 1243–1263.
  • Crossley, M.L. (2007). Childbirth, complications, and the illusion of choice: A case study. Feminism and Psychology, 17(4), 543-563.
  • Davis-Floyd, R.E. (1994). The technocratic body: Americal childbirth as cultural expression. Social Sciences and Medicine, 38(8), 1125-1140.
  • Drapkin Lyerly, A. (2006). Shame, gender, birth. Hypathia, 21(1), 101-118.
  • Egal, J.A., Essa, A., Yusuf, R., Osman, F., Ereg, D., Klingberg-Allvin, M. ve Erlandsson, K. (2022). A lack of reproductive agency in facility-based births makes home births a first choice regardless of potential risks and medical needs – a qualitative study among multiparous women in Somaliland. Global Health Action, 15, 2054110.
  • Flanagan, B., Lord, B., Reed, R. ve Crimmins, G. (2019). Listening to women’s voices: The experience of giving birth with paramedic care in Queensland, Australia. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 19, 490.
  • Freeman, M., Fischer, O., Lebel, C., Giesbrecht, G. ve Tomfohr-Madsen, L. (2023). Making diversity visible: Collecting gender identity and sexual orientation data in perinatal research. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Oct 1: S0002-9378(23)00727-5.
  • Fuchs, T. (2013). Depression, intercorporeality, interaffectivity. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 20(7-8), 219–238.
  • Fuchs, T. ve Koch, S.C. (2014). Embodied affectivity: On moving and being moved. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 508.
  • Galera-Barbero, T.M. ve Aguilera-Manrique, G. (2022). Experience, perceptions, and attitudes of parents who planned home birth in Spain: A qualitative study. Women and Birth, 35(6), 602-611.
  • Gallagher, S. (2012). Phenomenology. Pelgrave.
  • Gallagher, S. (2013). The socially extended mind. Cognitive Systems Research, 25-26, 4-12.
  • Gallegos, F. (2022). Affective injustice and fundamental affective goods. Journal of Social Philosophy, 53, 185-201.
  • Gallegos, F. (2023). Introduction: Affective injustice. Philosophical Topics, 51(1), 1-6.
  • Gibson, J.J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Gillen, P., Bamidele, O. ve Healy, M. (2023). Women and maternity care providers experiences of planned home birth in Northern Ireland: A descriptive survey. Women and Birth, 36, e412-e420.
  • Goldkuhl, L., Dellenborg, L., Berg, M., Wijk, H., ve Nilsson, C. (2022). The influence and meaning of the birth environment for nulliparous women at a hospital-based labour ward in Sweden: An ethnographic study. Women and Birth 35: e337-e347.
  • Guenther, L. (2020). Critical phenomenology. G. Weiss, A.V. Murphy ve G. Salamon (Ed.), 50 Concepts for a Critical Phenomenology (11-16) içinde. North Western University Press.
  • Griffiths, A., Kingsley, S. Mason, Z., Tome, R., Tomkinson, M. ve Jenkinson, B. (2023). Listening to larger bodied women: Time for a new approach to maternity care. Women and Birth, 36, 397-400.
  • Hastings-Tolsma, M., Nolte, A.G.W. ve Temane, A. (2017). Birth stories from South Africa: Voices unheard. Women and Birth, 31(1), e42-50.
  • Hennegan, J., Redshaw, M. ve Kruske, S. (2015). Another country, another language, and a new baby: A quantitative study of the postnatal experiences of migrant women in Australia. Women and Birth, 28, e124-133.
  • Jones, J.C. (2012). Idealized and industrialized labor: Anatomy of a feminist controversy. Hypathia, 27(1), 99-117.
  • De Jonge, A., Rijnders, M.E.M., van Diem, M.T., Scheepers, P.L.H. ve Lagro-Janssen, A.L.M. (2009). Are there inequalities in choice of birthing position? Sociodemographic and labour factors associated with the spine position during the second stage of labour. Midwifery, 25, 439-448.
  • Kirubarajan, A., Barker, L., Leung, S., Ross, L., Zaheer, J., Park, B., Abramovich, A., Yudin, M. ve Lam, J.S.H. (2022). LGBTQ2S+ childbearing individuals and perinatal mental health: A systematic review. An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 129: 1630-1643.
  • Krueger, J. (2023). An ecological approach to affective injustice. Philosophical Topics, 51(1), 85-112.
  • Leite, T.H., Carvalho, T.D.G.C., Marques, E.S., Pereira, A.P.E., da Silva, A.A.M., Nakamura-Pereira, P. ve do Carmo Leal, M. (2021). The association between mistreatment of women during childbirth and postnatal maternal and child care: Findings from “Birth in Brazil”. Women and Birth, 35(1), e28-e40.
  • Martinez-Galiano, J.M., Martinez-Vazquez, S., Rodriguez-Almagro, J., Hernandez-Martinez, A. (2020). The magnitude of the problem of obstetric violence and its associated factors: A cross-sectional study. Women and Birth, 34(5), e526-e536.
  • Stockdale, K. (2023). (Why) do we need a theory of affective injustice? Philosophical Topics, 5(1), 113-134.
  • Mayra, K., Matthews, Z. ve Padmadas, S.S. (2021). Why do some health care providers disrespect and abuse women during childbirth in India? Women and Birth, 35(1), e49-e59.
  • Ratcliffe, D. (2012). The phenomenology of existential feelings. J. Fingerhut ve S. Marienberg (Ed.), Feelings of Being Alive (23-54) içinde. De Gruyter.
  • Sen, G., Reddy, B. ve Iyer, A. (2018). Beyond measurement: The drivers of disrespect and abuse in obstetric care. An International Journal on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights, 26(53), 6-18.
  • Simkin, P. (1992). Just another day in a woman’s life? Part 2: Nature and consistence of women’s long-term memories of their first birth experiences. Birth, 19, 64–81.
  • Stoffregen, T. A. (2003). Affordances as properties of the animal-environment system. Ecological Psychology, 15(2), 115-134.
  • Tsakmakis, P.L., Akter, S. ve Bohren, M.A. (2023). A qualitative exploration of women’s and their partners’ experiences of birth trauma in Australia, utilising critical femnist theory. Women and Birth, 36, 367-376.
  • TTB UDEK (2024, 11 Ekim). Sağlık Bakanlığı Tarafından “Normal Doğum Eylem Planı” Kapsamında 3 Ekim 2024 Tarihinde Paylaşılan Kamu Spotu ile İlgili TTP UDEK Açıklaması. https://ttb.org.tr/udek/haber_goster.php?Id=595 adresinden 15 Ekim 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı (2024, 4 Ekim). “Doğal Olan Normal Doğum” Temasıyla Normal Doğum Eylem Planı Tanıtım Toplantısı Yapıldı. https://saglik.gov.tr/TR-105999/dogal-olan-normal-dogum-temasiyla-normal-dogum-eylem-plani-tanitim-toplantisi-yapildi.html adresinden 15 Ekim 2024 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Ulgu, M.M., Birinci, S., Ensari, T.A. ve Gözükara, M.G. (2023). Cesarean section rates in Turkey 2018-2023: Overview of national data by using Robston ten group classification system. Turkish Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 20, 191-198.
  • Vedam, S., Stoll, K., Taiwo, T.K., Rubashkin, N., Cheyney, M., Strauss, N., McLemore, M., Cadena, M., Nethey, E., Rushton, E., Schummers, L., Declercq, E. ve GVtM-US Steering Council (2019). The Giving Voice to Mothers study: Inequity and mistreatment during pregnancy and childbirth in the United States. Reproductive Health, 16, 77.
  • Whitney, S. (2023). Anger, gaslighting and affective injustice. Philosophical Topics, 51(1), 27-62.
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sistematik Felsefe (Diğer), Beden Sosyolojisi, Cinsiyet Sosyolojisi, Klinik Psikoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Güler Cansu Ağören 0000-0002-0726-7766

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Kasım 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Ekim 2024
Kabul Tarihi 20 Kasım 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 20

Kaynak Göster

APA Ağören, G. C. (2024). Eleştirel Fenomenoloji Perspektifinden Doğum Deneyimleri ve Duygusal Adaletsizlik. ViraVerita E-Dergi(20), 7-37. https://doi.org/10.47124/viraverita.1567836