Esnek Çalışma Ortamındaki Çalışanlarda Öz Kontrol ve Öz Yönetim, İçsel Motivasyon ve Mutluluk İlişkisine Dair Bir Araştırma

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı; çalışanların öz kontrol ve öz yönetim algıları, iş hayatındaki içsel motivasyonları ve mutluluk düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi ve etkileşimi ortaya koymaktır. Özellikle çalışanların öz kontrol ve öz yönetim algılarının içsel motivasyon aracılığıyla çalışanların mutluluğunu etkileyip etkilemediği ortaya konulmaya çalışılmaktadır. Buradan hareketle amaçlı örneklem yöntemi ve anket tekniği kullanılarak 221 katılımcıdan veri toplanmıştır. Örneklem kitlesi ise İstanbul ilinde, bilişim sektöründe esnek çalışma sistemine göre faaliyet gösteren işletmelerdeki çalışanlardan oluşmaktadır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre öz kontrol ve öz yönetimin hem içsel motivasyonu hem de mutluluğu anlamlı ve pozitif şekilde etkilediği ortaya çıkmıştır. Bunun yanında içsel motivasyonun da mutluluğu anlamlı yordadığı tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmanın en önemli sonucu ise, öz kontrol ve öz yönetimin mutluluk ile ilişkisinde, içsel motivasyonun tam aracılık rolüne sahip olduğudur. Sonuç olarak, kişinin öz kontrol ve öz yönetim düzeyinin yükselmesi, çalışanların içsel enerjiyle çalışmasını sağlamaktadır. Bu durumun aynı zamanda çalışanların mutluluğuna da yansıdığı görülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Öz Kontrol ve Öz Yönetim
• İçsel Motivasyon
• Mutluluk
• Esnek Çalışma

A Research on Relationship between Self Control and Self-Management, Intrinsic Motivation and Happiness in Flexible Working Employees

Öz

The aim of the study is to reveal the relationship and interaction between employees' self-control, self-management perceptions, their intrinsic motivations and happiness levels. In particular, it is tried to determine whether employees' self-control and self-management perceptions affect their happiness through intrinsic motivation. Based on this, data is collected from 221 participants using snowball sampling method and survey technique. The sample consists of the employees in the enterprises operating in the IT sector according to the flexible working system in the province of Istanbul. According to the results of the analysis, self-control and self-management affect both intrinsic motivation and happiness significantly and positively. In addition, it is determined that intrinsic motivation predicts happiness significantly. The most important result of the research is the finding of the mediating effect of intrinsic motivation in the relationship of self-control and self-management with happiness. As a result, increasing the level of self-control and self-management of people enables employees to work with internal energy. This situation is also seen to be reflected in the happiness of people.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Self-Control and Self-Management
• Intrinsic Motivation
• Happiness
• Flexible Working

Kaynakça

1. Agbaria, Q., Ronen, T. ve Hamama, L. (2012). The link between developmental components (age and gender), need to belong and resources of self-control and feelings of happiness, and frequency of symptoms among Arab adolescents in Israel. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(10), 2018-2027.
2. Alisic, A. ve Wiese, B. S. (2020). Keeping an insecure career under control: The longitudinal interplay of career insecurity, self-management, and self-efficacy. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 120, 1-22.
3. Baumeister, R. F. ve Alquist, J. L. (2009). Is there a downside to good self-control?. Self and Identity, 8(2-3), 115-130.
4. Baumeister, R. F. ve Vohs, K. D. (2007). Self‐Regulation, ego depletion, and motivation. Social and personality psychology compass, 1(1), 115-128.
5. Biswas-Diener, R. ve Dean, B. (2007). Positive psychology coaching: Putting the science of happiness to work for your clients. John Wiley & Sons.
6. Burani, N. ve Palestini, A. (2016). What determines volunteer work? On the effects of adverse selection and intrinsic motivation. Economics Letters, 144, 29-32.
7. Carbonneau, N., Vallerand, R. J. ve Lafrenière, M. A. K. (2012). Toward a tripartite model of intrinsic motivation. Journal of personality, 80(5), 1147-1178.
8. Carr, A. (2016). Pozitif psikoloji. Ü. Şendilek (Çev.), İstanbul: Kaknüs Yayınları

9. Chang, Y., Hou, R. J., Wang, K., Cui, A. P. ve Zhang, C. B. (2020). Effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation on social loafing in online travel communities. Computers in Human Behavior, 1-9.
10. Cheung, T. T., Gillebaart, M., Kroese, F. ve De Ridder, D. (2014). Why are people with high self-control happier? The effect of trait self-control on happiness as mediated by regulatory focus. Frontiers in psychology, 5, 1-6.
11. Cramm, J. M., Hartgerink, J. M., Steyerberg, E. W., Bakker, T. J., Mackenbach, J. P. ve Nieboer, A. P. (2013). Understanding older patients’ self-management abilities: functional loss, self-management, and well-being. Quality of Life Research, 22(1), 85-92.
12. De Ridder, D. ve Gillebaart, M. (2017). Lessons learned from trait self-control in well-being: Making the case for routines and initiation as important components of trait self-control. Health psychology review, 11(1), 89-99.
13. Dewett, T. (2007). Linking intrinsic motivation, risk taking, and employee creativity in an R&D environment. R&d Management, 37(3), 197-208.
14. Di Domenico, S. I. ve Ryan, R. M. (2017). The emerging neuroscience of intrinsic motivation: A new frontier in self-determination research. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11(145), 1-14.
15. Diener, E. (2009). Subjective well-being. In The science of well-being (pp. 11-58). Springer, Dordrecht.
16. Doğan, T. ve Çötok, N. A. (2011). Oxford mutluluk ölçeği kısa formunun Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 4(36), 165-172.
17. Durik, A. M. ve Harackiewicz, J. M. (2003). Achievement goals and intrinsic motivation: Coherence, concordance, and achievement orientation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39(4), 378-385.
18. Dündar, S., Özutku, H. ve Taşpınar, F. (2007). İçsel ve dışsal motivasyon araçlarının işgörenlerin motivasyonu üzerindeki etkisi: ampirik bir inceleme. Gazi Üniversitesi Ticaret ve Turizm Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(1), 105-119.
19. Eckes, A., Großmann, N. ve Wilde, M. (2018). Studies on the effects of structure in the context of autonomy-supportive or controlling teacher behavior on students' intrinsic motivation. Learning and Individual Differences, 62, 69-78.
20. Ercoşkun, M. H. (2016). Adaptation of Self-Control and Self-Management Scale (SCMS) into Turkish culture: A study on reliability and validity. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 16, 1125-1145.
21. Fisher, C. D. (2010). Happiness at work. International journal of management reviews, 12(4), 384-412.
22. Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions?. Review of general psychology, 2(3), 300-319.
23. Froiland, J. M. ve Worrell, F. C. (2016). Intrinsic motivation, learning goals, engagement, and achievement in a diverse high school. Psychology in the Schools, 53(3), 321-336.
24. Greener, I. (2019). Performance management that works? Improving public services by making use of intrinsic motivation. Social Policy & Administration, 53(1), 99-112.
25. Griffin, B. W. (2016). Perceived autonomy support, intrinsic motivation, and student ratings of instruction. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 51, 116-125.
26. Gürbüz, S. (2019). AMOS ile yapısal eşitlik modellemesi temel ilkeler ve uygulamalı analizler (IBM AMOS uygulamalı, örnek veri setleri) (Birinci Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
27. Gürbüz, S. ve Şahin, F. (2015), Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri, Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
28. Hills, P. ve Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: a compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 1073–1082.
29. Hofmann, W., Luhmann, M., Fisher, R. R., Vohs, K. D. ve Baumeister, R. F. (2014). Yes, but are they happy? Effects of trait self‐control on affective well‐being and life satisfaction. Journal of personality, 82(4), 265-277.
30. Hon, A. H. (2012). Shaping environments conductive to creativity: The role of intrinsic motivation. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 53(1), 53-64.
31. Karoly, P. (1977). Behavioral self-management in children: Concepts, methods, issues, and directions. In Progress in behavior modification (Vol. 5, pp. 197-262). Elsevier.
32. Kazakova, J. K. ve Shastina, E. M. (2019). The impact of socio-cultural differences on formation of intrinsic motivation: The case of local and foreign students. Learning and Motivation, 65, 1-9.
33. Kehr, H. M., Bles, P. ve von Rosenstiel, L. (1999). Self-regulation, self-control, and management training transfer. International Journal of Educational Research, 31(6), 487-498.
34. Keyes, C. L. M. ve Ryff, C. D. (2000). Subjective change and mental health: A self-concept theory. Social Psychology Quarterly, 264-279.
35. Kopperud, K. H. ve Vitters, J. (2008). Distinctions between hedonic and Ödonomik well-being: Results from a day reconstruction study among Norwegian jobholders. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3(3), 174-181.
36. Kuvaas, B. ve Dysvik, A. (2009). Perceived investment in employee development, intrinsic motivation and work performance. Human resource management journal, 19(3), 217-236.
37. Liang, C. ve Chang, C. C. (2014). Predicting scientific imagination from the joint influences of intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy, agreeableness, and extraversion. Learning and Individual Differences, 31, 36-42.
38. Llopis, O. ve Foss, N. J. (2016). Understanding the climate–knowledge sharing relation: The moderating roles of intrinsic motivation and job autonomy. European Management Journal, 34(2), 1-10.
39. Meng, L. ve Ma, Q. (2015). Live as we choose: The role of autonomy support in facilitating intrinsicmotivation. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 98(3), 1-7.
40. Meng, L., Pei, G., Zheng, J. ve Ma, Q. (2016). Close games versus blowouts: optimal challenge reinforces one's intrinsic motivation to win. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 110, 1-25.
41. Meydan, C. H. ve Şeşen, H. (2015). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi AMOS uygulamaları. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
42. Mezo, P. G. (2009). The Self-Control and Self-Management Scale (SCMS): Development of an adaptive selfregulatory coping skills instrument. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 31(2), 83-93.
43. Mezo, P. G. ve Short, M. M. (2012). Construct validity and confirmatory factor analysis of the self-control and self-management scale. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 44(1), 1-8.
44. Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., ... ve Sears, M. R. (2011). A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proceedings of the national Academy of Sciences, 108(7), 2693-2698.
45. Mottaz, J. C. (1985). The relative ımportance of ıntrinsic and extrinsic rewards as determinants of wok satisfaction. The Sociological Quarterly, 26(3), 365- 385.
46. Ohana, M. (2016). Voice, affective commitment and citizenship behavior in teams: The moderating role of neuroticism and intrinsic motivation. British Journal of Management, 27(1), 97-115.
47. Orkibi, H. ve Ronen, T. (2019). A Dual-Pathway model linking self-control skills to aggression in adolescents: happiness and time perspective as mediators. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(3), 729-742.
48. Orúzar, H., Miranda, R., Oriol, X. ve Montserrat, C. (2019). Self-control and subjective-wellbeing of adolescents in residential care: The moderator role of experienced happiness and daily-life activities with caregivers. Children and Youth Services Review, 98, 125-131.
49. Radel, R., Pelletier, L., Baxter, D., Fournier, M. ve Sarrazin, P. (2014). The paradoxical effect of controlling context on intrinsic motivation in another activity. Learning and Instruction, 29, 95-102
50. Rawolle, M., Wallis, M. S., Badham, R. ve Kehr, H. M. (2016). No fit, no fun: The effect of motive incongruence on job burnout and the mediating role of intrinsic motivation. Personality and Individual Differences, 89, 65-68.
51. Ruiz-Palomino, P. ve Zoghbi-Manrique-de-Lara, P. (2020). How and when servant leaders fuel creativity: The role of servant attitude and intrinsic motivation. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 89, 1-12.
52. Ryan, R. M. ve Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American psychologist, 55(1), 68-78.
53. Ryan, R. M. ve Deci, E. L. (2020). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation from a self-determination theory perspective: Definitions, theory, practices, and future directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 1-31.
54. Shafi, M., Lei, Z., Song, X. ve Sarker, M. N. I. (2020). The effects of transformational leadership on employee creativity: Moderating role of intrinsic motivation. Asia Pacific Management Review. 25, 166-176
55. Shamloo, Z. S. ve Cox, W. M. (2010). The relationship between motivational structure, sense of control, intrinsic motivation and university students' alcohol consumption. Addictive Behaviors, 35(2), 140-146.
56. Stoeber, J., Feast, A. R. ve Hayward, J. A. (2009). Self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism: Differential relationships with intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and test anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(5), 423-428.
57. Van Yperen, N. W., Wörtler, B. ve De Jonge, K. M. (2016). Workers' intrinsic work motivation when job demands are high: The role of need for autonomy and perceived opportunity for blended working. Computers in Human Behavior, 60, 179-184.
58. Wilhelm, R. A., Miller, M. W. ve Gable, P. A. (2019). Neural and attentional correlates of intrinsic motivation resulting from social performance expectancy. Neuroscience, 416, 137-146.
59. Yuan, Y. H., Wu, M. H., Hu, M. L. ve Lin, I. C. (2019). Teacher's Encouragement on Creativity, Intrinsic Motivation, and Creativity: The Mediating Role of Creative Process Engagement. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 53(3), 312-324.