International Trade of Cultural Products and Economic Growth: A Panel Data Analysis

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 30, 381 - 392, 20.05.2021

Fatih Cemil Özbuğday , Önder Özgür

https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.827383

Öz

The potential of international trade of cultural products in fostering economic growth has been neglected in the empirical economics literature. The study explores the relationship between international trade of cultural products and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in 85 countries between 2004-2017 using the Pedroni cointegration test and Swamy (1970)’s random coefficient model. The results show that although the trade balance of cultural products does not affect economic growth, the volume of international trade in cultural products has a statistically significant and positive impact on GDP per capita. These findings indicate that policymakers should not require protective steps against the imports of cultural goods or services and the call of the 2005 UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions to developed economies to open their markets is an appropriate suggestion.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cultural Products, Cultural Industries, International Trade, Economic Growth, UNESCO

Kültürel Ürünlerin Uluslararası Ticareti ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Panel Veri Analizi

Öz

Kültürel ürünlerin ticaretinin ekonomik büyümeyi teşvik etme potansiyeli iktisat literatüründe ihmal edilmiştir. Bu çalışma kültürel ürünlerin uluslararası ticareti ile gayrisafi yurtiçi hasıla (GSYİH) arasındaki ilişkiyi 85 ülke için 2004-2017 döneminde Pedroni eşbütünleşme testi ve Swamy (1970) rassal katsatılı model kullanarak analiz etmektedir. Çalışmanın sonuçları kültürel ürünlerin ticaret dengesinin GSYİH üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olumlu bir etkisi bulunmadığını göstermektedir. Bu sonuçlar politika yapıcıların kültürel ürünlerin ithalatına yönelik kısıtlayıcı uygulamalara yer vermesine gerek olmadığını ve bu bağlamda 2005 UNESCO Kültürel İfadelerin Çeşitliliğinin Korunması ve Geliştirilmesi Sözleşmesi’nin gelişmiş ekonomilere pazarlarını açmaları çağrısının uygun bir öneri olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kültürel Ürünler, Kültürel Endüstriler, Uluslararası Ticaret, Ekonomik Büyüme, UNESCO

Kaynakça

• Bandarin, F., Hosagrahar, J. and Albernaz, F. S. (2011). Why development needs culture. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 1(1), 15-25.
• Breusch, T. and Pagan, A. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
• Cunningham, S. D. (2011). Creative industries, its critics, and some answers. Ekonomiaz, 78(3), 47-60.
• Deloumeaux, L. (2016). The Globalisation of Cultural Trade: A Shift in Consumption: International Flows of Cultural Goods and Services 2004–2013. (UNESCO-UIS 2016). Montreal, Canada: UNESCO Institute for Statistics.
• De-Miguel-Molina, B., Hervas-Oliver, J.-L., Boix, R. and DeMiguel-Molina, M. (2012). The importance of creative industry agglomerations in explaining the wealth of European regions. European Planning Studies, 8(2012), 1263-1280.
• Duxbury, N., Hosagrahar, J. and Pascual, J. (2016). Why must culture be at the heart of sustainable urban development?. Access address: http://www.agenda21culture.net/sites/default/files/files/documents/en/culture_sd_cities_web.pdf, (01.01.2020).
• Hosagrahar, J., Soule, J., Girard, L. F. and Potts, A. (2016). Cultural heritage, the UN sustainable development. International Council on Monuments and Sites, 16(1), 37-54.
• Maddala, G. S., Trost, R. P., Li, H. and Joutz, F. (1997). Estimation of short-run and long-run elasticities of energy demand from panel data using shrinkage estimators. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 15(1), 90-100.
• Marco-Serrano, F., Rausell-Koster, P. and Abeledo-Sanchis, R. (2014). Economic development and the creative industries: a tale of causality. Creative Industries Journal, 7(2), 81-91.
• Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(1), 653-670.
• Pedroni, P. (2001). Purchasing power parity tests in cointegrated panels. Review of Economics and Statistics, 83(4), 727-731.
• Pedroni, P. (2004). Panel cointegration: asymptotic and finite sample properties of pooled time series tests with an application to the PPP hypothesis. Econometric Theory, 20(03), 597-625.
• Pesaran, M. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. (CESifo Working Paper Series 1229). Munich: CESifo Group.
• Pesaran, M. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
• Pesaran, M.H., Ullah, A. and Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias-adjusted LM test of error cross-section independence. Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127.
• Power, D. (2011). Priority sector report: Creative and cultural industries. (Europa Innova Paper No:16). Belgium: European Commission.
• Power, D. and Nielsen, T. (2010). Priority sector report: Creative and cultural industries. (Europa Innova Paper No:16). Belgium: European Commission.
• Riofrio, M.D. (2014). UNESCO’s concept of culture as a driver of sustainable development. Access address: https://www.academia.edu/27749131/UNESCOs_concept_of_Culture_as_a_Driver_of_Sustainable_Development, (12.09.2020).
• Santagata, W. (2002). Cultural districts, property rights and sustainable economic growth. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 26(1), 9-23.
• Singh, T. (2010). Does international trade cause economic growth? A survey. World Economy, 33(11), 1517-1564.
• Swamy, P. A. (1970). Efficient inference in a random coefficient regression model. Econometrica, 38(2), 311-323.
• Throsby, D. (2010). The Economics of Cultural Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• UNESCO (2015). Reshaping Cultural Policies: A decade promoting the diversity of cultural expressions for development. (2005 Convention Global Report). Paris: UNESCO.
• UNESCO World Report. (2009). Investing in Cultural Diversity and Intercultural Dialogue. UNESCO Publishing.
• UNESCO. (2012). Culture: a driver and an enabler of sustainable development. Thematic think piece. Access address: https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/Think%20Pieces/2_culture.pdf, (08.06.2020).
• United Nations (2011). Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 20 December 2010: Culture and development. (A/RES/65/166). United Nations.