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Challange of the Metropolitan Governances with Pandemic Distribution: The Cases of New York, London and Istanbul

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 33, 340 - 353, 20.02.2022
https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.884152

Öz

In the study, the struggle of the city administrations of New York, London and Istanbul against the Covid-19 pandemic is examined. Due to their leading status in terms of the number of cases, New York, London and Istanbul are selected as samples. Again, the economic and political capacities of these urban administrations have an important aspect in terms of combating the pandemic. Considering these qualities, the comparison of these urban administrations, which have the capacity to combat the pandemic, is thought to be significant. The aim of the study is to examine the measures taken by the cities and the services they offer comparatively and to offer suggestions for this. Within the scope of the study, conceptual explanations about health, disease and pandemic is made at first and the applications of the metropolitan city governances of different countries are mentioned. In the study, the literature review and the reports prepared by national and international governmental institutions and organizations and non-governmental organizations are used as methods. As a result of the study, the measures taken by the cities are classified under health, economy and social categories.

Kaynakça

  • A Division of the New York State Department of State. (2018). Local government handbook. New York State.
  • Altamimi, A., Abu-Saris, R., El-Metwally, A., Alaifan, T., & Alamiri, A. (2020). Demographic variations of MERS-CoV infection among suspected and confirmed cases: An epidemiological analysis of laboratory-based data from riyadh regional laboratory. BioMed Research International, (2020), 1-6.
  • BBC. (2020). Coronavirus: Some scientists say UK virus strategy is ‘risking lives’. Retrieved May 10, 2020 from https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-51892402
  • BBC. (2021). Coronavirus: Minister of Health Koca called İmamoğlu after the criticism of 'You are late in taking precautions' and said, 'We are working with precision'. Retrieved August 18, 2021 from https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-54928522
  • Boulos, M. N. K., & Shorbaji, N. M. (2014). On the internet of things, smart cities and the WHO healthy cities. International Journal of Health Geographic, 13(10), 1-6.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). First Travel – related Case of 2019 Coronavirus Detected in United States. Retrieved April 28, 2020 from https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2020/p0121-novel-coronavirus-travel-case.html
  • Citizen Advice. (2020) Coronavirus – being furloughed if you can’t work. Retrieved May 10, 2020 from https://www.citizensadvice.org.uk/work/coronavirus-being-furloughed-if-you-cant-work/
  • City of New York. (2020a). Coronavirus (COVID-19) updates. Retrieved May 11, 2020 from https://access.nyc.gov/coronavirus-covid-19-updates/#section-4
  • City of New York. (2020b). New York City agency servise updates. Retrieved May 11, 2020 from https://www1.nyc.gov/nyc-resources/city-agency-service-updates.page
  • City of New York. (2020c). Get Food NYC. Retrieved June 25, 2020 from https://dsny.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=35901167a9d84fb0a2e0672d344f176f
  • City of New York. (2020d). Retrieved May 11, 2020 from https://www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/covid/covid-19-main.page
  • Cumhuriyet. (2021). Ekrem İmamoğlu's call to closure of Istanbul. Retrieved August 18, 2021 from https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/ekrem-imamoglundan-istanbul-icin-kapanma-cagrisi-1790966
  • Health New York. (2020). Retrieved May 1, 2020 from https://covid19tracker.health.ny.gov/views/NYS-COVID19-Tracker/NYSDOHCOVID-19Tracker-Map?%3Aembed=yes&%3Atoolbar=no&%3Atabs=n
  • Infectious Diseases Surveillance and Control Principles Regulation. (2007). Official Gazette No. 26537. dated 30.05.2007.
  • Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Covid-19 Platform. (2020). Retrieved May 10, 2020 from https://koronavirus.ibb.istanbul/ibb-sorumluluk/
  • Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Pending Bill. (2020). Retrieved May 10, 2020 from https://askidafa0tura.ibb.gov.tr/Invoice-List
  • Kwok, K. O., Lai, F., Wan In Wei, S. Y., & Tang, J. W. (2020). Herd immunity – estimating the level required to halt the COVID-19 epidemics in affected countries. The Journal of Infection, 6(80), 1-2.
  • London Government. (2020a). Coronavirus (COVID-19) Deaths. Retrieved May 10, 2020 from https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/coronavirus--covid-19--deaths
  • London Government. (2020b). What we do. Retrieved May 10, 2020 from https://www.london.gov.uk
  • London Government. (2020c). Coronavirus (COVID-19): Supporting food banks. Retrieved May 10, 2020 from https://www.london.gov.uk/coronavirus/volunteer-and-donate/coronavirus-covid-19-supporting-foodbanks
  • London Government. (2020d). Pay it forward. Retrieved May 10, 2020 from https://payitforward.london.gov.uk
  • London Government. (2020e). Rights of renters and landlords during coronavirus. Retrieved May 10, 2020 from https://www.london.gov.uk/coronavirus/rights-renters-and-landlords-during-coronavirus
  • London Government. (2020f). Educatfion and childcare. Retrieved May 10, 2020 from https://www.london.gov.uk/coronavirus/education-and-childcare
  • Merriam - Webster Dictionary. (2020). Retrieved April 9, 2020 from https://www.merriam-webster.com
  • Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Public Health. (2019). Pandemic Influenza National Preparedness Plan, Retrieved April 8, 2020 from https://www.grip.gov.tr/depo/saglik-calisanlari/ulusal_pandemi_plani.pdf
  • Morens, D. M., Folkers, G. K., & Fauci, A. S. (2009). What is a pandemic. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 200, 1018-1021.
  • New York State. (2020). Department of State, Division of Local Government Services. Retrieved May 9, 2020 from https://www.dos.ny.gov/lg/localgovs.html
  • OECD. (2020). The territorial impact of COVID-19: Managing the crisis across levels of government. Retrieved June 25, 2020 from http://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/the-territorial-impact-of-covid-19-managing-the-crisis-across-levels-of-government-d3e314e1/
  • Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries. (2020). Retrieved April 9, 2020 from https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health Covid-19 Information Platform. (2021). Daily case numbers. Retrieved August 18, 2021 from https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/
  • Smith, R. (2002). In search of ‘non-disease. British Journal of General Practice, 324(7342), 883-885.
  • Takano, T. (2004). Development of healthy cities and need for research. In T. Takehito (Ed.), Healthy cities & urban policy research (p. 1-9). Taylor &Francis e-Library.
  • TÜBA. (2020). Covid-19 global epidemic evaluation report. Turkish Academy of Sciences.
  • United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2018). World urbanization prospects the 2018 revision. Retrieved June 23, 2020 from https://population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2018-Report.pdf
  • World Health Organization [WHO]. (2006). Constution. Retrieved April 7, 2020 from https://www.who.int/governance/eb/who_constitution_en.pdf
  • World Health Organization [WHO]. (2020). Types of healthy settings. Retrieved June 25, 2020 from https://www.who.int/healthy_settings/types/cities/en/
  • World Health Organization [WHO]. (2021). WHO Coronavirus (Covid-19) Dashboard. Retrieved August 18, 2021 from https://covid19.who.int/
  • World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. (1997). Twenty steps for developing a healthy cities project, 3rd Edition, Retrieved April 15, 2020 from http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/101009/E56270.pdf?ua=1
  • World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. (2020). What is a health city?. Retrieved June 25, 2020 from https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/environment-and-health/urban-health/who-european-healthy-cities-network/what-is-a-healthy-city
  • Worldometers. (2020a). Coronavirus cases. Retrieved June 27, 2020 from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/#countries
  • Worldometers. (2020b). Total cases. Retrieved June 27, 2020 from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/worldwide-graphs/#total-cases
  • Worldometers. (2021a). Total cases in UK. Retrieved August 18, 2021 from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/uk/
  • Worldometers. (2021b). Acitve cases in the United States. Retrieved August 18, 2021 from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/us/

Metropol Yönetimlerin Pandemi İle Mücadelesi: New York, Londra ve İstanbul Örnekleri

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 33, 340 - 353, 20.02.2022
https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.884152

Öz

Bu çalışmada New York, Londra ve İstanbul kent yönetimlerinin Covid-19 küresel salgınına karşı verdiği mücadele ele alınacaktır. New York, Londra ve İstanbul örnekelerinin seçilmesinde bu şehirlerde görülen vaka sayılarının ülke genelindeki vakaların öncüsü olmaları öne çıkmıştır. Yine bu kent yönetimlerinin ekonomik ve siyasal anlamdaki kapasiteleri de salgın ile mücadele açısından önemli bir boyuta sahiptir. Bu nitelikler göz önüne alındığında salgın ile mücadele kapasitesine sahip olan bu kent yönetimlerinin karşılaştırılması anlamlı bulunmuştur. Çalışmada şehirlerin aldıkları tedbirler ve vatandaşlarına sundukları hizmetlerin karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesi ve öneriler getirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında öncelikli olarak sağlık, hastalık ve küresel salgın ile ilgili kavramsal açıklamalar yapılmış ve ardından farklı ülkelerdeki metropol kent yönetimlerinin uygulamalarına değinilmiştir. Çalışmada yöntem olarak literatür taraması ile ulusal ve uluslararası kurum ve kuruluşlar tarafından hazırlanan raporlardan yararlanılmıştır. Öte yandan ele alınan kent yönetimlerinin salgınla mücadele kamuoyu ile paylaştığı resmi belgeler ve web siteleri analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma neticesinde kentlerin aldığı önlemler sağlık, ekonomi ve sosyal olarak sınıflandırılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • A Division of the New York State Department of State. (2018). Local government handbook. New York State.
  • Altamimi, A., Abu-Saris, R., El-Metwally, A., Alaifan, T., & Alamiri, A. (2020). Demographic variations of MERS-CoV infection among suspected and confirmed cases: An epidemiological analysis of laboratory-based data from riyadh regional laboratory. BioMed Research International, (2020), 1-6.
  • BBC. (2020). Coronavirus: Some scientists say UK virus strategy is ‘risking lives’. Retrieved May 10, 2020 from https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-51892402
  • BBC. (2021). Coronavirus: Minister of Health Koca called İmamoğlu after the criticism of 'You are late in taking precautions' and said, 'We are working with precision'. Retrieved August 18, 2021 from https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-54928522
  • Boulos, M. N. K., & Shorbaji, N. M. (2014). On the internet of things, smart cities and the WHO healthy cities. International Journal of Health Geographic, 13(10), 1-6.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). First Travel – related Case of 2019 Coronavirus Detected in United States. Retrieved April 28, 2020 from https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2020/p0121-novel-coronavirus-travel-case.html
  • Citizen Advice. (2020) Coronavirus – being furloughed if you can’t work. Retrieved May 10, 2020 from https://www.citizensadvice.org.uk/work/coronavirus-being-furloughed-if-you-cant-work/
  • City of New York. (2020a). Coronavirus (COVID-19) updates. Retrieved May 11, 2020 from https://access.nyc.gov/coronavirus-covid-19-updates/#section-4
  • City of New York. (2020b). New York City agency servise updates. Retrieved May 11, 2020 from https://www1.nyc.gov/nyc-resources/city-agency-service-updates.page
  • City of New York. (2020c). Get Food NYC. Retrieved June 25, 2020 from https://dsny.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=35901167a9d84fb0a2e0672d344f176f
  • City of New York. (2020d). Retrieved May 11, 2020 from https://www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/covid/covid-19-main.page
  • Cumhuriyet. (2021). Ekrem İmamoğlu's call to closure of Istanbul. Retrieved August 18, 2021 from https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/ekrem-imamoglundan-istanbul-icin-kapanma-cagrisi-1790966
  • Health New York. (2020). Retrieved May 1, 2020 from https://covid19tracker.health.ny.gov/views/NYS-COVID19-Tracker/NYSDOHCOVID-19Tracker-Map?%3Aembed=yes&%3Atoolbar=no&%3Atabs=n
  • Infectious Diseases Surveillance and Control Principles Regulation. (2007). Official Gazette No. 26537. dated 30.05.2007.
  • Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Covid-19 Platform. (2020). Retrieved May 10, 2020 from https://koronavirus.ibb.istanbul/ibb-sorumluluk/
  • Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Pending Bill. (2020). Retrieved May 10, 2020 from https://askidafa0tura.ibb.gov.tr/Invoice-List
  • Kwok, K. O., Lai, F., Wan In Wei, S. Y., & Tang, J. W. (2020). Herd immunity – estimating the level required to halt the COVID-19 epidemics in affected countries. The Journal of Infection, 6(80), 1-2.
  • London Government. (2020a). Coronavirus (COVID-19) Deaths. Retrieved May 10, 2020 from https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/coronavirus--covid-19--deaths
  • London Government. (2020b). What we do. Retrieved May 10, 2020 from https://www.london.gov.uk
  • London Government. (2020c). Coronavirus (COVID-19): Supporting food banks. Retrieved May 10, 2020 from https://www.london.gov.uk/coronavirus/volunteer-and-donate/coronavirus-covid-19-supporting-foodbanks
  • London Government. (2020d). Pay it forward. Retrieved May 10, 2020 from https://payitforward.london.gov.uk
  • London Government. (2020e). Rights of renters and landlords during coronavirus. Retrieved May 10, 2020 from https://www.london.gov.uk/coronavirus/rights-renters-and-landlords-during-coronavirus
  • London Government. (2020f). Educatfion and childcare. Retrieved May 10, 2020 from https://www.london.gov.uk/coronavirus/education-and-childcare
  • Merriam - Webster Dictionary. (2020). Retrieved April 9, 2020 from https://www.merriam-webster.com
  • Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Public Health. (2019). Pandemic Influenza National Preparedness Plan, Retrieved April 8, 2020 from https://www.grip.gov.tr/depo/saglik-calisanlari/ulusal_pandemi_plani.pdf
  • Morens, D. M., Folkers, G. K., & Fauci, A. S. (2009). What is a pandemic. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 200, 1018-1021.
  • New York State. (2020). Department of State, Division of Local Government Services. Retrieved May 9, 2020 from https://www.dos.ny.gov/lg/localgovs.html
  • OECD. (2020). The territorial impact of COVID-19: Managing the crisis across levels of government. Retrieved June 25, 2020 from http://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/the-territorial-impact-of-covid-19-managing-the-crisis-across-levels-of-government-d3e314e1/
  • Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries. (2020). Retrieved April 9, 2020 from https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health Covid-19 Information Platform. (2021). Daily case numbers. Retrieved August 18, 2021 from https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/
  • Smith, R. (2002). In search of ‘non-disease. British Journal of General Practice, 324(7342), 883-885.
  • Takano, T. (2004). Development of healthy cities and need for research. In T. Takehito (Ed.), Healthy cities & urban policy research (p. 1-9). Taylor &Francis e-Library.
  • TÜBA. (2020). Covid-19 global epidemic evaluation report. Turkish Academy of Sciences.
  • United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2018). World urbanization prospects the 2018 revision. Retrieved June 23, 2020 from https://population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2018-Report.pdf
  • World Health Organization [WHO]. (2006). Constution. Retrieved April 7, 2020 from https://www.who.int/governance/eb/who_constitution_en.pdf
  • World Health Organization [WHO]. (2020). Types of healthy settings. Retrieved June 25, 2020 from https://www.who.int/healthy_settings/types/cities/en/
  • World Health Organization [WHO]. (2021). WHO Coronavirus (Covid-19) Dashboard. Retrieved August 18, 2021 from https://covid19.who.int/
  • World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. (1997). Twenty steps for developing a healthy cities project, 3rd Edition, Retrieved April 15, 2020 from http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/101009/E56270.pdf?ua=1
  • World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. (2020). What is a health city?. Retrieved June 25, 2020 from https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/environment-and-health/urban-health/who-european-healthy-cities-network/what-is-a-healthy-city
  • Worldometers. (2020a). Coronavirus cases. Retrieved June 27, 2020 from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/#countries
  • Worldometers. (2020b). Total cases. Retrieved June 27, 2020 from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/worldwide-graphs/#total-cases
  • Worldometers. (2021a). Total cases in UK. Retrieved August 18, 2021 from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/uk/
  • Worldometers. (2021b). Acitve cases in the United States. Retrieved August 18, 2021 from https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/us/
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Kamu Yönetimi, Kentsel Politika
Bölüm Derleme Makaleler
Yazarlar

Rüveyda Kızılboğa Özaslan 0000-0001-7468-0844

Burak Kaplan 0000-0002-4501-0718

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 20 Şubat 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Şubat 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Şubat 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 33

Kaynak Göster

APA Kızılboğa Özaslan, R., & Kaplan, B. (2022). Challange of the Metropolitan Governances with Pandemic Distribution: The Cases of New York, London and Istanbul. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 13(33), 340-353. https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.884152

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