İklim Değişikliği ile Mücadelede Önemli Bir Katalizör: Sağlık Faktörü

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 38, 739 - 751, 25.05.2023

Yusuf Irmak , Gül Mersinlioğlu Serin

https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.1136570

Öz

İnsanlık için bir “kırmızı kod” olarak nitelendirilen iklim değişikliği birçok tehlikeli sağlık sorunlarına da neden olmaktadır. Özellikle son yıllarda dünya, büyük bir değişime uğramakta ve aşırı hava olayları artık yeni normal olarak görülmektedir. İklim değişikliği halk sağlığı için giderek artan zorluklar yaratmaktadır. Bu nedenle, önemli ve öncelikli bir konu olarak uluslararası gündemde yer almaktadır. İklim değişikliği, doğal ve insan kaynaklı nedenler ile birlikte insan sağlığını ve hastalıkları çeşitli şekillerde etkilemektedir. Mevcut bazı sağlık tehditlerinin yoğunlaşacağı ve yeni sağlık tehditlerinin ortaya çıkacağı öngörülmektedir. Yaş, ekonomik kaynaklar ve konum gibi değişkenler risk derecesini belirlemektedir. Küresel iklim değişikliği, göç ve sağlık acil durumları gibi uluslararası sağlık güvenliğini tehdit etme potansiyeli taşıyan çok faktörlü, oldukça karmaşık, doğrudan ve dolaylı etkiler matrisine sahiptir. İklim değişikliği; çevre kirliliği, istilacı türlerin ve yeni patojenlerin ortaya çıkışı, gıda güvenliği, orman yangınları ve çok çeşitli yıkıcı hava olayları gibi insan sağlığını sinerjik olarak etkileyebilen birçok alanı içermektedir. Sağlık ve iklim değişikliği arasındaki ilişkinin farkındalığının artırılması iklim değişikliği ile mücadele sürecine katalizör etki oluşturma potansiyeline sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, iklim değişikliğinin sağlık üzerindeki etkileri, sağlık acil durumları, göç, sağlık güvenliği ve sağlık sistemleri ile ilişkisine odaklanılmış ve derinleşmekte olan iklim krizinin sağlık etkileri alanındaki literatüre katkıda bulunmak amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İklim Değişikliği, Sağlık, İklim Değişikliği ile Mücadele, Sağlık Acil Durumları

A Significant Catalyst in Combating Climate Change: The Health Factor

Öz

Climate change, which is described as a “code red” for humanity, also causes many dangerous health problems. Especially in recent years, the world has undergone a great change and extreme weather events are now seen as the new normal. Climate change poses increasing challenges for public health. It is therefore on the international agenda as an important and priority issue. Climate change affects human health and diseases in various ways, along with natural and man-made causes. Some existing health threats are predicted to intensify, and new health threats will emerge. Variables such as age, economic resources and location determine the degree of risk. Climate change has a multifactorial, highly complex matrix of direct and indirect effects that have the potential to threaten international health security, such as global climate change, migration and health emergencies. It encompasses such various patterns that can affect human health synergistically like environmental pollution, the emergence of invasive species and new pathogens, food security, forest fires and a wide variety of devastating weather events. Increasing awareness on the relationship between health and climate change has the potential to have a catalytic effect on the process of combating climate change. In the paper, the effects of climate change on health, health emergencies, migration, health security and its relationship with health systems are focused with the aim of contributing to the literature in the field of deepening climate crisis and its health outcomes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Climate Change, Health, Combating Climate Change, Health Emergencies.

Kaynakça

• Beggs, P. J. (2010). Adaptation to impacts of climate change on aeroallergens and allergic respiratory diseases. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 7(8), 3006-3021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7083006.
• Beggs, P. J., Zhang, Y., Bambrick, H., Berry, H. L., Linnenluecke, M. K., Trueck, S., Bi, P., Boylan, S. M., Green, D., Guo, Y. … Watts, N. (2022). The 2019 report of the MJA–lancet countdown on health and climate change: A turbulent year with mixed progress. Medical Journal of Australia, 211(11), 490–491.e21. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.50405.
• Bell, C. ve Masys, A. J. (2020). Climate change, extreme weather events and global health security a lens into vulnerabilities. A.Masys, R. Izurieta ve M. Reina Ortiz (Ed.), Global health security. advanced sciences and technologies for security applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23491-1_4
• Castleden, H., Lin, J. ve Darrach, M. (2020). The public health emergency of climate change: how/are Canadian post-secondary public health sciences programs responding?. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 111, 836–844.
• CDC. (2020). Preparing for the regional health impacts of climate change in the united states.centers for disease control and prevention, Climate and Health Program, 1-36. https://www.cdc.gov/climateandhealth/docs/Health_Impacts_Climate_Change-508_final.pdf adresinden 9 Ocak 2022 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• Chukwuorji, J. C., Ifeagwazi, C. M., ve Iorfa, S. K. (2015). Mental health emergency of climate change: Consequences and vulnerabilitie. Mental health emergency of climate change: Consequences and vulnerabilities. International Journal of Communication, 16, 110-131.
• Cornacchione, V. (2021). COP26 - Direct linkages between climate change, health and migration must be tackled urgently – IOM, WHO, Lancet Migration. https://www.who.int/news/item/09-11-2021-cop26---direct-linkages-between-climate-change-health-and-migration-must-be-tackled-urgently-iom-who-lancet-migration adresinden 10 Ocak 2022 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• Costello, A., Abbas, M., Allen, A., Ball, S., Bell, S., Bellamy, R., Friel, S., Groce, N., Johnson, A., Kett, M., Lee, M., Levy, C., Maslin, M., Mccoy, D., McGuire, B., Montgomery, H., Napier, D., Pagel, C., Patel, C., … Patterson,C. (2009). Managing the health effects of climate change: Lancet and University College London Institute for Global Health Commission. The Lancet, 373, 1693–1733.
• European Parliament. (2021). The concept of 'climate refugee' Towards a possible definition. European Parliamentary Research Service, 1-12. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2021/698753/EPRS_BRI(2021)698753_EN.pdf adresinden 18 Aralık 2021 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• Global Road Map for Health Care Decarbonization. (2021). Health care without harm, a navigational tool for achieving zero emissions with climate resilience and health equity, https://healthcareclimateaction.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/Health%20Care%20Decarbonization%20Road%20Map%20-%20Annex%20A%20Technical%20report.pdf adresinden 18 Aralık 2021 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• Harmer, A., Eder, B., Gepp, S., Leetz, A. ve Van de Pas, R. (2020). WHO should declare climate change a public health emergency. British Medical Journal, 368, m797. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m797
• Hauer, M. E., Fussell, E. ve Mueller, V. (2020). Sea-level rise and human migration. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 1, 28-39.
• Hwong, A. R., Wang, M., Khan, H., Chagwedera, D.N., Grzenda, A., Doty, B., Benton, T., Alpert, J., Clarke, D., Comptom, W. M. (2022). Climate change and mental health research methods, gaps, and priorities: A scoping review. The Lancet Planet Health, 6, e281–289.
• IPCC. (2014). Climate change 2014: Synthesis report. contribution of working groups ı, ıı and ııı to the fifth assessment report of the ıntergovernmental panel on climate change. Geneva, Switzerland, 151.
• IPCC. (2022). IPCC sixth assessment reportımpacts, adaptation and vulnerability. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ adresinden 1 Aralık 2021 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. (2022). Climate change and health security: a special feature in health security. Health Security, 20(1), 1-2.
• Liu, C., Chen, R., Sera, F., Vicedo-Cabrera, A. M., Guo, Y., Tong, S., Coelho, M., Saldiva, P. H. N., Lavigne, E., Matus, P. … Kan. H. (2019). Ambient particulate air pollution and daily mortality in 652 cities. The New England Journal of Medicine, 381, 705–15. https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa1817364
• Louis, V. ve Phalkey, R. (2016). Health impacts in a changing climate – an overview. The European Physical Journal Special Topics, 225, 429–441. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2016-60073-9
• Mazhin, S. A., Khankeh, H., Farrokhi, M., Aminizadeh, M. ve Poursadeqiyan, M. (2020). Migration health crisis associated with climate change: A systematic review. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 9, 1-11.
• McMichael, C. (2020). Human mobility, climate change, and health: Unpacking the connections. The Lancet, 4, e217-e218.
• National Institutes of Health U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2021). Climate change and human health, 1-4. https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/materials/climate_and_human_health_508.pdf adresinden 15 Şubat 2022 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• Open Access Government. (2021). WHO leader says “there is no vaccine for the climate crisis”. https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/vaccine-climate-crisis/119113/ adresinden 16 Haziran 2022 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• Ostergard, R. ve Kauneckis, D. (2014). Health security and environmental change. S. Rushton ve J. Youde (Ed.), The routledge handbook of health security içinde (s. 151-162).
• Pan Amerıcan Health Organızatıon (PAHO). (2021). Enhancing Health and Climate Change Commitments in updated nationally determined contributions. 1-20. https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/53884/PAHOCDECE210001_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y adresinden 15 Şubat 2022 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• Patz, J. A., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Holloway, T. ve Foley, J. A. (2005). Impact of regional climate change on human health, Nature, 438, 310–317.
• Pendrey, C. G. A., Beaton, L., Kneebone, J.A. (2020). General practice in the era of planetary health: Responding to the climate health emergency. The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners, 49(8), 520-523. https://doi.org/10.31128/AJGP-01-20-5207.
• Rocque, R. J., Beaudoin, C., Ndjaboue, R., Cameron, l. L., Bergeron, L.P., Rheault, R, A, P., Cameron, L., Bergeron, L. P., Rheault, R.A., Fallon, C. … Witteman, H. (2021). Health effects of climate change: An overview of systematic reviews. BMJ Open, 11, e046333. https://doi:10.1136/ bmjopen-2020-046333.
• Rouf, K. ve Wainwright, T. (2020). Linking health justice, social justice, and climate justice. Lancet Planet Health, 4(4), e131-e132. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30083-8. PMID: 32353288.
• Schneider, S. H., Rosecranz, A., Mastrandrea, M. ve Kuntz-Duriseti, K. (2009). Climate change science and policy, Island Press. https://stephenschneider.stanford.edu/Books/CCSAP/CCSAP_book.html#topofpage adresinden 16 Şubat 2022 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• Schwerdtle, P. (2018). Climate change, migration and health. Monash Üniversitesi ve MSF Avustralya. https://centreforhumanitarianleadership.org/the-centre/news/climate-change-migration-and-health/ adresinden 16 Şubat 2022 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• Schwerdtle, P., Bowen, K. ve McMichael, C. (2018). The health impacts of climate-related migration. BMC Med, 16, 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-017-0981-7.
• Son, J., Liu, J. C. ve Bell, M. L. (2019). Temperature-related mortality: A systematic review and investigation of effect modifiers. Environmental Research Letters,14(7), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab1cdb.
• T.C. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı. (2011). Türkiye Cumhuriyeti iklim değişikliği eylem planı 2011 – 2023. 1-141. https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/iklim/editordosya/file/eylem%20planlari/Iklim%20Degisikligi%20Eylem%20Plani_TR.pdf adresinden 10 Aralık 2021 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• Taylor, S. (2021). The vulnerability of health infrastructure to the ımpacts of climate change and sea level rise in small ısland countries in the south pacific, Health Services Insights, 14, 1–7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8186115/pdf/10.1177_11786329211020857.pdf adresinden17 Şubat 2022 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• UNDP. (2020). Human development report 2020, 1-396. https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf adresinden 17 Şubat 2022 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• UNFCCC. (1992). United nations framework convention on climate change. https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/conveng.pdf adresinden 17 Şubat 2022 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• UNFCCC. (2011). Fact sheet: climate change science - the status of climate change science today https://unfccc.int/files/press/backgrounders/application/pdf/press_factsh_science.pdf adresinden 17 Şubat 2022 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• UNFCCC. (2021). Progress in the Process To Formulate And Implement National Adaptation Plans. Subsidiary Body for Implementation Fifty-second to fifty-fifth session Glasgow, 31 October to 6 November 2021, Item 12 of the provisional agenda National adaptation plans (FCCC/SBI/2021/INF.7). https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/sbi2021_inf07.pdf adresinden 17 Şubat 2022 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• Watts, N., Amann, M., Arnell, N., Ayeb-Karlsson, S., Belesova, K., Boykoff, M., Byass, P, Cai, W., Campbell L., D., Capstick, S., … Hugh, M. (2019). The 2019 report of the lancet countdown on health and climate change: Ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate. The Lancet, 394(10211), 1836–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32596-6.
• WHO. (2019). Health and climate action policy brief. https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/397791/SDG-13-policy-brief.pdf 1 Mart 2022 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• WHO. (2003). Climate change and human health risks and responses. 1-306. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42749 adresinden 1 Mart 2022 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• WHO. (2021a). Review health in national adaptation plans. 1-16. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/review-of-health-in-national-adaptation-plans adresinden 1 Mart 2022 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• WHO. (2021b). Quality criteria for health national adaptation plans. 1-30. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240018983 adresinden 1 Mart 2022 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• WHO. (2021c). Climate change and health. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health adresinden 5 Mart 2022 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• WMO. (2021). State of climate in 2021: Extreme events and major ımpact. Press Release Number: 31102021. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/State%20of%20Climate%20in%202021_%20Extreme%20events%20and%20major%20impacts%20_%20World%20Meteorological%20Organization.pdf adresinden 1 Mart 2022 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• Yellapu, V., Malan, S., Merkert, S., Kharecha, H., Alam, A. ve Stawicki, P. S. (2021). Impact of climate change on ınternational health security: An intersection of complexity, ınterdependence, and urgency. ıntechopen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96713
• Yu, P., Xu, R., Abramson, M.J., Li, S. ve Guo, Y. (2020) Bushfires in Australia: A serious health emergency under climate change. Lancet Planet Health, 4(1), e7–e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30267-0.