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Türkiye’de Buğday Veriminin Belirleyicileri: Ardl Sınır Testi ve Toda-Yamamoto Nedensellik Testinden Kanıtlar

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 49 - 59, 17.02.2026
https://izlik.org/JA42ZG55TT

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye ekonomisine ilişkin 1991-2023 dönemi verilerini kullanarak buğday verimi ile buğday üretimi, bitkisel üretim endeksi ve gübre tüketimi arasındaki ilişkileri incelemektedir. Uzun vadeli ilişkiler için ARDL sınır testi, kısa vadeli ilişkiler için ise hata düzeltme modeli (ECM) kullanılmış; değişkenler arası nedensellik ilişkisini belirlemek amacıyla Toda-Yamamoto testi uygulanmıştır. Sonuçlar, değişkenler arasında eşbütünleşme ve nedensellik ilişkilerinin varlığını göstermektedir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, buğday üretimi ve bitkisel üretim endeksi, buğday verimi üzerinde pozitif etki yaratmaktadır. Gübre tüketiminin ise buğday verimliliği üzerindeki etkisi istatiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmamıştır. Hata düzeltme modeline göre, değişkenler arasında kısa dönemde oluşan sapmaların yaklaşık yüzde 34’ü bir sonraki dönemde giderilerek sistemin uzun dönem dengesine dönüşü sağlanmaktadır. Toda-Yamamoto testi sonuçları, buğday üretiminden, bitkisel üretim endeksinden ve gübre tüketiminden buğday verimine doğru nedensellik ilişkisi olduğunu kanıtlamaktadır. Çalışma bulguları, buğday üretimi, bitkisel üretim endeksi ve gübre tüketimi gibi temel göstergelerin Türkiye’de buğday verimliliği üzerinde dinamik bir etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu sonuçlar, tarımsal planlama ve politika geliştirme süreçlerinde üretim yapısının ve girdi kullanımının daha etkin değerlendirilmesine olanak sağlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Abraliyev, O., Baimbetova, A., Kusmoldayeva, Z. (2024). Econometric analysis of wheat production dynamics in Kazakhstan. Bulletin of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 3(409), 291-307.
  • Agam,P.A., Tale,S.G., Thakare,S.S. (2017). Economics of wheat production. International Research Journal of Agricultural Economics and Statistics, 8(1), 1-7.
  • Ansari, S., Khan, A., Jadaun, K. (2022). Agriculture productivity and economic growth in ındia: an ardl model. South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics, 4, 1-9.
  • Asseng, S., Foster, I., Turner, N. C. (2011). The impact of temperature variability on wheat yields. Global Change Biology,17, 997-1012.
  • Atar, B. (2017). Buğdayda verim esaslı azotlu gübreleme. Harran Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, 21(4), 524-536. Brisson, N., Gate, P., Gouache, D., Charmet, G., Oury, F.-X., Huard, F. (2010). Why are wheat yields stagnating in Europe? A comprehensive data analysis for France. Field Crops Research, 119(1), 201-212.
  • Chandio, A. A., Alnafissa, M., Akram, W., Usman, M., Joyo, M. A. (2023). Examining the impact of farm management practices on wheat production: Does agricultural investment matter? Heliyon, 9(12), e22982.
  • Chiang, C. A., Wainwright, K. (2005). Matematiksel iktisadın temel yöntemleri (M. Sarımeşeli & Ş. Açıkgöz, Çev.). Gazi Kitabevi, 4.Baskı, Ankara.
  • Curtis, T. , Halford NG. (2014) Food security: the challenge of increasing wheat yield and the importance of not compromising food safety. Annals of Applied Biology, 164(3), 354-372.
  • Çelik, A.D., Sarıoğlu, T. (2023). Buğday üretiminde girdi kullanım düzeyinin ve son yıllarda girdi kullanımında meydana gelen değişikliklerin belirlenmesi: Hatay ili örneği. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 28 (3), 606-615.
  • Çiftci, F. (2024). Türkiye’de buğday üretim miktarının geleceğini tahmin etmede veri madenciliği yöntemlerinin etkinliğinin karşılaştırılması. Wheat Studies, 13(1), 1-11.
  • Doğar, D., Çiçek, A. (2025). Türkiye’de iklim verileri ile buğday ve arpa verimi arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi: Toda-Yamamoto testi ile belirlenmesi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(2), 411-427.
  • Falcon, W., Naylor, R., Shankar, N. (2022). Rethinking global food demand for 2050. Population and Development Review, 48(4),921-957.
  • FAO, (2020). The state of food security and nutrition in the world. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/9a0fca06-5c5b-4bd5-89eb-5dbec0f27274/content (Erişim Tarihi: 02.10.2025)
  • FAO, (2024). Wheat production and area data. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL (Erişim Tarihi: 02.10.2025)
  • Grote, U.l., Anja, F., Nguyen, T.T.,Olaf, E.(2020). Food security and the dynamics of wheat and maize value chains in africa and asia. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems,4.
  • Grzebisz, W., Gaj, R., Sassenrath, G. F., Halloran, J.M. (2012). Fertilizer use and wheat yield in Central and Eastern European countries from 1986 to 2005 and its implication for developing sustainable fertilizer management practices. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 43(18), 2358–2375.
  • Hawkesford, M. J., Araus, J.L., Park, R., Calderini, D., Miralles, D., Shen, T., Zhang, J., Parry, M.A.J. (2013). Prospects of doubling global wheat yields. Food and Energy Security, 2, 34-48.
  • Haug A.A. (2002). Temporal aggregation and the power of cointegration tests: A monte carlo study. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 64(4), 399-412. Jain, A., Ghosh, S., (2013), Dynamics of global oil prices, exchange rate and precious metal prices in India. Resources Policy, 38(1), 88-93. Kalra, N., Chakraborty, D., Kumar, P. R., Jolly, M., Sharma, P.K. (2007). An approach to bridging yield gaps, combining response to water and other resource inputs for wheat in northern India, using research trials and farmers’ fields data. Agricultural Water Management, 93(1-2), 54–64.
  • Keskin, Ö., Çalışır, M. (2024). Türkiye’deki tarımsal kredi faiz oranlarının bitkisel üretim miktarına etkisi üzerine bir araştırma. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 25(2), 213-230.
  • Kızılaslan, H. (2004). Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de buğday üretimi ve uygulanan politikaların karşılaştırılması. GOÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(2), 23-38.
  • Mohammed, E., Tewodros, M., Lulseged, T., Feyera, L., Wuletawu, A., Amsalu,T. (2024). Agronomic and socio-economic drivers of fertilizer use and crop productivity in smallholder wheat production systems in Ethiopia. Discover Environment, 2, 130.
  • Narayan S., Narayan P.K. (2004). Determinants of demand for Fiji’s exports: An empirical ınvestigation. The Developing Economies, 42(1), 95-112.
  • Negeri, B. G., Xiuguang, B. (2025). Wheat yield gaps and its implications on food security in East Africa: A comprehensive analysis of factors and consequences. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 11(1).
  • Ortiz, R., Sayre, K.D., Govaerts, B., Gupta, R., Subbarao, G.V., Ban, T., Hodson, D., Dixon, J. M., Ortiz-Monasterio, J.I. , Reynolds, M. (2008). Climate change: can wheat beat the heat? Agriculture, ecosystems. Environment, 126(1-2), 46-58.
  • Özdemir, D. (2025). Buğday durum tahmin raporu 2024. T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Tarımsal Ekonomi ve Politika Geliştirme Enstitüsü,410.
  • Pesaran, M.H., Shin Y. (1998). An autoregressive distributed-lag modelling approach to cointegration analysis. Econometric Society Monographs, 31,371-413.
  • Pesaran M.H., Shin Y., Smith,R.J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16, 289-326.
  • Özdoğan, M. (2011). Modeling the impacts of climate change on wheat yields in Northwestern Turkey. Agriculture, Ecosystems , Environment, 141(1), 1-12.
  • Ren, Z., Zhang, H., Li, H., Wu, Q., Huang, Y., Ye, Y., Zhao, Y. (2025). Improving wheat yield, fertilizer use efficiency, and economic benefits through farmer-participation nutrient management. Sustainability, 17(8), 3481.
  • Sharma, K., Sharma, P. (2025). Wheat as a nutritional powerhouse: shaping global food security. IntechOpen, DOI:10.5772/intechopen.1009499.
  • Shikur, Z.H. (2020). Agricultural policies, agricultural production and rural households’ welfare in Ethiopia. Economic Structures, 9, 50.
  • Şengül, S. (2025). Uncovering time-varying drivers of agricultural output in Türkiye: A panel ardl and kalman filter analysis. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, 31(1), 119-132.
  • Şimşek, O., Mermer, A., Yıldız, H., Özaydın, K. (2007). AgroMetShell modeli kullanılarak Türkiye’de buğdayın verim tahmini. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 13(3), 299–308.
  • Tapkı, N., Göz, G. (2025). Buğday üretiminde girdi kullanım durumu: Konya ili Cihanbeyli ilçesi örneği. Wheat Studies, 14(1), 1-10.
  • Tiryakioğlu, M., Demirtaş, B., Tutar, H. (2017). Türkiye’deki buğday veriminin karşılaştırılması: Hatay ve Şanlıurfa illeri örneği. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(1), 56–67.
  • Tita, D., Mahdi, K., Devkota, K.P., Devkota, M. (2025). Climate change and agronomic management: Addressing wheat yield gaps and sustainability challenges in the Mediterranean and MENA regions. Agricultural Systems, 224, 104242.
  • Thomas, R.L. (1988). Introductiory Econometrics: Theory and Applications, Longman Group Inc., New York. Toda, H.Y., Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical ınference in vector autoregressions with possibly ıntegrated processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66, 225-250.
  • Tong, C.L., Hall, C., Wang, H. (2003). Land use change in rice, wheat and maize production in China (1961–1998). Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 95, 523–536.
  • USDA (2023). Grain: world markets and trade. https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/grain.pdf
  • Vigani, M., Cerezo,E.R., Barbero, M.G. (2015). The determinants of wheat yields: The role of sustainable innovation, policies and risks in France and Hungary. JRC Scıence And Polıcy Reports, EUR 27246, DOI:10.2791/470542.
  • World Bank, (n.d.-a). Crop production index (2014–2016 = 100) https://databank.worldbank.org/metadataglossary/world-development-indicators/series/AG.PRD.CROP.XD (Erişim Tarihi: 02.10.2025).
  • Wordlbank, (n.d.-b). Fertilizer consumption (% of fertilizer production) https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.CON.FERT.PT.ZS (Erişim Tarihi: 02.10.2025)
  • Yuan, J., Xu, Y., Zhang, X., (2014), Income growth, energy consumption, and carbon emissions: The caseof China, Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 50(5), 169-181
  • You, L., Rosegrant, M. W., Wood, S., Sun, D. (2009). Impact of growing season temperature on wheat productivity in China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 149(6-7), 1009–1014.

Determinants of Wheat Yield in Turkey: Evidence from Ardl Bounds Test and Toda-Yamamoto Causality Test

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 49 - 59, 17.02.2026
https://izlik.org/JA42ZG55TT

Öz

The aim of this study is to examine the relationships between wheat yield and wheat production, crop production index, fertilizer consumption using data for the Turkish economy for the period 1991–2023. The ARDL bounds test was used for long-term relationships, while the error correction model (ECM) was used for short-term relationships. The Toda-Yamamoto test was applied to determine the causality relationship between the variables. The analysis results prove the existence of cointegration and causality relationships between the variables. According to the analysis results, wheat production and the crop production index have a positive effect on wheat yield. The effect of fertilizer consumption on wheat yield was not found to be statistically significant. According to the error correction model, approximately 34% of the deviations that occur between variables in the short term are eliminated in the following period, ensuring a return to the system's long-term equilibrium. According to the results of the Toda-Yamamoto test, there is a causal relationship from wheat production, crop production index and fertilizer consumption to wheat yield. The findings of the study show that key indicators such as wheat production, crop production index and fertilizer consumption have a dynamic effect on wheat productivity in Turkey. These results ensure that production structure and input use are evaluated more effectively in agricultural planning and policy development processes.

Kaynakça

  • Abraliyev, O., Baimbetova, A., Kusmoldayeva, Z. (2024). Econometric analysis of wheat production dynamics in Kazakhstan. Bulletin of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 3(409), 291-307.
  • Agam,P.A., Tale,S.G., Thakare,S.S. (2017). Economics of wheat production. International Research Journal of Agricultural Economics and Statistics, 8(1), 1-7.
  • Ansari, S., Khan, A., Jadaun, K. (2022). Agriculture productivity and economic growth in ındia: an ardl model. South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics, 4, 1-9.
  • Asseng, S., Foster, I., Turner, N. C. (2011). The impact of temperature variability on wheat yields. Global Change Biology,17, 997-1012.
  • Atar, B. (2017). Buğdayda verim esaslı azotlu gübreleme. Harran Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, 21(4), 524-536. Brisson, N., Gate, P., Gouache, D., Charmet, G., Oury, F.-X., Huard, F. (2010). Why are wheat yields stagnating in Europe? A comprehensive data analysis for France. Field Crops Research, 119(1), 201-212.
  • Chandio, A. A., Alnafissa, M., Akram, W., Usman, M., Joyo, M. A. (2023). Examining the impact of farm management practices on wheat production: Does agricultural investment matter? Heliyon, 9(12), e22982.
  • Chiang, C. A., Wainwright, K. (2005). Matematiksel iktisadın temel yöntemleri (M. Sarımeşeli & Ş. Açıkgöz, Çev.). Gazi Kitabevi, 4.Baskı, Ankara.
  • Curtis, T. , Halford NG. (2014) Food security: the challenge of increasing wheat yield and the importance of not compromising food safety. Annals of Applied Biology, 164(3), 354-372.
  • Çelik, A.D., Sarıoğlu, T. (2023). Buğday üretiminde girdi kullanım düzeyinin ve son yıllarda girdi kullanımında meydana gelen değişikliklerin belirlenmesi: Hatay ili örneği. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 28 (3), 606-615.
  • Çiftci, F. (2024). Türkiye’de buğday üretim miktarının geleceğini tahmin etmede veri madenciliği yöntemlerinin etkinliğinin karşılaştırılması. Wheat Studies, 13(1), 1-11.
  • Doğar, D., Çiçek, A. (2025). Türkiye’de iklim verileri ile buğday ve arpa verimi arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi: Toda-Yamamoto testi ile belirlenmesi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(2), 411-427.
  • Falcon, W., Naylor, R., Shankar, N. (2022). Rethinking global food demand for 2050. Population and Development Review, 48(4),921-957.
  • FAO, (2020). The state of food security and nutrition in the world. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/9a0fca06-5c5b-4bd5-89eb-5dbec0f27274/content (Erişim Tarihi: 02.10.2025)
  • FAO, (2024). Wheat production and area data. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL (Erişim Tarihi: 02.10.2025)
  • Grote, U.l., Anja, F., Nguyen, T.T.,Olaf, E.(2020). Food security and the dynamics of wheat and maize value chains in africa and asia. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems,4.
  • Grzebisz, W., Gaj, R., Sassenrath, G. F., Halloran, J.M. (2012). Fertilizer use and wheat yield in Central and Eastern European countries from 1986 to 2005 and its implication for developing sustainable fertilizer management practices. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 43(18), 2358–2375.
  • Hawkesford, M. J., Araus, J.L., Park, R., Calderini, D., Miralles, D., Shen, T., Zhang, J., Parry, M.A.J. (2013). Prospects of doubling global wheat yields. Food and Energy Security, 2, 34-48.
  • Haug A.A. (2002). Temporal aggregation and the power of cointegration tests: A monte carlo study. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 64(4), 399-412. Jain, A., Ghosh, S., (2013), Dynamics of global oil prices, exchange rate and precious metal prices in India. Resources Policy, 38(1), 88-93. Kalra, N., Chakraborty, D., Kumar, P. R., Jolly, M., Sharma, P.K. (2007). An approach to bridging yield gaps, combining response to water and other resource inputs for wheat in northern India, using research trials and farmers’ fields data. Agricultural Water Management, 93(1-2), 54–64.
  • Keskin, Ö., Çalışır, M. (2024). Türkiye’deki tarımsal kredi faiz oranlarının bitkisel üretim miktarına etkisi üzerine bir araştırma. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 25(2), 213-230.
  • Kızılaslan, H. (2004). Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de buğday üretimi ve uygulanan politikaların karşılaştırılması. GOÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(2), 23-38.
  • Mohammed, E., Tewodros, M., Lulseged, T., Feyera, L., Wuletawu, A., Amsalu,T. (2024). Agronomic and socio-economic drivers of fertilizer use and crop productivity in smallholder wheat production systems in Ethiopia. Discover Environment, 2, 130.
  • Narayan S., Narayan P.K. (2004). Determinants of demand for Fiji’s exports: An empirical ınvestigation. The Developing Economies, 42(1), 95-112.
  • Negeri, B. G., Xiuguang, B. (2025). Wheat yield gaps and its implications on food security in East Africa: A comprehensive analysis of factors and consequences. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 11(1).
  • Ortiz, R., Sayre, K.D., Govaerts, B., Gupta, R., Subbarao, G.V., Ban, T., Hodson, D., Dixon, J. M., Ortiz-Monasterio, J.I. , Reynolds, M. (2008). Climate change: can wheat beat the heat? Agriculture, ecosystems. Environment, 126(1-2), 46-58.
  • Özdemir, D. (2025). Buğday durum tahmin raporu 2024. T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Tarımsal Ekonomi ve Politika Geliştirme Enstitüsü,410.
  • Pesaran, M.H., Shin Y. (1998). An autoregressive distributed-lag modelling approach to cointegration analysis. Econometric Society Monographs, 31,371-413.
  • Pesaran M.H., Shin Y., Smith,R.J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16, 289-326.
  • Özdoğan, M. (2011). Modeling the impacts of climate change on wheat yields in Northwestern Turkey. Agriculture, Ecosystems , Environment, 141(1), 1-12.
  • Ren, Z., Zhang, H., Li, H., Wu, Q., Huang, Y., Ye, Y., Zhao, Y. (2025). Improving wheat yield, fertilizer use efficiency, and economic benefits through farmer-participation nutrient management. Sustainability, 17(8), 3481.
  • Sharma, K., Sharma, P. (2025). Wheat as a nutritional powerhouse: shaping global food security. IntechOpen, DOI:10.5772/intechopen.1009499.
  • Shikur, Z.H. (2020). Agricultural policies, agricultural production and rural households’ welfare in Ethiopia. Economic Structures, 9, 50.
  • Şengül, S. (2025). Uncovering time-varying drivers of agricultural output in Türkiye: A panel ardl and kalman filter analysis. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, 31(1), 119-132.
  • Şimşek, O., Mermer, A., Yıldız, H., Özaydın, K. (2007). AgroMetShell modeli kullanılarak Türkiye’de buğdayın verim tahmini. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 13(3), 299–308.
  • Tapkı, N., Göz, G. (2025). Buğday üretiminde girdi kullanım durumu: Konya ili Cihanbeyli ilçesi örneği. Wheat Studies, 14(1), 1-10.
  • Tiryakioğlu, M., Demirtaş, B., Tutar, H. (2017). Türkiye’deki buğday veriminin karşılaştırılması: Hatay ve Şanlıurfa illeri örneği. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(1), 56–67.
  • Tita, D., Mahdi, K., Devkota, K.P., Devkota, M. (2025). Climate change and agronomic management: Addressing wheat yield gaps and sustainability challenges in the Mediterranean and MENA regions. Agricultural Systems, 224, 104242.
  • Thomas, R.L. (1988). Introductiory Econometrics: Theory and Applications, Longman Group Inc., New York. Toda, H.Y., Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical ınference in vector autoregressions with possibly ıntegrated processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66, 225-250.
  • Tong, C.L., Hall, C., Wang, H. (2003). Land use change in rice, wheat and maize production in China (1961–1998). Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 95, 523–536.
  • USDA (2023). Grain: world markets and trade. https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/grain.pdf
  • Vigani, M., Cerezo,E.R., Barbero, M.G. (2015). The determinants of wheat yields: The role of sustainable innovation, policies and risks in France and Hungary. JRC Scıence And Polıcy Reports, EUR 27246, DOI:10.2791/470542.
  • World Bank, (n.d.-a). Crop production index (2014–2016 = 100) https://databank.worldbank.org/metadataglossary/world-development-indicators/series/AG.PRD.CROP.XD (Erişim Tarihi: 02.10.2025).
  • Wordlbank, (n.d.-b). Fertilizer consumption (% of fertilizer production) https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.CON.FERT.PT.ZS (Erişim Tarihi: 02.10.2025)
  • Yuan, J., Xu, Y., Zhang, X., (2014), Income growth, energy consumption, and carbon emissions: The caseof China, Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 50(5), 169-181
  • You, L., Rosegrant, M. W., Wood, S., Sun, D. (2009). Impact of growing season temperature on wheat productivity in China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 149(6-7), 1009–1014.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Tarım Ekonomisi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Ülkü Özbay 0000-0003-0183-1247

Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Ekim 2025
Kabul Tarihi 2 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 17 Şubat 2026
IZ https://izlik.org/JA42ZG55TT
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Özbay, Ü. (2026). Türkiye’de Buğday Veriminin Belirleyicileri: Ardl Sınır Testi ve Toda-Yamamoto Nedensellik Testinden Kanıtlar. Wheat Studies, 14(2), 49-59. https://izlik.org/JA42ZG55TT