Geçmişten Günümüze Mûsikîşinâs Ziryab’ın Endülüs Kültür Hayatına ve Avrupa’ya Etkileri

Adnan Adıgüzel; Esra Sinjar

Araştırma Makalesi

Geçmişten Günümüze Mûsikîşinâs Ziryab’ın Endülüs Kültür Hayatına ve Avrupa’ya Etkileri

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 71 - 96, 30.05.2016

Adnan Adıgüzel Esra Sinjar

Öz

Ziryab (Ali b. Nafi), Bağdat’taki ünlü mûsikîşinas İbrâhim el-

Mevsilî’nin öğrencisi ve Abbasi halifesi Mehdi’nin (775-785) azatlı

kölesidir. O, İshak el-Mevsilî tarafından Hârun Reşid’e takdim

edilmiş ve onun huzurunda mükemmel bir performans sergilemiştir.

Ancak onun performansı Mevsilî tarafından kıskanılmış ve

genç müzisyen Bağdat’tan kaçmak zorunda bırakılmıştır.

Ziryab, Bağdat’tan çıktıktan sonra Kuzey Afrika üzerinden

Endülüs’e ulaşmıştır. O, Endülüs’te devlet erkanı tarafından çok

iyi karşılanmış, etkin ve oldukça itibar gören bir kişi olmuştur.

Endülüs’te en üst düzeyde ağırlanan Ziryab, Endülüs Emevi Devleti

emiri II. Abdurrahman’ın (822-852) sarayında baş müzisyen

olarak çalışmıştır. Ziryab’ın Endülüs’teki etkisi sadece mûsikî ile

sınırlı kalmamıştır. O, Endülüs kültür hayatını önemli ölçüde

etkileyecek yenilikler ortaya koymuştur. O, saç stili, moda tasarımı,

gastronomi, astroloji, vb. birçok alanda belirleyici bir kişi

olmuştur. Ziryab, Bağdat’tan gelen biri olarak kültürel anlamda

Endülüs Emevilerinin Abbasilerle rekabetinin bir figürü haline

gelmiştir. Onun etkisi Endülüs’le ve yaşadığı dönemli sınırlı kalmamış,

Batı’da ve Kuzey Afrika’da da önemli bir etki bırakmış,

etkisi günümüze kadar uzanmıştır. Bu makalede Ziryab’ın hayatı,

eğitimi, Endülüs’e geçmesi ve buradaki faaliyetleriyle Batı’ya etkileri

üzerinde durulacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

ziryab, Endülüs, Kurtuba

Kaynakça

Altınöz, Meltem Özkan, (2014). ’19.YY Osmanlı Mimarisi’ndeki Oryantalizmin Kaynağı ve Sirkeci Garı’nın Değerlendirilmesi’, Turkish Studies, Volume 9/10, p., 837-852, Ankara-Turkey.
El-Âmirî, Muhammed Beşîr Hasan Râdî (2015). Et-Tefâulu’l-Hadârî BeyneEhli’l- Endelusi’l-Müslüimîn ve’l-İsbân en-Nasârâ fi’l-Kurûni’l-Vustâ, Dâru’l- Kutubu’l-İlmiyye, Lübnan.
Arslan, Fazlı ve Erkoçoğlu, Fatih (2009). “Endülüs’ün Sanat Güneşi Ziryab (ö. 238/852),” İstem Yıl: 7, No: 14, ss. 261-281.
Brewer, Harry (July 2004). “Historical Perspectives on Health Early Arabic Medicine,” The Journal of The Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, C. CXXIV, No: 4, ss. 184-187
BWW News Desk (May 2014). “Golden Thread to Stage the Fıfth String: Ziryab’s Passage to Cordoba as Part of ‘Islam 101’ Initiative, (Çevrimiçi) http:// www.broadwayworld.com/san-francisco/article/Golden-Thread-to- Stage-THE-FIFTH-STRING-ZIRYABS-PASSAGE-TO-CORDOBA-as-Partof- Islam-101-Initiative, 20140401, (29 Nisan 2015).
Chandler, Mario Andre (1999). Blackness and Racial Otherness In Spanish Literature and History: From The Middle Ages to The Golden Age, A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy, Athens, Georgia,
Chowdhury, Asrar (12 May 2013). “Ziryab: The Blackbird of Al Andalus,” The Daily Star.
Davila Carl (2009 August). “A Misbegotten Biography: Ziryab In The Mediterranean World,” Al Masaq C. XXI, No: 2, Routledge Taylor&Francis Group, ss. 121-136.
Detry, Cleia, Bicho Nuna vd. (2011). “The Emirate of the Egyptian Mongoose (Herpestes İchneumon) in İberia: The Remains From Muge, Portugal,” Journal of Archaeological Science, C. XXXVIII, ss. 3518-3523.
Eburrab, Hani (Şubat 2009). “Ziryab ve Eserahu fi’l-Hayati’l-İctimaiye ve’l- Fenniye fi’l-Endelüs,” Mecelletu Câmiati’l-Kudüs el-Meftuha li’l-Ebhas ve’l- Funûn, No: 15, ss. 263-293.
Editor, (May 16, 1993, Sunday). “Travel/Great Civilisations of the World - Moorish Spain: Where to Go and What to See”, The Independent (London) Section: The Sunday Review Page, s. 61.
Editor (1 Ocak 2006). “The Spanish Menu,” The New York Times.
Editor (18 November 2014). “Ziryab Offers Best Tapas and Wine in Barcelona”, Global English Middle East and North Africa Financial Network, from Library of Congress İnformation Bulletin, C. 55, No: 15, ss. 324-325.
Farmer, Henry George (1913-1936). “İshak al Mawsili” E J Brill’s First Encyclopedia of İslâm, C. I, The Netherlands, ss. 97-98.
Farmer, Henry George (1929). A History of Arabian Music to The XIIIth Century, Burleigh Press, Bristol.
Farmer, Henry George and Neubauer, E. (2014). “ZiryÀb,” Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: S. Bearman and others, Reference: Bogazici University, (Çevrimiçi) http://0referenceworks.brillonline.com.seyhan. library.boun.edu.tr/entries/encyclopaedia-of-İslâm-2/zirya-b-SIM_8172 18 December 2014.
Garaudy, Roger (2014). Endülüs’te İslâm Düşüncenin Başkenti Kurtuba, çev. Cemal Aydın, Türk Edebiyatı Vakfı Yayınları, İstanbul.
Goodwin, Godfrey (28 Mayıs 1989). “A Crucible of Cultures in Andalusia,” The New York Times.
Güler, İrfan (Yaz 2005). “Ziryab: Flâmenko’nun Babası ya da Unutulmuş Bilge Bir Kürdün Hikâyesi,” Serbestî No: 21, ss. 49-54.
Haines, Charles Reqinald (1889). Christianity and Islam In Spain, A. D. 756-1031, Publisher: World Public Library Association, London.
Hichcock, Richard (1995). The “Kharjas”: A Critical Bibliography, No: 1, Grant&Cutler, Valencia.
Hifnî, Mahmûd Ahmed (ty.). Ziryab: Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Nâfi’ Mûsikar el-Endelüs, Daru’l-Mısriyye li’t-Te’lif ve’t-Tercüme, Kahire.
Hilarian, Larry Francis (May, 2005). “The Structure and Development of the Gambus (Malay-Lutes),” The Galpin Society Journal, C. LVIII, Published by: Galpin Society Stable, ss. 66-82.
Houtsma M.T. & T. W. Arnold & vd. (1998). “Ziryab,” Mûcez Daireti Maarifi’lİslâmiye, C. 17, Tahkik: Zeki Hurşid, Ahmed Şentenâvi, vd., Merkez elŞarika li’l-İbdaü’l-Fikri, 1. Baskı, ss. 5254-5256.
Houtsma, M. Th. vd. (ed), (1913-1936). “Ziryāb” Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Print Edition: ISBN:9789004082656,(Çevrimiçi)http://0referenceworks. brillonline.com.seyhan.library.boun.edu.tr/entries/encyclopaedia-ofİslâm1/ zirya-b COM_0219, 18 December 2014.
İbn Dihye el-Kelbî, Ebi’l-Hattab Ömer b. Hasan (1954). El-Mutrîb fi Eş’âri Ehli’l- Mağrib, yay. İbrahim el- Ebyârî vd., Matba el- Emirîye, Kahire.
İbn Haldun (2009). Mukaddime 2, yay. Uludağ Süleyman, Dergâh Yayınları, İstanbul.
İbn Haldun (1991). Mukaddime, çev. Zakir Kadiri Ugan, MEB Yayınları, İstanbul.
İbn Hayyân (1994). el-Muktebes min Enba’ Ehli’l Endülüs, yay. Mahmud Ali Mekki, Vezaret-i Evkaf, Kahire.
İbn Hayyân, Hayyân b. Halef (2003). es-Sifrü Sâni Min Kitâbi’l-Muktebes, yay. Mahmud Ali Mekkî, 1. Baskı, Merkez el-Melik Faysal li’l-Buhus ve’d- Dirâsâti’l-İslâmiyye, Riyad.
İbnu ‘Abdurabbih, Ahmed b. Muhammed (1983). Ikdu’l-Ferid, yay. Abdülmecid Tarhini, C: VII, Daru’l Kütübi’l-İlmiyye, Beyrut.
İbnu’l-Kûtiyye, Ebû Bekir Muhammed b. Ömer (1989). Tarihu İftitâhi’l-Endelüs, yay. İbrahim Ebyari, 2. C., 2. b., Daru’l-Kitâb el-Masri, Kahire.
İbrahim, Hasan (19.12.2006). “Tarih el-İslâm: el- Asr el-Abbasî” el-Meda’s- Sekâfiye, Sayı: 337.
İsfahânî, Ebu’l Ferec Ali b. El-Hüseyin (2008). Kitâb el-Agâni, C. V, 3. b. yay. İhsan Abbas, İbrahim es-S’âfin, Bekir Abbas, Daru’s-Sadr, Beyrut.
Johnson, Virginia W. (2010). America’s Godfather, The Florentine Gentleman, Estes and Lauriat, Boston, 1894.
Kanar, Mehmet (2010). Farsça Türkçe Sözlük, 2. b. Say, İstanbul. Karaelma, Barış, “Endülüs’te Müzik Hayatı Üzerine Bir İnceleme,” İstem, Yıl: 8, No: 15, ss. 29-42.
Kemal, Muhammed (ty.). Ulemâ el- Arab 2 Ziryab, Rabie Publishing House, Halep.
Kugay, Kutay (Summer 2007). “The Way of Kurdish Music,” Sing Out C. LI, No: 2.
Lewis, Paul (10 Mart 2006). “Charting The Lost Innovations of Islam,” The Guardian.

THE MUSICIAN ZİRYAB’S LONG-STANDING EFFECTS ON ANDALUS CULTURE AND EUROPE:

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 71 - 96, 30.05.2016

Adnan Adıgüzel Esra Sinjar

Öz

Ziryab (Ali b. Nafi) was a pupil of

the reputed musician İbrâhim al-Mawsili and the liberated slave

of the Abbasid Caliphate Mahdi (775-785). He was introduced

to Harun al-Rashid by İshak al-Mawsili and displayed a perfect

performance before him. However, al-Mawsili was jealous of his

admired performance, so the musician was forced to flee Baghdad.

After he left Baghdad, Ziryab travelled across North Africa,

reaching Andalus. Well received by the court officials in Andalus,

he became a rather influential and highly respected person.

Cordially welcome by the highest protocol members in Andalus,

Ziryab worked as the top musician in the palace of Amir (governor)

Abdurrahman II (822-852) of Andalus Umayyad Dynasty.

Ziryab’s influence in Andalus was not only restricted to his musical

fame. He brought about innovations which would tremendously

affect the cultural life of Andalus. He was a pioneer in many fields

such as hairstyle, fashion design, gastgronomy, astrology and so

on. As a person coming from Baghdad, Ziryab culturally became

a prominent figure in the Andalus Umayyads’ competition with

Abbassids. He was influential not only in Andalus and during his

lifetime but also in the West, and North Africa, with his influence

surviving nowadays. The present article deals with Ziryab’s life,

education, his passage to Andalus and his activities there as well

as his effects on the West.

Anahtar Kelimeler

ziryab, andalus culture

Kaynakça

Altınöz, Meltem Özkan, (2014). ’19.YY Osmanlı Mimarisi’ndeki Oryantalizmin Kaynağı ve Sirkeci Garı’nın Değerlendirilmesi’, Turkish Studies, Volume 9/10, p., 837-852, Ankara-Turkey.
El-Âmirî, Muhammed Beşîr Hasan Râdî (2015). Et-Tefâulu’l-Hadârî BeyneEhli’l- Endelusi’l-Müslüimîn ve’l-İsbân en-Nasârâ fi’l-Kurûni’l-Vustâ, Dâru’l- Kutubu’l-İlmiyye, Lübnan.
Arslan, Fazlı ve Erkoçoğlu, Fatih (2009). “Endülüs’ün Sanat Güneşi Ziryab (ö. 238/852),” İstem Yıl: 7, No: 14, ss. 261-281.
Brewer, Harry (July 2004). “Historical Perspectives on Health Early Arabic Medicine,” The Journal of The Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, C. CXXIV, No: 4, ss. 184-187
BWW News Desk (May 2014). “Golden Thread to Stage the Fıfth String: Ziryab’s Passage to Cordoba as Part of ‘Islam 101’ Initiative, (Çevrimiçi) http:// www.broadwayworld.com/san-francisco/article/Golden-Thread-to- Stage-THE-FIFTH-STRING-ZIRYABS-PASSAGE-TO-CORDOBA-as-Partof- Islam-101-Initiative, 20140401, (29 Nisan 2015).
Chandler, Mario Andre (1999). Blackness and Racial Otherness In Spanish Literature and History: From The Middle Ages to The Golden Age, A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy, Athens, Georgia,
Chowdhury, Asrar (12 May 2013). “Ziryab: The Blackbird of Al Andalus,” The Daily Star.
Davila Carl (2009 August). “A Misbegotten Biography: Ziryab In The Mediterranean World,” Al Masaq C. XXI, No: 2, Routledge Taylor&Francis Group, ss. 121-136.
Detry, Cleia, Bicho Nuna vd. (2011). “The Emirate of the Egyptian Mongoose (Herpestes İchneumon) in İberia: The Remains From Muge, Portugal,” Journal of Archaeological Science, C. XXXVIII, ss. 3518-3523.
Eburrab, Hani (Şubat 2009). “Ziryab ve Eserahu fi’l-Hayati’l-İctimaiye ve’l- Fenniye fi’l-Endelüs,” Mecelletu Câmiati’l-Kudüs el-Meftuha li’l-Ebhas ve’l- Funûn, No: 15, ss. 263-293.
Editor, (May 16, 1993, Sunday). “Travel/Great Civilisations of the World - Moorish Spain: Where to Go and What to See”, The Independent (London) Section: The Sunday Review Page, s. 61.
Editor (1 Ocak 2006). “The Spanish Menu,” The New York Times.
Editor (18 November 2014). “Ziryab Offers Best Tapas and Wine in Barcelona”, Global English Middle East and North Africa Financial Network, from Library of Congress İnformation Bulletin, C. 55, No: 15, ss. 324-325.
Farmer, Henry George (1913-1936). “İshak al Mawsili” E J Brill’s First Encyclopedia of İslâm, C. I, The Netherlands, ss. 97-98.
Farmer, Henry George (1929). A History of Arabian Music to The XIIIth Century, Burleigh Press, Bristol.
Farmer, Henry George and Neubauer, E. (2014). “ZiryÀb,” Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: S. Bearman and others, Reference: Bogazici University, (Çevrimiçi) http://0referenceworks.brillonline.com.seyhan. library.boun.edu.tr/entries/encyclopaedia-of-İslâm-2/zirya-b-SIM_8172 18 December 2014.
Garaudy, Roger (2014). Endülüs’te İslâm Düşüncenin Başkenti Kurtuba, çev. Cemal Aydın, Türk Edebiyatı Vakfı Yayınları, İstanbul.
Goodwin, Godfrey (28 Mayıs 1989). “A Crucible of Cultures in Andalusia,” The New York Times.
Güler, İrfan (Yaz 2005). “Ziryab: Flâmenko’nun Babası ya da Unutulmuş Bilge Bir Kürdün Hikâyesi,” Serbestî No: 21, ss. 49-54.
Haines, Charles Reqinald (1889). Christianity and Islam In Spain, A. D. 756-1031, Publisher: World Public Library Association, London.
Hichcock, Richard (1995). The “Kharjas”: A Critical Bibliography, No: 1, Grant&Cutler, Valencia.
Hifnî, Mahmûd Ahmed (ty.). Ziryab: Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Nâfi’ Mûsikar el-Endelüs, Daru’l-Mısriyye li’t-Te’lif ve’t-Tercüme, Kahire.
Hilarian, Larry Francis (May, 2005). “The Structure and Development of the Gambus (Malay-Lutes),” The Galpin Society Journal, C. LVIII, Published by: Galpin Society Stable, ss. 66-82.
Houtsma M.T. & T. W. Arnold & vd. (1998). “Ziryab,” Mûcez Daireti Maarifi’lİslâmiye, C. 17, Tahkik: Zeki Hurşid, Ahmed Şentenâvi, vd., Merkez elŞarika li’l-İbdaü’l-Fikri, 1. Baskı, ss. 5254-5256.
Houtsma, M. Th. vd. (ed), (1913-1936). “Ziryāb” Encyclopaedia of Islam, First Print Edition: ISBN:9789004082656,(Çevrimiçi)http://0referenceworks. brillonline.com.seyhan.library.boun.edu.tr/entries/encyclopaedia-ofİslâm1/ zirya-b COM_0219, 18 December 2014.
İbn Dihye el-Kelbî, Ebi’l-Hattab Ömer b. Hasan (1954). El-Mutrîb fi Eş’âri Ehli’l- Mağrib, yay. İbrahim el- Ebyârî vd., Matba el- Emirîye, Kahire.
İbn Haldun (2009). Mukaddime 2, yay. Uludağ Süleyman, Dergâh Yayınları, İstanbul.
İbn Haldun (1991). Mukaddime, çev. Zakir Kadiri Ugan, MEB Yayınları, İstanbul.
İbn Hayyân (1994). el-Muktebes min Enba’ Ehli’l Endülüs, yay. Mahmud Ali Mekki, Vezaret-i Evkaf, Kahire.
İbn Hayyân, Hayyân b. Halef (2003). es-Sifrü Sâni Min Kitâbi’l-Muktebes, yay. Mahmud Ali Mekkî, 1. Baskı, Merkez el-Melik Faysal li’l-Buhus ve’d- Dirâsâti’l-İslâmiyye, Riyad.
İbnu ‘Abdurabbih, Ahmed b. Muhammed (1983). Ikdu’l-Ferid, yay. Abdülmecid Tarhini, C: VII, Daru’l Kütübi’l-İlmiyye, Beyrut.
İbnu’l-Kûtiyye, Ebû Bekir Muhammed b. Ömer (1989). Tarihu İftitâhi’l-Endelüs, yay. İbrahim Ebyari, 2. C., 2. b., Daru’l-Kitâb el-Masri, Kahire.
İbrahim, Hasan (19.12.2006). “Tarih el-İslâm: el- Asr el-Abbasî” el-Meda’s- Sekâfiye, Sayı: 337.
İsfahânî, Ebu’l Ferec Ali b. El-Hüseyin (2008). Kitâb el-Agâni, C. V, 3. b. yay. İhsan Abbas, İbrahim es-S’âfin, Bekir Abbas, Daru’s-Sadr, Beyrut.
Johnson, Virginia W. (2010). America’s Godfather, The Florentine Gentleman, Estes and Lauriat, Boston, 1894.
Kanar, Mehmet (2010). Farsça Türkçe Sözlük, 2. b. Say, İstanbul. Karaelma, Barış, “Endülüs’te Müzik Hayatı Üzerine Bir İnceleme,” İstem, Yıl: 8, No: 15, ss. 29-42.
Kemal, Muhammed (ty.). Ulemâ el- Arab 2 Ziryab, Rabie Publishing House, Halep.
Kugay, Kutay (Summer 2007). “The Way of Kurdish Music,” Sing Out C. LI, No: 2.
Lewis, Paul (10 Mart 2006). “Charting The Lost Innovations of Islam,” The Guardian.

Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Bölüm	Makaleler
Yazarlar	Adnan Adıgüzel Esra Sinjar Bu kişi benim
Yayımlanma Tarihi	30 Mayıs 2016
Gönderilme Tarihi	24 Şubat 2016
Kabul Tarihi	5 Nisan 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2016 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD	Adıgüzel, Adnan - Sinjar, Esra. “Geçmişten Günümüze Mûsikîşinâs Ziryab’ın Endülüs Kültür Hayatına Ve Avrupa’ya Etkileri”. Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi İslam Tetkikleri Merkezi Dergisi 2/1 (Mayıs 2016), 71-96.

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