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Roland Paris’ten Liberal Barış Eleştirilerinin Eleştirisi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 62 - 84, 08.01.2023

Öz

Soğuk Savaş sonrası uluslararası ortamda çatışma yaşayan toplumlara demokrasi, siyasi ve ekonomik liberalizm ile serbest piyasa ekonomisini benimsetmeye çalışan liberal barış inşası birçok sorunu (azgelişmişlik ve kıtlıktan hastalık, çevresel bozulma ve şiddetli çatışmalara kadar geniş bir yelpazedeki sosyal, politik ve ekonomik sorunlar) çözmenin anahtarı olarak görülmüştür. Bu dönemde rekor sayıda ülke seçimler yapmış ve dünyanın önde gelen uluslararası kuruluşlarında liberal hükümet biçimlerine (seçim fikrine, hükümet gücü üzerindeki anayasal sınırlamalara, medeni ve siyasi haklara saygıya) daha açık olan ve bunları destekleyen geniş bir ideolojik kayma gerçekleşmiştir. 1950’ler ve 1960’lardaki modernleşme teorisyenlerine benzer şekilde, 1990'larda barış inşası uygulayıcıları, ‘tüm iyi şeylerin bir arada yürüdüğünü’, demokratikleşme ve piyasalaştırmanın birbirini güçlendirdiğini ve bu süreçler bir kez başlatıldığında, büyük ölçüde kendi kendini devam ettireceklerini düşünmüşlerdir. Ancak son dönemlerde liberal barış inşası önemli eleştirilerin hedefi haline gelmiştir. Bu eleştirilerin çoğu haklı olmakla birlikte, bazı bilim insanları ve yorumcular, liberal barış inşasının ya temelde yıkıcı ya da meşruiyetten yoksun ya da hem yıkıcı hem de meşruiyetten yoksun olduğu görüşündedir. Bununla birlikte, Paris’e (2010) göre yakından analiz edildiğinde, bu eleştirilerin çoğunun yanlış yönlendirildiği ve abartılı olduğu görülmektedir. Barış inşasının geleceğinin belirsiz olduğu bir zamanda, haklı ve haksız eleştiriler arasında ayrım yapmak ve liberalizmin anlamı, eksiklikleri ve beklentileri hakkında daha fazla tartışmayı teşvik etmek önem taşımaktadır. Bu çerçevede bu çalışma, Paris’in ‘Saving Liberal Peacebuilding’ adlı çalışmasından yola çıkarak liberal barış inşasına yönelik eleştirilere daha yakından bakma ve Paris’in gözünden bu eleştirilere cevap verme amacı taşımaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Aldrich, R. (1996). Greater France: A history of French overseas expansion (1. publ). St. Martin’s Press.
  • Bain, W. (2006). In praise of folly: International administration and the corruption of humanity. International Affairs, 82(3), 525-538. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2006.00549.x
  • Barnett, M. (2006). Building a Republican Peace: Stabilizing States after War. International Security, 30(4), 87-112. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec.2006.30.4.87
  • Campbell, S., Chandler, D., & Sabaratnam, M. (Ed.). (2011). A liberal peace?: The problems and practices of peacebuilding.
  • Chandler, D. (2000). Bosnia: Faking democracy after Dayton (2nd ed). Pluto Press.
  • Chandler, D. (2006). Empire in denial: The politics of state-building. Pluto.
  • Chandler, D. (2008). Whose peace? Critical perspectives on the political economy of peacebuilding (M. C. Pugh, N. Cooper, & M. Turner, Ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Crawford, N. (2002). Argument and change in world politics: Ethics, decolonization, and humanitarian intervention. Cambridge University Press.
  • Duffield, M. (2007a). Development, security and unending war: Governing the world of peoples. Polity Press.
  • Duffield, M. (2007b). Development, Territories, and People: Consolidating the External Sovereign Frontier. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 32(2), 225-246. https://doi.org/10.1177/030437540703200204
  • Fukuyama, F. (2004). State-building: Governance and world order in the 21st century. Cornell University Press.
  • Galtung, J. (1976). Three Approaches to Peace: Peacekeeping, Peacemaking and Peacebuilding. In Peace, War and Defense: Essays in Peace Research II (pp. 292-304). Copenhagen: Christian Elders.
  • Hellmüller, S. (2013). The Power of Perceptions: Localizing International Peacebuilding Approaches. International Peacekeeping, 20(2), 219-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2013.791570
  • Hyam, R. (1997). Britain’s imperial century, 1815 - 1914: A study of empire and expansion (2. ed., publ. in Great Britain, 1993, 5. [Repr.]). Macmillan.
  • Jahn, B. (2007). The Tragedy of Liberal Diplomacy: Democratization, Intervention, Statebuilding (Part I). Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 1(1), 87-106. https://doi.org/10.1080/17502970601075931
  • Kaldor, M. (2012). New and old wars (Third edition). Polity.
  • Lederach, J. P. (1997). Building peace: Sustainable reconciliation in divided societies. United States Institute of Peace Press.
  • Leonardsson, H., & Rudd, G. (2015). The ‘local turn’ in peacebuilding: A literature review of effective and emancipatory local peacebuilding. Third World Quarterly, 36(5), 825-839. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1029905
  • Mac Ginty, R. (2010). Hybrid Peace: The Interaction Between Top-Down and Bottom-Up Peace. Security Dialogue, 41(4), 391-412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010610374312
  • Mathieu, X. (2019). Critical peacebuilding and the dilemma of difference: The stigma of the ‘local’ and the quest for equality. Third World Quarterly, 40(1), 36-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2018.1538732
  • Newman, E., Paris, R., Richmond, O. P., & United Nations University (Ed.). (2009). New perspectives on liberal peacebuilding. United Nations Univ. Press.
  • Paris, R. (1997). Peacebuilding and the Limits of Liberal Internationalism. International Security, 22(2), 54-89. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec.22.2.54
  • Paris, R. (2004). At war’s end: Building peace after civil conflict. Cambridge Univ. Press.
  • Paris, R. (2010). Saving liberal peacebuilding. Review of International Studies, 36(2), 337-365. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210510000057
  • Paris, R. (2011). A liberal peace?: The problems and practices of peacebuilding (S. Campbell, D. Chandler, & M. Sabaratnam, Ed.).
  • Paris, R., & Sisk, T. D. (Ed.). (2010). The dilemmas of statebuilding: Confronting the contradictions of postwar peace operations (Reprinted). Routledge.
  • Pugh, M. C. (2005). The political economy of peacebuilding: A critical theory perspective. https://bradscholars.brad.ac.uk/handle/10454/4181
  • Randazzo, E. (2017). Beyond Liberal Peacebuilding: A Critical Exploration of the Local Turn (1. bs). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315617688
  • Richmond, O. P. (2006). The problem of peace: Understanding the ‘liberal peace’. Conflict, Security & Development, 6(3), 291-314. https://doi.org/10.1080/14678800600933480

Critique from Roland Paris to the Criticisms of Liberal Peace

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 62 - 84, 08.01.2023

Öz

Liberal peacebuilding, which tries to impose democracy, political and economic liberalism and free market economy in the conflict societies in the post-Cold War international environment, was seen as the key to solving many problems (a wide range of social, political and economic problems from underdevelopment and famine to disease, environmental degradation and violent conflict). A record number of countries held elections during this period, and there was a broad ideological shift in the world’s leading international organizations that were more open to and supportive of liberal forms of government (the idea of election, constitutional limitations on government power, respect for civil and political rights). Similar to the modernization theorists of the 1950s and 1960s, peacebuilding practitioners in the 1990s thought that ‘all good things go together’, that democratization and marketization reinforce each other, and that these processes, once initiated, are largely self-sustaining. However, liberal peacebuilding has recently become the target of significant criticisms. While much of this criticisms are justified, some scholars and commentators view liberal peacebuilding as either fundamentally destructive or illegitimate, or both destructive and illegitimate. However, when analyzed closely according to Paris (2010), many of these criticisms appear to be misguided and exaggerated. At a time when the future of peacebuilding is uncertain, it is important to distinguish between just and unjust critiques and to encourage further discussion about the meaning, shortcomings and prospects of liberalism. In this context, this study aims to take a closer look at the criticisms of liberal peacebuilding based on Paris’s “Saving Liberal Peacebuilding” and to respond to these criticisms from the perspective of Paris.

Kaynakça

  • Aldrich, R. (1996). Greater France: A history of French overseas expansion (1. publ). St. Martin’s Press.
  • Bain, W. (2006). In praise of folly: International administration and the corruption of humanity. International Affairs, 82(3), 525-538. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2006.00549.x
  • Barnett, M. (2006). Building a Republican Peace: Stabilizing States after War. International Security, 30(4), 87-112. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec.2006.30.4.87
  • Campbell, S., Chandler, D., & Sabaratnam, M. (Ed.). (2011). A liberal peace?: The problems and practices of peacebuilding.
  • Chandler, D. (2000). Bosnia: Faking democracy after Dayton (2nd ed). Pluto Press.
  • Chandler, D. (2006). Empire in denial: The politics of state-building. Pluto.
  • Chandler, D. (2008). Whose peace? Critical perspectives on the political economy of peacebuilding (M. C. Pugh, N. Cooper, & M. Turner, Ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Crawford, N. (2002). Argument and change in world politics: Ethics, decolonization, and humanitarian intervention. Cambridge University Press.
  • Duffield, M. (2007a). Development, security and unending war: Governing the world of peoples. Polity Press.
  • Duffield, M. (2007b). Development, Territories, and People: Consolidating the External Sovereign Frontier. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 32(2), 225-246. https://doi.org/10.1177/030437540703200204
  • Fukuyama, F. (2004). State-building: Governance and world order in the 21st century. Cornell University Press.
  • Galtung, J. (1976). Three Approaches to Peace: Peacekeeping, Peacemaking and Peacebuilding. In Peace, War and Defense: Essays in Peace Research II (pp. 292-304). Copenhagen: Christian Elders.
  • Hellmüller, S. (2013). The Power of Perceptions: Localizing International Peacebuilding Approaches. International Peacekeeping, 20(2), 219-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2013.791570
  • Hyam, R. (1997). Britain’s imperial century, 1815 - 1914: A study of empire and expansion (2. ed., publ. in Great Britain, 1993, 5. [Repr.]). Macmillan.
  • Jahn, B. (2007). The Tragedy of Liberal Diplomacy: Democratization, Intervention, Statebuilding (Part I). Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, 1(1), 87-106. https://doi.org/10.1080/17502970601075931
  • Kaldor, M. (2012). New and old wars (Third edition). Polity.
  • Lederach, J. P. (1997). Building peace: Sustainable reconciliation in divided societies. United States Institute of Peace Press.
  • Leonardsson, H., & Rudd, G. (2015). The ‘local turn’ in peacebuilding: A literature review of effective and emancipatory local peacebuilding. Third World Quarterly, 36(5), 825-839. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1029905
  • Mac Ginty, R. (2010). Hybrid Peace: The Interaction Between Top-Down and Bottom-Up Peace. Security Dialogue, 41(4), 391-412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010610374312
  • Mathieu, X. (2019). Critical peacebuilding and the dilemma of difference: The stigma of the ‘local’ and the quest for equality. Third World Quarterly, 40(1), 36-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2018.1538732
  • Newman, E., Paris, R., Richmond, O. P., & United Nations University (Ed.). (2009). New perspectives on liberal peacebuilding. United Nations Univ. Press.
  • Paris, R. (1997). Peacebuilding and the Limits of Liberal Internationalism. International Security, 22(2), 54-89. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec.22.2.54
  • Paris, R. (2004). At war’s end: Building peace after civil conflict. Cambridge Univ. Press.
  • Paris, R. (2010). Saving liberal peacebuilding. Review of International Studies, 36(2), 337-365. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210510000057
  • Paris, R. (2011). A liberal peace?: The problems and practices of peacebuilding (S. Campbell, D. Chandler, & M. Sabaratnam, Ed.).
  • Paris, R., & Sisk, T. D. (Ed.). (2010). The dilemmas of statebuilding: Confronting the contradictions of postwar peace operations (Reprinted). Routledge.
  • Pugh, M. C. (2005). The political economy of peacebuilding: A critical theory perspective. https://bradscholars.brad.ac.uk/handle/10454/4181
  • Randazzo, E. (2017). Beyond Liberal Peacebuilding: A Critical Exploration of the Local Turn (1. bs). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315617688
  • Richmond, O. P. (2006). The problem of peace: Understanding the ‘liberal peace’. Conflict, Security & Development, 6(3), 291-314. https://doi.org/10.1080/14678800600933480
Toplam 29 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Kültürel çalışmalar, Göç, Etnisite ve Çok Kültürlülük Sosyolojisi, Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Pınar Karzaoğlu 0000-0003-3680-4505

Yayımlanma Tarihi 8 Ocak 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Karzaoğlu, P. (2023). Roland Paris’ten Liberal Barış Eleştirilerinin Eleştirisi. Barış Araştırmaları Ve Çatışma Çözümleri Dergisi, 11(1), 62-84.