Understanding The Factors That Shaped The Negative Image Of Turks In Europe And Its Effects On Turkey’s EU Membership

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 7, - , 10.03.2014

Serpil Öztürk

https://doi.org/10.17828/yasbed.72103

Öz

The prospect of Turkey’s entry into EU has triggered intense identity-based discussions.The evaluation of Turkey’s possible membership within the context of its distinctivecharacter has generated strong antagonism in European countries especially in those whoshare large Turkish populations. This antagonism is rooted in the negative image of Turks,which has shaped the European’s opinions about Turks. There are intertwined factors thatplayed essential role: The historical image of the Turks together with the widespread beliefregarding Turkish migrant’s integration ‘failures’ reflects the negative image of the Turksin the mind of Europeans. The common attitudes of the Turkish communities towardssome values that European identity based on such as gender equality have shaped theEuropeans opinions which is increasingly concerned with the issue. Turkish community’sapproach thus stimulates the fears of Europeans regarding Turkey’s entry, which in turndecrease in support for Turkey

Kaynakça

• - AKÇURA, Y. (2011). Üç Tarz-ı Siyaset (Three Policies). Ankara: Kilit Yayınları. - AVCI, G. and Kirisci, K. (2006). ‘Turkey’s Immigration and Emigration Dilemmas At the Gate of the European Union’. Conference on Migration and Development Challenges: Perspectives from the South 10-13 July 2006. Italy: Bellagio. - BARYSCH, K. (2007). ‘What Europeans Think about Turkey and Why’, Centre for European Reform, http://www.cer.org.uk/publications/archive/essay/2007/what-europeans-think-aboutturkey-and-why. 10.01.2012 - BISAHA, N. (2004). Creating East and West, Renaissance Humanists and the Ottoman Turks, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. - CAKIRERK, R. and West, J. (2009). The socio- Economic Position of the Turkish Community in Belgium: The Challenge of Integration Talip Kucukcan and Veyis Gungor (ed.). Turks in Europe Culture, Identity, Integration inside, (p.65-78). Turkevi Research Centre. - DERINGIL, S. (2007). ‘The Turks and ‘Europe’: The Argument from History’, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.43, No.5, 709-723. - GÜNAY, C. (2007). Conditionality, Impact and Prejudice in EU- Turkey Relations: A View from Austria, Nathalie Tocci (ed.). Conditionality, Impact and Prejudice in EU- Turkey Relations inside, (p.46-57). IAI- TEPAV Report - GUVENC, B. (1997). ‘Secular Trends and Turkish Identity’, (Online Version). Journal of International Affairs, Vol.2, No.4. - HAYNES, J. (2010). ‘Politics, Identity and Religious Nationalism in Turkey: From Atatürk to the AKP’, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol.64, No.3, 312-327. - HUNTINGTON, S. P. (2002). The Clash of Civilizations And The Remaking of World Order, UK: The Free Press. - INAC, H. (2004). ‘Identity Problems of Turkey during the European Union Integration Process’, Journal of Economic and Social Research, 6 (2), 33-62. - KAYA, A. (2011). ‘Euro- Turks as a Force in EU- Turkey Relations’, South European Society and Politics, Vol.16, No.3, 499-512. - KOC, G. (2009), Turks in Austria and Germany: Stereotypes and Xenophobia Talip Kucukcan and Veyis Gungor (ed.). Turks in Europe Culture, Identity, Integration inside, (p. 103-127). Turkevi Research Center. - KONDA Public Poll (http://www.konda.com.tr/en/). - LİVANELİ, Z. (2006). Honor Killings and Violence against Women in Turkey, Turkish Cultural Foundation. http://www.turkishculture.org/lifestyles/turkish-culture-portal/thewomen/honorkillings-426.htm, 25.04.2012. - LOVELL, D. (2011). ‘Turkey in Europe: Record, Challenges and the Future’, Insight Turkey, Vol.13, No.3, 173-190. - MÜFTÜLER- BAC, M. (2000). ‘Through the Looking Glass: Turkey in Europe’, Turkish Studies, Vol.1, No.1, 21-35. - OECD Statistics (http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx). - PALABIYIK, M. S. (2005). Contributions of the Ottoman Empire to the Construction of Modern Europe, Yayınlanmamış Master Tezi, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey. - Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs (http://www.mfa.gov.tr/the-expatriate-turkishcitizens.en.mfa). - ‘Religion loves tolerance… ‘(2009, 17 November). Hürriyet Daily News. - ROBERTS, T. and Şahin, M. (2010). ‘Construction of National Identities in Early Republics: A Comparison of the American and Turkish Cases’, The Journal of the Historical Society, Vol.10, Issue 4, 507-531. - SAZ, G. (2011). ‘Turkophobia and Rising Islamophobia in Europe: A Quantification For the Negative Spillovers on the EU Membership Quest of Turkey’, European Journal of Social Sciences, Vol.19, No.4, 479-491. - SCIOLINO, E. (2002, 9 November). ‘Ex- French President Snubs...’ The New York Times. - SEGARS, A. (2003). Nation Building in Turkey and Uzbekistan: the use of language and history in the creation of national identity, Tom Everett- Heath (ed.). Central Asia: Aspects of Transition inside, (p.80-106). London: Routledge-Curzon Publication. - SOBECKI, N. (2010, 20 February). ‘Turkey’s Shocking Domestic… ’ GlobalPost. - STELZENMULLER, C. (2007). Turkey’s EU Bid: A View from Germany Nathalie Tocci (ed.). Conditionality, Impact and Prejudice in EU- Turkey Relations inside, (p. 106-118). IAI-TEPAV Report. - STEUNENBERG, B. et al. (2011). ‘Between Reason and Emotion: Popular Discourses on Turkey’s Membership of the EU’, South European Society and Politics, Vol.16, No.3, 449-468. - SUĞANLI, M. (2003). Almanya’da Yaşayan ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Merkez Bankası’nda Hesabı Bulunan Türklerin Sosyo- Ekonomik Yapısı ve İşçi Dövizleri. Uzmanlık Yeterlilik Tezi. Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası İşçi Dövizleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, Turkey. - TEKİN, B. Ç. (2008). ‘The Construction of Turkey’s Possible EU Membership in French French Political Discourse’, Discourse Society, Vol.19 (6), 727-763. - TEKİN, A. (2005). ‘Future of Turkey- EU Relations: A Civilisational Discourse’, Futures, Vol.37, Issue. 4, 287-302. - TOMENENDAL, K. (2009). ‘Öteki’ Olarak Kimlik ya da Batı Gözüyle Türk İmgesi Gönül Pultar (ed.). Kimlikler Lütfen Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nde Kültürel Kimlik Arayışı ve Temsili inside, (p.373383). Ankara: ODTÜ Publications. - TWIGG, S. et al. (2005). ‘Turks in Europe: Why Are We Afraid?’ UK: Foreign Policy Centre. - UÇAK, H. (2011). ‘Turkey’s Population Dynamics as a Candidate Country for EU Membership’, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Vol.1, No.4, 180-198. - VERNEY, S. (2007). ‘National Identity and Political Change on Turkey’s road to EU membership’, Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans Online, Vol.9, No.3, 213-221.
• - AKÇURA, Y. (2011). Üç Tarz-ı Siyaset (Three Policies). Ankara: Kilit Yayınları. - AVCI, G. and Kirisci, K. (2006). ‘Turkey’s Immigration and Emigration Dilemmas At the Gate of the European Union’. Conference on Migration and Development Challenges: Perspectives from the South 10-13 July 2006. Italy: Bellagio. - BARYSCH, K. (2007). ‘What Europeans Think about Turkey and Why’, Centre for European Reform, http://www.cer.org.uk/publications/archive/essay/2007/what-europeans-think-aboutturkey-and-why. 10.01.2012 - BISAHA, N. (2004). Creating East and West, Renaissance Humanists and the Ottoman Turks, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. - CAKIRERK, R. and West, J. (2009). The socio- Economic Position of the Turkish Community in Belgium: The Challenge of Integration Talip Kucukcan and Veyis Gungor (ed.). Turks in Europe Culture, Identity, Integration inside, (p.65-78). Turkevi Research Centre. - DERINGIL, S. (2007). ‘The Turks and ‘Europe’: The Argument from History’, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.43, No.5, 709-723. - GÜNAY, C. (2007). Conditionality, Impact and Prejudice in EU- Turkey Relations: A View from Austria, Nathalie Tocci (ed.). Conditionality, Impact and Prejudice in EU- Turkey Relations inside, (p.46-57). IAI- TEPAV Report - GUVENC, B. (1997). ‘Secular Trends and Turkish Identity’, (Online Version). Journal of International Affairs, Vol.2, No.4. - HAYNES, J. (2010). ‘Politics, Identity and Religious Nationalism in Turkey: From Atatürk to the AKP’, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol.64, No.3, 312-327. - HUNTINGTON, S. P. (2002). The Clash of Civilizations And The Remaking of World Order, UK: The Free Press. - INAC, H. (2004). ‘Identity Problems of Turkey during the European Union Integration Process’, Journal of Economic and Social Research, 6 (2), 33-62. - KAYA, A. (2011). ‘Euro- Turks as a Force in EU- Turkey Relations’, South European Society and Politics, Vol.16, No.3, 499-512. - KOC, G. (2009), Turks in Austria and Germany: Stereotypes and Xenophobia Talip Kucukcan and Veyis Gungor (ed.). Turks in Europe Culture, Identity, Integration inside, (p. 103-127). Turkevi Research Center. - KONDA Public Poll (http://www.konda.com.tr/en/). - LİVANELİ, Z. (2006). Honor Killings and Violence against Women in Turkey, Turkish Cultural Foundation. http://www.turkishculture.org/lifestyles/turkish-culture-portal/thewomen/honorkillings-426.htm, 25.04.2012. - LOVELL, D. (2011). ‘Turkey in Europe: Record, Challenges and the Future’, Insight Turkey, Vol.13, No.3, 173-190. - MÜFTÜLER- BAC, M. (2000). ‘Through the Looking Glass: Turkey in Europe’, Turkish Studies, Vol.1, No.1, 21-35. - OECD Statistics (http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx). - PALABIYIK, M. S. (2005). Contributions of the Ottoman Empire to the Construction of Modern Europe, Yayınlanmamış Master Tezi, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey. - Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs (http://www.mfa.gov.tr/the-expatriate-turkishcitizens.en.mfa). - ‘Religion loves tolerance… ‘(2009, 17 November). Hürriyet Daily News. - ROBERTS, T. and Şahin, M. (2010). ‘Construction of National Identities in Early Republics: A Comparison of the American and Turkish Cases’, The Journal of the Historical Society, Vol.10, Issue 4, 507-531. - SAZ, G. (2011). ‘Turkophobia and Rising Islamophobia in Europe: A Quantification For the Negative Spillovers on the EU Membership Quest of Turkey’, European Journal of Social Sciences, Vol.19, No.4, 479-491. - SCIOLINO, E. (2002, 9 November). ‘Ex- French President Snubs...’ The New York Times. - SEGARS, A. (2003). Nation Building in Turkey and Uzbekistan: the use of language and history in the creation of national identity, Tom Everett- Heath (ed.). Central Asia: Aspects of Transition inside, (p.80-106). London: Routledge-Curzon Publication. - SOBECKI, N. (2010, 20 February). ‘Turkey’s Shocking Domestic… ’ GlobalPost. - STELZENMULLER, C. (2007). Turkey’s EU Bid: A View from Germany Nathalie Tocci (ed.). Conditionality, Impact and Prejudice in EU- Turkey Relations inside, (p. 106-118). IAI-TEPAV Report. - STEUNENBERG, B. et al. (2011). ‘Between Reason and Emotion: Popular Discourses on Turkey’s Membership of the EU’, South European Society and Politics, Vol.16, No.3, 449-468. - SUĞANLI, M. (2003). Almanya’da Yaşayan ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Merkez Bankası’nda Hesabı Bulunan Türklerin Sosyo- Ekonomik Yapısı ve İşçi Dövizleri. Uzmanlık Yeterlilik Tezi. Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası İşçi Dövizleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, Turkey. - TEKİN, B. Ç. (2008). ‘The Construction of Turkey’s Possible EU Membership in French French Political Discourse’, Discourse Society, Vol.19 (6), 727-763. - TEKİN, A. (2005). ‘Future of Turkey- EU Relations: A Civilisational Discourse’, Futures, Vol.37, Issue. 4, 287-302. - TOMENENDAL, K. (2009). ‘Öteki’ Olarak Kimlik ya da Batı Gözüyle Türk İmgesi Gönül Pultar (ed.). Kimlikler Lütfen Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nde Kültürel Kimlik Arayışı ve Temsili inside, (p.373383). Ankara: ODTÜ Publications. - TWIGG, S. et al. (2005). ‘Turks in Europe: Why Are We Afraid?’ UK: Foreign Policy Centre. - UÇAK, H. (2011). ‘Turkey’s Population Dynamics as a Candidate Country for EU Membership’, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Vol.1, No.4, 180-198. - VERNEY, S. (2007). ‘National Identity and Political Change on Turkey’s road to EU membership’, Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans Online, Vol.9, No.3, 213-221.