Examination of Genital Hygiene, Quality of Life, and Urinary Incontinence Awareness in Menopausal Women After the Earthquake

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1, 32 - 42, 30.06.2024

Gokce Yagmur Gunes Gencer , İpek Göktaş , Büşra Yıldırım Uz

https://doi.org/10.46414/yasad.1436396

Öz

This descriptive study was conducted to examine the genital hygiene, quality of life, and urinary incon-tinence awareness of post-menopausal women aged 55 and older living in the earthquake region after the disaster. The study was carried out between 07.07.2023 and 20.01.2024, with the participation of women who were 55 years old or older, lived in the Arsuz District of Hatay City, and met the inclusion criteria. Socio-demographic data form, Urinary Incontinence Awareness and Attitude Scale, The Utian Quality of Life Scale, and Genital Hygiene Behaviour Scale were used to evaluate the participants in the study. The average age of the participants in the study was 64.05± 8.04. 55% of the participants were illiterate, and 42% were primary school graduates. 55% of the participants were diagnosed with incon-tinence before the disaster, and 31 participants (%9.68) stated that the frequency of incontinence increased after the disaster. In the study, it was revealed that participants had lower quality of life due to the disaster (X̄±SS=64.41±10.06). Additionally, they were aware of urinary incontinence as a health problem (X̄±SS=35.76±4.10) and experienced fear of urinary leakage due to incontinence (X̄±SS=10.76±2.95). In addition, in the urinary incontinence awareness assessment, it was shown that the participants had high health motivation regarding urinary incontinence, which they perceived as a health problem. However, some participants have reported an increase in urinary incontinence follow-ing the earthquake. This situation especially suggests that post-earthquake living conditions may negatively affect hygiene practices and reduce the quality of life by causing health problems. Therefore, the hygiene and health problems experienced by women in disaster situations need to be considered.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Menopause, Earthquake, Genital hygiene, Quality of life, Urinary incontinence

Menopozlu Kadınlarda Deprem Sonrası Genital Hijyen, Yaşam Kalitesi ve Üriner İnkontinans Farkındalığının İncelenmesi

Öz

Tanımlayıcı tipteki bu çalışma afet sonrası deprem bölgesinde yaşayan postmenopozal dönemdeki 55 yaş ve üzeri kadınların genital hijyen, yaşam kalitesi ve üriner inkontinans farkındalığının incelenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışma 07.07.2023-20.01.2024 tarihleri arasında, Hatay iline bağlı Arsuz ilçesinde ikamet eden 55 yaş ve üzeri menopoza girmiş, dahil edilme kriterlerine uyan kadınlar ile gerçekleştirildi. Çalışmada katılımcıların değerlendirilmesinde sosyodemografik veri formu, Üriner İnkontinans Far-kındalık ve Tutum Ölçeği, Utian Yaşam Kalitesi Ölçeği ve Genital Hijyen Davranışları Ölçeği kullanıldı. Çalışmadaki katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 64,05± 8,04 idi. Katılımcıların %55’i okuma yazma bilmiyor-du ve %42’si ilkokul mezunuydu. Katılımcılardan %55’i afet öncesi inkontinans tanısı almıştı ve 31 (%9,68) katılımcı afetten sonra inkontinans sıklığının arttığını ifade etti. Çalışmada, katılımcıların yaşam kalitelerinin afet nedeniyle daha düşük düzeyde olduğu (X̄±SS=64,41±10,06), üriner inkonti-nansın bir sağlık problemi olarak farkında oldukları (X̄±SS=35,76±4,10) ve inkontinansa bağlı idrar kaçırma korkusu yaşadıkları (X̄±SS=10,76±2,95) bulundu. Ayrıca üriner inkontinans farkındalık değerlendirmesinde katılımcıların bir sağlık problemi olarak algıladıkları üriner inkontinans konusun-da sağlık motivasyonlarının yüksek olduğu gösterilmiştir. Ancak, bazı katılımcılar deprem sonrası üriner inkontinanslarında artış yaşadıklarını belirtmiştir. Bu durum özellikle, deprem sonrası yaşam koşullarının hijyen uygulamalarını olumsuz etkileyebileceği ve sağlık sorunlarına neden olarak bireyle-rin yaşam kalitesini düşürebileceğini düşündürmektedir. Bu nedenle afet durumlarında kadınların yaşadığı hijyen ve sağlık sorunlarının dikkate alınması gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

menopoz, deprem, genital hijyen, yaşam kalitesi, üriner inkontinans farkındalığı

Kaynakça

• Abay, H., & Kaplan, S. (2015). Menopozal dönem yaşam kalitesini nasıl etkiliyor? Ankara Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(1), 1-24.
• Abay, H., & Kaplan, S. (2016). Validation and reliability of the Turkish Utian Quality-of-Life Scale in postmenopausal women. Menopause, 23(4), 425-432.
• Aktas, D., Şahin, E., & İlknur, M. G. (2012). Kadın sağlığını etkileyen, sık görülen bazı jinekolojik problemler ve hemşirelik yaklaşımları. Ankara Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), 37-53.
• Aktaş, D., Şahin, E., & Terzioğlu, F. (2013). Kadın sağlığı açısından yaşlılık ve yaşam kalitesi. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(1), 65-71.
• Anwar, J., Mpofu, E., Matthews, L. R., Shadoul, A. F., & Brock, K. E. (2011). Reproductive health and access to healthcare facilities: risk factors for depression and anxiety in women with an earthquake experience. BMC public health, 11(1), 1-13.
• Atalay, E., & Dinç, A. (2020). War and social gender: Examining social gender-based attitudes of syrian refugee women and their effect on women's health. Journal of International Social Research, 13(73).
• Aydın Avcı, İ., Yıldırım Öz, Ö., & Çelik Eren, D. (2022). Urinary Incontinence Awareness and Attitude Scale (URINAS): a reliability and validity study. Journal of Wound Ostomy & Continence Nursing, 49(6), 551-557.
• Bonanno, G. A., Brewin, C. R., Kaniasty, K., & Greca, A. M. L. (2010). Weighing the costs of disaster: Consequences, risks, and resilience in individuals, families, and communities. Psychological science in the public interest, 11(1), 1-49.
• Budhathoki, S. S., Bhattachan, M., Castro-Sánchez, E., Sagtani, R. A., Rayamajhi, R. B., Rai, P., & Sharma, G. (2018). Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal. BMC women's health, 18(1), 1-8.
• Dişsiz, M., Mamuk, R. (2023). The effect of the menopause period on women's quality of life. Fourth International Conference Health care a contribution to the quality of life. (s. 137-143). 9-10 Haziran, Varna.
• Dong, X., Qu, Z., Liu, F., Jiang, X., Wang, Y., Chui, C. H. K., Wang, X., Tian, D., & Zhang, X. (2013). Depression and its risk factors among pregnant women in 2008 Sichuan earthquake area and non-earthquake struck area in China. Journal of affective disorders, 151(2), 566-572.
• El Hajj, A., Wardy, N., Haidar, S., Bourgi, D., Haddad, M. E., Chammas, D. E., El Osta, N., Rabbaa Khabbaz, L., & Papazian, T. (2020). Menopausal symptoms, physical activity level and quality of life of women living in the Mediterranean region. PloS one, 15(3), e0230515.
• Elenskaia, K., Haidvogel, K., Heidinger, C., Doerfler, D., Umek, W., & Hanzal, E. (2011). The greatest taboo: urinary incontinence as a source of shame and embarrassment. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 123.
• Enarson, E., & Morrow, B. H. (2012). A gendered perspective: The voices of women. In Hurricane Andrew (pp. 116-140). Routledge.
• Faubion, S. S., Kingsberg, S. A., Clark, A. L., Kaunitz, A. M., Spadt, S. K., Larkin, L. C., Mitchell, C. M., Shifren, J. L., Simon, J. A., & McClung, M. R. (2020). The 2020 genitourinary syndrome of menopause position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause, 27(9), 976-992.
• Fisher, S. (2010). Violence against women and natural disasters: findings from posttsunami Sri Lanka. Violence against women, 16(8), 902-918.
• Gerdin, M., Clarke, M., Allen, C., Kayabu, B., Summerskill, W., Devane, D., MacLachlan, M., Spiegel, P., Ghosh, A., & Zachariah, R. (2014). Optimal evidence in difficult settings: improving health interventions and decision making in disasters. PLoS medicine, 11(4), e1001632.
• GHanizadeH, G., Heidari, M., Seifi, B., Jafari, H., & PakJouei, S. (2017). The effect of climate change on cardiopulmonary disease a systematic review. Journal of Clinical & Diagnostic Research, 11(12), 1-4.
• Gözüyeşil, E. (2020). Investigation of genital hygiene behavior: An example of slum area. Ortadoğu Tıp Dergisi, 12(2), 186-193.
• Haylen, B., De Ridder, D., Freeman, R., Swift, S., Berghmans, B., Lee, J., Monga, A., Petri, E., Rizk, D., & Sand, P. (2012). An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic floor dysfunction. Journal of the Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Womens Health, 110, 33.
• Jafari, M., Seifi, B., & Heidari, M. (2017). Risk assessment: factors contributing to discomfort for menopausal women in workplace. Journal of menopausal medicine, 23(2), 85-90.
• Javanmardifard, S., Gheibizadeh, M., Shirazi, F., Zarea, K., & Ghodsbin, F. (2022). Experiences of urinary incontinence management in older women: A qualitative study. Frontiers in public health, 9, 738202.
• Karahan, N. (2017). Genital Hijyen davranışları ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik güvenirlik çalışması. İstanbul Medical Journal, 18(3), 157-162.
• Khankeh, H. R., Ahmadi, S., Sahaf, R., Dalvandi, A., & Hosseini, S. A. (2020). Life changes of the elderly after earthquake: A qualitative study in Iran. Health in emergencies and disasters quarterly, 6(1), 9-16.
• Kohan, S., Yarmohammadian, M. H., Bahmanjanbeh, F., & Haghshenas, A. (2016). Consequences of earthquake (August 2012) on Iranian women's reproductive health: A qualitative study. Acta Medica Mediterranea.
• Liang, Y., & Cao, R. (2014). Is the health status of female victims poorer than males in the postdisaster reconstruction in China: a comparative study of data on male victims in the first survey and double tracking survey data. BMC women's health, 14(1), 1-15.
• Liang, Y., Zeng, H., Liu, Y.-g., Xu, A.-m., & Liu, W.-h. (2021). Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder after earthquakes among the elderly in China: A metaanalysis. World journal of emergency medicine, 12(2), 137. Lukacz, E. S., Santiago-Lastra, Y., Albo, M. E., & Brubaker, L. (2017). Urinary incontinence in women: a review. Jama, 318(16), 1592-1604.
• McFarlane, A. C., & Williams, R. (2012). Mental health services required after disasters: Learning from the lasting effects of disasters. Depression research and treatment, 2012, 1-13.
• Mostafaei, H., Sadeghi‐Bazargani, H., Hajebrahimi, S., Salehi‐Pourmehr, H., Ghojazadeh, M., Onur, R., Al Mousa, R. T., & Oelke, M. (2020). Prevalence of female urinary incontinence in the developing world: A systematic review and meta‐analysis—A Report from the Developing World Committee of the International Continence Society and Iranian Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine. Neurourology and urodynamics, 39(4), 1063-1086.
• Nehir, S., Çoban, A., Demirci, H., Özbaşaran, F., & İnceboz, Ü. (2009). Menopozal belirtilerin ve evlilik uyumunun yaşam kalitesi üzerine etkisi. Cumhuriyet Medical Journal, 31(1), 15-21.
• Ni, C., Chow, M. C. M., Jiang, X., Li, S., & Pang, S. M. C. (2015). Factors associated with resilience of adult survivors five years after the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China. PloS one, 10(3), e0121033.
• Nur, R., Mallongi, A., Sridani, N. W., & Devi, R. (2020). Factors related to quality of life of elderly victims of natural disasters in Palu City. Enfermeria Clinica, 30, 178-181.
• Qu, Z., Tian, D., Zhang, Q., Wang, X., He, H., Zhang, X., Huang, L., & Xu, F. (2012). The impact of the catastrophic earthquake in China's Sichuan province on the mental health of pregnant women. Journal of affective disorders, 136(1-2), 117-123.
• Safiye, A., & Şahin, S. (2021). Menopozal dönemde görülen üriner inkontinansın yaşam kalitesine etkisi. Türkiye Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 90-100.
• Seifi, B., Ghanizadeh, G., & Seyedin, H. (2018). Disaster health literacy of middle-aged women. Journal of menopausal medicine, 24(3), 150-154.
• Shenk, D., Ramos, B., Joyce Kalaw, K., & Tufan, I. (2009). History, memory, and disasters among older adults: A life course perspective. Traumatology, 15(4), 35-43.
• Thangarajah, F., Hartmann-Wobbe, J., Ratiu, D., Pahmeyer, C., Radosa, J. C., Mallmann, P., & Ludwig, S. (2020). The onset of urinary incontinence in different subgroups and its relation to menopausal status: A Hospital-based Study. in vivo, 34(2), 923-928.
• Tokuç, B., Kaplan, P. B., Balık, G. Ö., & Gül, H. (2006). Quality of life among women who were attending to trakya university hospital menopause clinic. J Turk Soc Obstet Gynecol, 3(4), 281-287.
• TÜİK, A. Y. A. (2021). İstatistiklerle Yaşlılar, 2020. Erişim Adresi: https://data. tuik. gov. tr/Bulten/Index.
• Utian, W. H., Janata, J. W., Kingsberg, S. A., Schluchter, M., & Hamilton, J. C. (2002). The Utian Quality of Life (UQOL) Scale: development and validation of an instrument to quantify quality of life through and beyond menopause. Menopause, 9(6), 402-410.
• Yarıcı, F., Mammadov, B., & Necipoğlu, D. (2023). Evaluation of Vaginal discharge and genital hygiene habits in women: Turkish Republic of North Cyprus example. Cyprus Journal of Medical Sciences, 8(1).
• Yokoyama, Y., Otsuka, K., Kawakami, N., Kobayashi, S., Ogawa, A., Tannno, K., Onoda, T., Yaegashi, Y., & Sakata, K. (2014). Mental health and related factors after the Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami. PloS one, 9(7), e102497.
• Yurdakul, M., Eker, A., & Kaya, D. (2008). Evaluating the life quality of the women in the menopausal period. Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Tıp Dergisi, 21(5),187-193.
• Zhang, Y., & Ho, S. M. (2011). Risk factors of posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors after the 512 Wenchuan earthquake in China. PLoS one, 6(7), e22371.