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Evaluation of the Use of Patient Restraint in Intensive Care: A Retrospective Review

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 2, 115 - 124, 16.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.62111/ybhd.1647942

Öz

Objective
This study aims to evaluate the use of patient restraints in an ICU setting, examining patient characteristics, reasons for restraint application, alternative interventions attempted, and factors influencing restraint termination.
Material and Methods
A retrospective, descriptive, study was conducted by reviewing patient records from a private hospital's ICU between January and December 2023. Data were extracted from hospital records, including patient demographics, reasons for restraint, alternative interventions attempted, and patient outcomes. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, applying descriptive and comparative methods to identify trends and patterns in restraint use.
Results
The study included 30 ICU patients subjected to restraints. The most common reasons for restraint were self-harm and fall risk (53.3% each), followed by disorientation (46.7%) and delirium (30.0%). Arm/wrist restraints were the most frequently used method (76.7%). Alternative interventions, including verbal de-escalation (86.7%) and psychological assessment (60.0%), were frequently attempted before restraint application. The primary reason for restraint termination was patient stabilization (33.3%).
Conclusion
While restraints are often necessary for patient safety, their use should be minimized through alternative interventions. Continuous monitoring, staff training, and adherence to best practices are essential in reducing reliance on restraints while maintaining patient well-being.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Subih M, Nofal B. Nurses’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards using physical restraints in intensive care units. Int J Health Sci. 2022:3961-3972.
  • 2. Lim S. Critical care nurses’ knowledge, attitudes and practices on the usage of physical restrainer. Int E-J Sci Med Educ. 2021;15(1):5-18.
  • 3. Khanal S, Acharya S. Physical restraint in adult intensive care unit - why and how are they used? Bangladesh Crit Care J. 2016;4(2):110-113.
  • 4. Freeman S, Hallett C, McHugh G. Physical restraint: experiences, attitudes and opinions of adult intensive care unit nurses. Nurs Crit Care. 2015;21(2):78-87.
  • 5. Ali N. Physical restraints in critical care units: impact of a training program on nurses’ knowledge and practice and on patients’ outcomes. J Nurs Care. 2013;2(2).
  • 6. Kassew T, Tilahun A, Wudu B. Practice and the influencing factors of nurses working in the intensive care unit regarding physical restraint use: multi-centered cross-sectional study. Published online 2020.
  • 7. Rose L, Dale C, Smith O, et al. A mixed-methods systematic review protocol to examine the use of physical restraint with critically ill adults and strategies for minimizing their use. Syst Rev. 2016;85(1).
  • 8. Jiang H, Chen L, Gu Y, He Y. Nurses’ perceptions and practice of physical restraint in China. Nurs Ethics. 2014;22(6):652-660.
  • 9. Via-Clavero G, Sanjuán-Naváis M, Romero-García M, et al. Eliciting critical care nurses’ beliefs regarding physical restraint use. Nurs Ethics. 2018;26(5):1458-1472.
  • 10. Cohen S, Meyer A, Ifrach N, Dichtwald S. Physical restraint and associated agitation. Nurs Crit Care. 2024;29(5):1132-1141.
  • 11. Kim D, Min H. Factors influencing nursing practice for physical restraints among nurses in the intensive care unit. J Korean Crit Care Nurs. 2022;15(3):62-74.
  • 12. Kooken R, Tilburgs B, Heine R, et al. A multicomponent intervention program to prevent and reduce agitation and physical restraint use in the ICU (PRAISE): study protocol for a multicenter, stepped-wedge, cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2023;24(1).
  • 13. Zhang C, Liu D, He Q. The characteristics of ICU physical restraint use and related influencing factors in China: a multi-center study. Ann Palliat Med. 2021;10(2):1198-1206.
  • 14. Gunes T, Avcı N. Physical restraint and ethical sensitivity in intensive care: from the physician and nurse perspective. Published online 2024.
  • 15. Türker S. Yoğun Bakım Hastalarında Fiziksel Kısıtlamayla Deliryum Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi: Önemli Bir Hemşirelik Problemi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi; 2023.
  • 16. Büyükyayla A. Yetişkin Yoğun Bakım Birimlerinde Çalışan Hemşirelerin Fiziksel Kısıtlamaya Yönelik Aldıkları Eğitimin Bilgi, Tutum ve Uygulama Üzerine Etkisi: Randomize Kontrollü Çalışma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi; 2023.
  • 17. Ayyıldız Gökmen EB. Hastane Etik İkliminin Hemşirelerin Fiziksel Kısıtlamaya İlişkin Algılarına Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi; 2019.
  • 18. Güneş T. Yoğun Bakımda Çalışan Hemşire ve Hekimlerin Fiziksel Kısıtlamaya İlişkin Bilgi ve Tutumlarının Etik İkilem Açısından İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Biruni Üniversitesi; 2019.
  • 19. Soni R, Goyal P, Goyal D, Singh D, Singh M. A retrospective cohort study to assess influence and adverse effect of restraint use among patient admitted at all intensive care unit. Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci. 2024;9(5):348-353.
  • 20. Kassew T, Tilahun A, Liyew B. Nurses’ knowledge, attitude, and influencing factors regarding physical restraint use in the intensive care unit: a multicenter cross-sectional study. Crit Care Res Pract. 2020;2020:1-10.
  • 21. Cui N, Zhang H, Gan S, et al. Prevalence and influencing factors of physical restraints in intensive care units: a retrospective cohort study. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2023;16:945-956.
  • 22. Alostaz Z, Rose L, Mehta S, Johnston L, Dale C. Interprofessional intensive care unit team perspectives on physical restraint practices and minimization strategies in an adult ICU: a qualitative study of contextual influences. Nurs Crit Care. 2022;29(1):90-98.
  • 23. Yıldız İ, Özkaraman A. Vascular complications in extremities of physically restrained intensive care unit patients: a prospective, observational study. Nurs Crit Care. 2024;29(5):931-942.
  • 24. Flynch M, Frederickson K. Disrupted sensemaking—understanding family experiences of physical restraints in ICU: a phenomenological approach in the context of COVID-19. Healthcare. 2024;12(12):1182.
  • 25. Santos G, Oliveira E, Souza R. Good practices for physical restraint in intensive care units: integrative review. Rev Bras Enferm. 2021;74(3).
  • 26. Lei R, Jiang X, Liu Q, He H. Nurse education to reduce physical restraints use in ICU: a scoping review. Nurs Crit Care. 2020;27(6):824-837.
  • 27. Perez D, Murphy G, Wilkes L, Peters K. Understanding nurses’ perspectives of physical restraints during mechanical ventilation in intensive care: a qualitative study. J Clin Nurs. 2021;30(11-12):1706-1718.
  • 28. Cuomo A, Koukouna D, Macchiarini L, et al. Patient safety and risk management in mental health. In L. Donaldson, W. Ricciardi, S. Sheridan, et al. (Eds.), Textbook of Patient Safety and Clinical Risk Management (Chapter 20), (2020, December 15). Springer.
  • 29. American Psychiatric Association. Use of physical restraints in the emergency department. J Clin Psychiatr. 2018;79(2):17–22.
  • 30. Hall DK, Zimbro KS, Maduro RS, Petrovitch D, Ver Schneider P, Morgan M. Impact of a restraint management bundle on restraint use in an intensive care unit. J Nurs Care Quality. 2018;33(2):143–148.
  • 31. Bausman D, Gigliotti S, Meshok M. Transition to a restraint-free inpatient behavioral health setting. Patient Safety. 2024; 6(1).
  • 32. Raveesh BN, Gowda GS, Gowda M. Alternatives to the use of restraint: A path toward humanistic care. Indian J Psychiatr. 2019;61(6):693–697.

Yoğun Bakımda Hasta Kısıtlama Kullanımının Değerlendirilmesi: Retrospektif İnceleme

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 2, 115 - 124, 16.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.62111/ybhd.1647942

Öz

ÖZET
Amaç
Bu çalışmanın amacı yoğun bakım ünitesinde hasta kısıtlama kullanımını değerlendirmek, hasta özelliklerini, kısıtlama uygulama nedenlerini, denenen alternatif girişimleri ve kısıtlamanın sonlandırılmasında etkili faktörleri incelemektir.
Gereç ve Yöntem
Ocak ve Aralık 2023 arasında özel bir hastanenin yoğun bakım ünitesindeki hasta kayıtları incelenerek retrospektif, tanımlayıcı, bir çalışma yürütüldü. Veriler, hasta demografisi, kısıtlama nedenleri, denenen alternatif müdahaleler ve hasta sonuçları dahil olmak üzere kurumun kayıtlarından çıkarıldı. İstatistiksel analiz, kısıtlama kullanımındaki eğilimleri ve kalıpları belirlemek için tanımlayıcı ve karşılaştırmalı yöntemler uygulanarak SPSS kullanılarak gerçekleştirildi.
Bulgular
Çalışmaya kısıtlama uygulanan 30 yoğun bakım hastası dahil edildi. Kısıtlamanın en yaygın nedenleri kendine zarar verme ve düşme riskiydi (%53,3), ardından yönelim bozukluğu (%46,7) ve deliryum (%30,0) geldi. Kol/bilek kısıtlamaları en sık kullanılan yöntemdi (%76,7). Kısıtlama uygulamasından önce sözlü gerginliği azaltma (%86,7) ve psikolojik değerlendirme (%60,0) gibi alternatif müdahaleler sıklıkla denendi. Kısıtlamanın sonlandırılmasının birincil nedeni hasta stabilizasyonuydu (%33,3).
Sonuç
Kısıtlamalar genellikle hasta güvenliği için gerekli olsa da, alternatif müdahalelerle kullanımları en aza indirilmelidir. Sürekli izleme, personel eğitimi ve en iyi uygulamalara uyum, hasta refahını korurken kısıtlamalara olan bağımlılığı azaltmak için esastır.

Etik Beyan

2024-10/386

Kaynakça

  • 1. Subih M, Nofal B. Nurses’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards using physical restraints in intensive care units. Int J Health Sci. 2022:3961-3972.
  • 2. Lim S. Critical care nurses’ knowledge, attitudes and practices on the usage of physical restrainer. Int E-J Sci Med Educ. 2021;15(1):5-18.
  • 3. Khanal S, Acharya S. Physical restraint in adult intensive care unit - why and how are they used? Bangladesh Crit Care J. 2016;4(2):110-113.
  • 4. Freeman S, Hallett C, McHugh G. Physical restraint: experiences, attitudes and opinions of adult intensive care unit nurses. Nurs Crit Care. 2015;21(2):78-87.
  • 5. Ali N. Physical restraints in critical care units: impact of a training program on nurses’ knowledge and practice and on patients’ outcomes. J Nurs Care. 2013;2(2).
  • 6. Kassew T, Tilahun A, Wudu B. Practice and the influencing factors of nurses working in the intensive care unit regarding physical restraint use: multi-centered cross-sectional study. Published online 2020.
  • 7. Rose L, Dale C, Smith O, et al. A mixed-methods systematic review protocol to examine the use of physical restraint with critically ill adults and strategies for minimizing their use. Syst Rev. 2016;85(1).
  • 8. Jiang H, Chen L, Gu Y, He Y. Nurses’ perceptions and practice of physical restraint in China. Nurs Ethics. 2014;22(6):652-660.
  • 9. Via-Clavero G, Sanjuán-Naváis M, Romero-García M, et al. Eliciting critical care nurses’ beliefs regarding physical restraint use. Nurs Ethics. 2018;26(5):1458-1472.
  • 10. Cohen S, Meyer A, Ifrach N, Dichtwald S. Physical restraint and associated agitation. Nurs Crit Care. 2024;29(5):1132-1141.
  • 11. Kim D, Min H. Factors influencing nursing practice for physical restraints among nurses in the intensive care unit. J Korean Crit Care Nurs. 2022;15(3):62-74.
  • 12. Kooken R, Tilburgs B, Heine R, et al. A multicomponent intervention program to prevent and reduce agitation and physical restraint use in the ICU (PRAISE): study protocol for a multicenter, stepped-wedge, cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2023;24(1).
  • 13. Zhang C, Liu D, He Q. The characteristics of ICU physical restraint use and related influencing factors in China: a multi-center study. Ann Palliat Med. 2021;10(2):1198-1206.
  • 14. Gunes T, Avcı N. Physical restraint and ethical sensitivity in intensive care: from the physician and nurse perspective. Published online 2024.
  • 15. Türker S. Yoğun Bakım Hastalarında Fiziksel Kısıtlamayla Deliryum Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi: Önemli Bir Hemşirelik Problemi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi; 2023.
  • 16. Büyükyayla A. Yetişkin Yoğun Bakım Birimlerinde Çalışan Hemşirelerin Fiziksel Kısıtlamaya Yönelik Aldıkları Eğitimin Bilgi, Tutum ve Uygulama Üzerine Etkisi: Randomize Kontrollü Çalışma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi; 2023.
  • 17. Ayyıldız Gökmen EB. Hastane Etik İkliminin Hemşirelerin Fiziksel Kısıtlamaya İlişkin Algılarına Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi; 2019.
  • 18. Güneş T. Yoğun Bakımda Çalışan Hemşire ve Hekimlerin Fiziksel Kısıtlamaya İlişkin Bilgi ve Tutumlarının Etik İkilem Açısından İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Biruni Üniversitesi; 2019.
  • 19. Soni R, Goyal P, Goyal D, Singh D, Singh M. A retrospective cohort study to assess influence and adverse effect of restraint use among patient admitted at all intensive care unit. Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci. 2024;9(5):348-353.
  • 20. Kassew T, Tilahun A, Liyew B. Nurses’ knowledge, attitude, and influencing factors regarding physical restraint use in the intensive care unit: a multicenter cross-sectional study. Crit Care Res Pract. 2020;2020:1-10.
  • 21. Cui N, Zhang H, Gan S, et al. Prevalence and influencing factors of physical restraints in intensive care units: a retrospective cohort study. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2023;16:945-956.
  • 22. Alostaz Z, Rose L, Mehta S, Johnston L, Dale C. Interprofessional intensive care unit team perspectives on physical restraint practices and minimization strategies in an adult ICU: a qualitative study of contextual influences. Nurs Crit Care. 2022;29(1):90-98.
  • 23. Yıldız İ, Özkaraman A. Vascular complications in extremities of physically restrained intensive care unit patients: a prospective, observational study. Nurs Crit Care. 2024;29(5):931-942.
  • 24. Flynch M, Frederickson K. Disrupted sensemaking—understanding family experiences of physical restraints in ICU: a phenomenological approach in the context of COVID-19. Healthcare. 2024;12(12):1182.
  • 25. Santos G, Oliveira E, Souza R. Good practices for physical restraint in intensive care units: integrative review. Rev Bras Enferm. 2021;74(3).
  • 26. Lei R, Jiang X, Liu Q, He H. Nurse education to reduce physical restraints use in ICU: a scoping review. Nurs Crit Care. 2020;27(6):824-837.
  • 27. Perez D, Murphy G, Wilkes L, Peters K. Understanding nurses’ perspectives of physical restraints during mechanical ventilation in intensive care: a qualitative study. J Clin Nurs. 2021;30(11-12):1706-1718.
  • 28. Cuomo A, Koukouna D, Macchiarini L, et al. Patient safety and risk management in mental health. In L. Donaldson, W. Ricciardi, S. Sheridan, et al. (Eds.), Textbook of Patient Safety and Clinical Risk Management (Chapter 20), (2020, December 15). Springer.
  • 29. American Psychiatric Association. Use of physical restraints in the emergency department. J Clin Psychiatr. 2018;79(2):17–22.
  • 30. Hall DK, Zimbro KS, Maduro RS, Petrovitch D, Ver Schneider P, Morgan M. Impact of a restraint management bundle on restraint use in an intensive care unit. J Nurs Care Quality. 2018;33(2):143–148.
  • 31. Bausman D, Gigliotti S, Meshok M. Transition to a restraint-free inpatient behavioral health setting. Patient Safety. 2024; 6(1).
  • 32. Raveesh BN, Gowda GS, Gowda M. Alternatives to the use of restraint: A path toward humanistic care. Indian J Psychiatr. 2019;61(6):693–697.
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Yoğun Bakım Hemşireliği
Bölüm Araştıma
Yazarlar

Havva Tunç Mimiroğlu 0009-0005-5286-5844

Yayımlanma Tarihi 16 Ağustos 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Şubat 2025
Kabul Tarihi 6 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 29 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Bu derginin içeriği Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı kapsamında lisanslanmıştır.

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