Working Mothers: Intensive Mothering and Momism

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 7, 115 - 125, 30.06.2020

F. Senem Sahlar , A.meltem Üstündağ-budak

https://doi.org/10.31461/ybpd.732263

Cited By: 1

Öz

This literature review provides background information about the definition and historical context of mothering experiences. The concept of motherhood and meaning making have been intensively studied within both feminist and existential psychological perspectives, which are used in this paper to provide an in-depth understanding of different aspects of becoming educated, working educated mothers within the context of Turkey. According to the recently emerging momism concept, mother is redefined as an ‘expert’ who should predict and understand all the emotional, cognitive and physiological needs of their children. Mothers should be simultaneously therapists, pediatricians, teachers and best friends for their children. Similarly, intensive mothering suggests that child-rearing is construed as child-centered, expert guided, emotionally and economically absorbing, and labor intensive. Intensive mothering and momism appears to be common among well-educated working women The aim of this paper is to draw attention to the intensive mothering experiences of working mothers particularly in Turkey and facilitate the much needed research for in this realm. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Intensive Mothering, Momism, Working Mothers, Motherhood

Çalışan Anneler: Uzman Annelik ve Yoğun Annelik

Öz

Bu literatür incelemesi, değişen annelik deneyimleri ve annelik tanımının tarihsel bağlamı hakkında bilgileri sunmaktadır. Annelik kavramı ve anneliğin anlamı feminist ve varoluşcu yaklaşımlar tarafından derinlemesine incelenmiştir. Türkiye bağlamında eğitimli çalışan anne olmanın farklı yönlerinin derinlemesine anlaşılmasını sağlamak için bu yaklaşımların perspektifi bu incelemede sunulmuştur. Son zamanlarda ortaya çıkan momizm kavramına göre anne, çocuklarının tüm duygusal, bilişsel ve fizyolojik ihtiyaçlarını tahmin etmesi ve anlaması gereken bir 'uzman' olarak yeniden tanımlanmaktadır. Anneler aynı anda terapist, çocuk doktoru, öğretmen ve çocukları için en iyi arkadaş olmalıdır. Benzer şekilde, yoğun annelik, çocuk yetiştirmenin çocuk merkezli, uzman görüşü destekli, çocuk üzerinde yoğunlaşmış duygusal, fiziksel ve ekonomik bir emek olarak tartışılmaktadır. Yoğun annelik ve annelik iyi eğitimli çalışan kadınlar arasında yaygın görünmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı özellikle Türkiye'de çalışan annelerin yoğun annelik ve uzman annelik olarak adlandırılan deneyimlerine dikkat çekmek ve bu alanda ihtiyaç duyulan araştırmalara öncülük etmektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Uzman Annelik, Yoğun Annelik, Çalışan Anneler, Anne Olma

Kaynakça

• Arendell, T. (2000). Conceiving and investigating motherhood: the decade's scholarship. Journal of Marriage and The Family, 62(4), 1192-1207.
• Barclay L., Everitt L., Rogan F., Schmied V. & Wyllie A. (1997). Becoming a mother: an analysis of women's experience of early motherhood. Advanced Nursing 25, 719-728.
• Barnett, R.C., Brennan, R.T., & Marshall, N.L. (1994). Gender and the relationship between parent role quality and psychological distress a study of men and women in dual-earner couples. Journal of Family Issues, 15(2), 229-252.
• Benedek, T. (1949). The psychometric implications of the primary unit: mother-child. American journal of orthopsychiatry, 19, 642-654.
• Benedek, T. (1959b). Sexual functions in women and their disturbance. Arieti S. (Ed.) in American Handbook of Psychiatry, (vol. 1, pp. 727-748). New York: Basic Books.
• Benn, R. (1986). Factors promoting secure attachment relationships between employed mothers and their sons. Child development, 57, 1224-1231.
• Berk, L. (2001). Development through the lifespan. Pearson Education India.
• Bibring, G. (1959). Some considerations of the psychological processes in pregnancy. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 14, 113-121.
• Caplan, G., & Killilea, M. (Eds.). (1976). Support systems and mutual help: Multidisciplinary explorations. New York: Grune & Stratton.
• Chodorow, N. (1978). The reproduction of mothering: Psychoanalysis and the sociology of gender.
• Collins, P. H. (2002). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment. Routledge.
• Corinaldi, M. (2019). Motherhood in the workplace: A sociological exploration into the negative performance standards and evaluations of full-time working mothers. Philologia, 11(1), 13-16.
• Cosslett, T. (1994). Women writing childbirth: Modern discourses of motherhood. Manchester University Press.
• Davis-Floyd, R.E. (2004). Birth as an American rite of passage: With a new preface. University of California Press.
• DeMeis, D. K., Hock, E., & McBride, S. L. (1986). The balance of employment and motherhood: Longitudinal study of mothers' feelings about separation from their first-born infants. Developmental Psychology, 22(5), 627-632.
• Frankl, V. E. (1978). The unheard cry for meaning: Psychotherapy and humanism. Simon & Schuster: Oxford.
• Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice. Harvard University Press.
• Gimenez-Nadal, J. I., & Sevilla, A. (2016). Intensive Mothering and Well-being: The Role of Education and Child Care Activity (No. 10023). IZA Discussion Papers.
• Glenn, E. N., (1994). Social constructions of mothering: a thematic overview: in E. N. Glenn, G. Chang & I. R. Forcey (Eds.) Mothering: ideology, experience, and agency pp (1-29). New York: Routledge.
• Gökdemirel, S., Bozkurt, G., Gökçay, G., & Bulut, A. (2008). Çalışan annelerin emzirme sürecinde yaşadıkları: Niteliksel bir çalışma. Çocuk Dergisi, 8(4), 221-234.
• Gül, H., Yalçınoğlu, N., & Atlı, Z. C. (2014). Türkiye'de Çalışma Yaşamında Kadının Konumu ve Sorunları. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 13(2), 169-176.
• Hays S. (1996). The cultural contradictions of motherhood. New heaven: Yale university press.
• Henderson, A., Harmon, S., & Newman, H. (2016). The price mothers pay, even when they are not buying it: Mental health consequences of idealized motherhood. Sex Roles, 74 (11-12), 512-526.
• Hock, E., Christman, K., & Hock, M. (1980). Factors associated with decisions about return to work in mothers of infants. Developmental Psychology, 16(5), 535-536.
• Jacobson, D.E. (1986). Types and timing of social support. Journal of health and Social Behavior, 27(3), 250-264.
• Johnston, D. D., & Swanson, D. H. (2006). Constructing the “good mother”: The experience of mothering ideologies by work status. Sex roles, 54(7-8), 509-519.
• Leonard, V. W. (1996). Mothering as a practice. Caregiving: Readings in knowledge, practice, ethics, and politics, 124-140.
• Miller, T., (2007). 'Is this what motherhood is all about?': Weaving experiences and discourse through transition to first-time motherhood. Gender & Society, 21(3), 337-358.
• O'reilly, A., (Ed), (2004). From motherhood to mothering: the legacy of Adrienne Rich's of woman born. New York: State university of New york press.
• Paul, V., Trad, M. D., (1990). On becoming a mother: in the theories of developmental transformation. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 7(3), 341-361.
• Phang, A.Y., & Lee, K.H. (2009). Experience of social support among working mothers: A concept map. Journal of Employment Counseling, 46(4), 147-158.
• Prinds, C., Hvidt, N.C., Mogensen, O., & Buus, N. (2014). Making existential meaning in transition to motherhood-A scoping review. Midwifery, 30(6), 733-741.
• Rich, A., (1995). Of Woman Born: motherhood as experience and institution. New York W.W. Norton &Company.
• Rizzo, K.M., Schiffrin, H.H., & Liss, M. (2013). Insight into the parenthood paradox: Mental health outcomes of intensive mothering. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(5), 614-620.
• Rout, U. R., Cooper, C. L., & Kerslake, H. (1997). Working and non-working mothers: A comparative study. Women in management review, 12(7), 264-275.
• Ruddick, S. (1994). Thinking mothers/conceiving birth. Representations of motherhood, 29-46.
• Ruddick, S. (1980). Maternal thinking. Feminist studies, 6(2), 342-367.
• Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudemonic well-being. Annual review of psychology, 52(1), 141-166.
• TNSA-2013, H.Ü. Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü, Türkiye nüfus ve sağlık araştırması raporu: hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/tnsa2013/rapor/tnsa_2013_ana_rapor.pdf.
• Türkdoğan, Ö. (2013). Ana akım medyada annelik miti. Kadın Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(13), 35-59.
• Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TUİK) (2017), İşgücü İstatistikleri, İstatistiklerle Kadın. tuik.gov.tr/PdfGetir.do?id=24643.
• Van deurzen, E. (2007). Existential therapy. Dryden's handbook of individual therapy.
• Walls, J.K. (2010). Implications of intensive mothering beliefs for the well-being of full-time employed mothers of infants: moderating effects of childcare satisfaction and workplace flexibility. Walls Jill K.
• Weingarten, K. (1997). The mother's voice: Strengthening intimacy in families. The Guilford Press.