EUROPEAN UNION CARBON BORDER ADJUSTMENT MECHANISM: A SWOT ANALYSIS FOR TÜRKİYE

Yıl 2023, , 265 - 281, 14.10.2023

Damla Özekan

https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.1339262

Öz

The European Union’s (EU) proposed Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) has gained attention as a potential policy tool to address carbon leakage and promote climate policy alignment in international trade. This paper examines the implications of the EU CBAM for Türkiye and conducts a SWOT analysis to evaluate Türkiye’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the context of CBAM implementation. In the paper, firstly EU’s environmental policy, European Green Deal (EGD) and CBAM are defined and examined in historical perspective. Secondly Türkiye’s environmental policy on behalf of CBAM is explained. Then, the effects of EGD and CBAM on Türkiye’s foreign trade is discussed. The last part is devoted to SWOT analysis. The analysis begins by exploring Türkiye’s strengths including its domestic climate policies and diverse economy. The analysis also highlights the weaknesses that could challenge Türkiye’s competitiveness under the CBAM. It identifies opportunities within the CBAM framework including incentives for green investments and collaboration for increased market access and also acknowledges potential threats such as trade disputes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

carbon border adjustment mechanism, European Union, Turkey, SWOT analysis

Kaynakça

• Aşıcı, A.A. (2021) ‘‘Türkiye Küresel İklim Rejimi’ne Neden Uyum Sağlamalı?’’, TESEV Değerlendirme Notları, 2021/4 Retrieved from: https://www.tesev.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/rapor_turkiye_kuresel_iklim_rejimine_neden_uyum_saglamali-1.pdf, on Jun 16, 2023.
• Ecer, K., Güner, O ve Çetin, M. (2021) ‘‘Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatı ve TüRkiye Ekonomisinin Uyum Politikaları’’, İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 9(2): 125-144.
• Economic Development Foundation (EDF), (2021) ‘‘AB Yeşil Mutabakatı Temel Unsurları ve Yol Haritası’’, No: 319, ISBN:978-605-7756-14-5, Retrieved from: https://www.ikv.org.tr/images/files/AB_Yesil_Mutabakati_Temel_Unsurlari_ve_Yol.pdf, on Jun 12, 2023. Ertunga, E.İ., Seyhun, Ö.K. (2022) ‘‘Sınırda Karbon Düzenleme Mekanizması ve Türkiye’nin İhracatına Olası Etkileri, Ege Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi’’, 13 (1): 1-13, DOI: 10.18354/esam.1119230.
• European Commission (2021a) ‘‘Delivering the European Green Deal’’, Retrieved from: https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/delivering-european-green-deal_en, on Jun12, 2023.
• European Commission (2021b) ‘‘Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism: Questions and Answers’’, Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_21_3661, on Jun 12, 2023.
• European Commission (2021c) ‘‘Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Establishing a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism’’, Retrieved from: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-9-2022-0160_EN.pdf, on Jun 15, 2023.
• European Commission, (2021d) ‘‘European Climate Law’’, Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/euaction/european-green-deal/european-climate-law_en, on Jun 13, 2023
• Koç, B.E. ve Kaynak, S. (2023) ‘‘Sınırda Karbon Düzenleme Mekanizmasının Türkiye - AB-27 Dış Ticaret İlişkisi Üzerine Olası Etkisi’’, Verimlilik Dergisi, 57(2): 273-288.
• Küçük, G. ve Yüce D. B. (2022) ‘‘Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatı ve Yeşil Ekonomiye Geçiş: Enerji Senaryoları ÜZerinden bir Değerlendirme’’, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(1): 137-156.
• OECD. (2020) ‘‘Biodiversity and the Economic Response to Covid-19: Ensuring a Green and Resilient Recovery’’, OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19), 28 September 2020, Retrieved from: https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/biodiversity-and-the-economic-response-to-covid-19-ensuring-a-green-and-resilient-recovery-d98b5a09/, on Jun 10, 2023.
• Official Journal of European Union. (2016) ‘‘On The Conclusion, on Behalf of the European Union, of the Paris Agreement Adopted under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’’, Retrieved from: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dec/2016/1841/oj, on Jun 12,2023.
• Official Newspaper (07.10.2021) ‘‘Paris Anlaşmasının Onaylanmasının Uygun Bulunduğuna Dair Kanun’’. Retrieved from: https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2021/10/20211007-7.pdf, on Jun 15, 2023.
• Özsoy, C.E. (2022) ‘‘Sınırda Karbon Mekanizması: Türkiye için Yeni Bir Risk mi Fırsat mı?’’, VI. Anadolu International Conference on Economics, May 13-15: 2022, Eskişehir, Türkiye.
• Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Environment (2023) ‘‘Urbanization and Climate Change, Paris Anlaşması’’, Retrieved from: https://iklim.gov.tr/parisanlasmasi-i-34, on Jun 15, 2023.
• Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs Directorate for EU Affairs (2023) ‘‘Department of Sectoral Policies, (MFA),(2023)’’, Chapter 27-Environment and Climate Change, Retrieved from: https://www.ab.gov.tr/92_en.html, on Jun12, 2023.
• Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Trade (2023) ‘‘Yanı Başımızdaki Dev Pazar Avrupa Birliği’’, Retrieved from: https://ticaret.gov.tr/dis-iliskiler/avrupa-birligi/yani-basimizdaki-dev-pazar-avrupabirligi, on Jun 17, 2023.
• Ripple, W.J, Wolf, C., Newosme, T.M., Gregg, J.W., Lenton, T.M., Palomo, I., Eikelboom, J.A.J., Law, B.E., Huq, S., Duffy, P.B., Rockström, J., (2021) ‘‘World Scientists’ Warning of Climate Emergency’’, Bioscience, 71 (9): 894-898.
• The Circularity Gap Report (CGR) (2023) ‘‘Circle Economy’’, Retrieved from: https://assets.website-files.com/5e185aa4d27bcf348400ed82/63ecb3ad94e12d3e5599cf54_CGR%202023%20-%20Report.pdf, on Jun 10, 2023.
• Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) (2023) ‘‘Dış Ticaret İstatistikleri’’, December 2022, Retrieved from: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Dis-Ticaret-Istatistikleri-Aralik-2022-49633, on Jun 17, 2023.
• TÜSİAD (2020) ‘‘Ekonomik Göstergeler Merceğinden Yeni İklim Rejimi’’, Retrieved from: https://tusiad.org/tr/yayinlar/raporlar/item/10633-ekonomik-gostergelermerceginden-yeni-i-klim-rejimi-raporu, on Jun 16,2023.
• United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), (2021) ‘‘A European Union Carbon Adjustment Mechanism: Implications for Developing Countries’’, Retrieved from: https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/osginf2021d2_en.pdf, on Jun 17, 2023.
• United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (2022) ‘‘Emissions Gap Report 2022: The Closing Window, Climate Crisis Calls for Rapid Transformation of Societies’’, Retrievef from: https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2022, on Jun 10, 2023.
• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (2015) ‘‘Paris Agreement’’, Retrieved from: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf, on Jun 12, 2023.
• World Economic Forum (WEF), (2023) ‘‘Global Risks Report 2023’’, 18th Edition, Retrieved from: https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Global_Risks_Report_2023.pdf, on Jun 10, 2023.