CAN ETHICAL LEADERSHIP INCREASE EMPLOYEES' WORK ENGAGEMENT AND JOB SATISFACTION? DIFFERENCES IN GENDER CONTEXT

Öz

Leaders hold significant influence on employees and organizations. This study primarily focused to examine the relationship between ethical leadership and employees' work engagement and job satisfaction, and it aimed to examine the differences in ethical leadership-work engagement-job satisfaction relations by gender. Multiple-group analysis was used to investigate gender-based differences. The findings revealed a significant relationship between ethical leadership and both job satisfaction and work engagement. Ethical leadership and job satisfaction and work engagement positively related. The model predicted for the entire data set was also estimated for the male and female groups. While all pathways were statistically significant in the male group however the direct relationship between ethical leadership and job satisfaction was statistically insignificant in the female group. The results of the current study emphasize the importance of ethical leadership in shaping employee engagement and job satisfaction, while also revealing differences among female and male employees.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ethical leadership
• Job satisfaction
• Work engagement
• Gender

Kaynakça

1. Ahmad, I. And Umrani, W. A. (2019) “The Impact of Ethical Leadership Style on Job Satisfaction: Mediating Role of Perception of Green HRM And Psychological Safety”, Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 40(5): 534-547.
2. Akdoğan, A. and Demirtaş, Ö. (2014) “Etik Liderlik Davranışlarının Etik İklim Üzerindeki Etkisi: Örgütsel Politik Algılamaların Aracı Rolü”, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(1): 107-124.
3. Alkan, D. P. (2015) “Etik Liderlik Ölçeğinin Türkçe Formunun Güvenilirlik Ve Geçerlilik Çalışması”, Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(38): 109-121.
4. Ayar, M. (2022) “Etik Liderlik Davranışının Çalışanların İş Tatmini Üzerindeki Etkisinde Örgütsel Adalet Algısının Aracılık Rolü”, Kırklareli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 3(1): 1-22.
5. Bahar, B. (2019) “Etik Liderliğin Çalışanlar ve Örgütler Açısından Sonuçları: Kavramsal Bir İnceleme”, OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 11(18): 2506-2524.
6. Bayrak, S. (1997) “Değişen Liderlik Anlayışı ve Türkiye Gerçeği”, 21. Yüzyılda Liderlik Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, Deniz Harp Okulu, İstanbul, 356-361.
7. Betz, M., O'Connell, L. and Shepard, J. M. (1989) “Gender Differences in Proclivity for Unethical Behavior”, Journal of Business Ethics, 8: 321-324.
8. Bilgel, N., Bayram, N., Özdemir, H., Dogan, F. and Ekin, D. (2012) “Work Engagement, Burnout and Vigor Among A Group of Medical Residents in Turkey”, British Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science, 2(3): 220-238.

9. Bilgin, N. (1995) “Sosyal Psikolojide Yöntem ve Pratik Çalışmalar”, Sistem Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
10. Bitmiş, M. G. and Ergeneli, A. (2011) “Contingency Approach to Strategic Management: A Test of The Mediating Effect of Leader Member Exchange on The Relationship Between Psychological Empowerment and Job Satisfaction In 21st Century Workplace”, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 24: 1143-1153.
11. Brayfield, A. H. and Rothe, H. F. (1951) “An Index of Job Satisfaction”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 35(5): 307-319.
12. Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K. and Harrison, D. A. (2005) “Ethical Leadership: A Social Learning Perspective for Construct Development and Testing”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97(2): 117-134.
13. Brown, M. and Trevġño, L. (2006) “Ethical Leadership: A Review and Future Directions”, Leadership Quarterly, (17): 595-616.
14. Çekmecelioğlu, H. G. and Günsel, A. (2011) “Rol Stresi Kaynaklarının İş Tutumları Açısından Değerlendirilmesi: Kimya Sektöründe Bir Uygulama”, Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(1): 33-43.
15. Çekmecelioğlu, H. G. and Ülker, F. (2014) “Lider-Üye Etkileşimi ve Çalışan Tutumları Üzerindeki Etkisi: Eğitim Sektöründe Bir Araştırma”, Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (28): 35-58.
16. Charoensap, A., Virakul, B., Senasu, K. and Ayman, R. (2019) “Effect of Ethical Leadership and Interactional Justice on Employee Work Attitudes”, Journal of Leadership Studies, 12(4): 7-26.
17. Cheng, J-W., Chang, S-C., Kuo, J-H. and Cheung, Y-H. (2014) “Ethical Leadership, Work Engagement, and Voice Behavior”, Industrial Management and Data Systems, 114(5): 817-831.
18. Dertli, E. M. (2014) “Etik Liderlik Davranışlarının ve İş Tatmininin Çalışanların Tükenmişlik Duygularına Etkisi: Ampirik Bir Çalışma”, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Beykent Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
19. Durgut, A. İ. and Günay, G. Y. (2020) “Etik Liderlik, İşe Adanmışlık Ve Yönetsel Yaratıcılık Arasındaki İlişki: Yapı Malzemeleri Sektöründe Bir Uygulama”, Journal of Organizational Behavior Review, 2(2): 149-171.
20. Eğinli, A.T. (2009) “Çalışanlarda İş Doyumu: Kamu Ve Özel Sektör Çalışanlarının İş Doyumuna Yönelik Bir Araştırma”, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 23(3): 35-52.
21. Eraslan, L. (2004) “Liderlik Olgusunun Tarihsel Evrimi, Temel Kavramlar ve Yeni Liderlik Paradigmasının Analizi”, Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 162(3): 1-14.
22. Garg, K., Dar, I. A. and Mishra, M. (2018) “Job Satisfaction and Work Engagement: A Study Using Private Sector Bank Managers”, Advances in Developing Human Resources, 20(1): 58-71.
23. Holtom, B. C., Mitchell, T. R., Lee, T. W. and Eberly, M. B. (2008) “5 Turnover and Retention Research: A Glance at The Past, A Closer Review of The Present, And A Venture into The Future”, The Academy of Management Annals, 2(1): 231-274.
24. Hoobler, J. M. and Brass, D. J. (2006) “Abusive Supervision and Family Undermining as Displaced Aggression”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 91: 1125-33.
25. Junaidi, J. (2024) “The Role of Ethical Leadership to Employees Work Engagement: A Social Learning Theory Perspective”, International Journal of Social Economics. 51(7): 884-898.
26. Kanungo, R. N. and Mendonca, M. (1996) “Ethical Dimensions of Leadership”, 3rd Edition, Sage.
27. Khuong, M. N. and D. Thi, T., D. (2015) “The Effect of Ethical Leadership and Organizational Justice on Employee Engagement: The Mediating Role of Employee Trust”, International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 6(4): 235-240.
28. Kim, W. G. and Brymer, R. A. (2011) “The Effects of Ethical Leadership on Manager Job Satisfaction, Commitment, Behavioral Outcomes, and Firm Performance”, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(4): 1020-1026.
29. Koufteros, X. and Marcoulides, G. A. (2006) “Product Development Practices and Performance: A Structural Equation Modeling-Based Multi-Group Analysis”, International Journal of Production Economics, 103(1): 286-307.
30. Kristinsson, K., Minelgaite, I. and Stangej, O. (2022) “In the Eye of The Beholder? Gendered Perception of Ceos’ Ethical and Unethical Leadership”, Economics and Sociology, 15(4): 11-38.
31. Macey, W.H., Schneider, B., Barbera, K.M. and Young, S.A. (2009) “Employee Engagement: Tools for Analysis, Practice and Competitive Advantage”, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
32. Özden, D., Arslan, G. G., Ertuğrul, B. and Karakaya, S. (2019) “The Effect of Nurses’ Ethical Leadership and Ethical Climate Perceptions on Job Satisfaction”, Nursing Ethics, 26(4): 1211-1225.
33. Özdemir, F. and Özer, G. (2019) “Örgütlerde Nepotizm ile Etik Liderlik Bir Arada Bulunabilir Mi?”, Social Sciences Studies Journal (Sssjournal), 5(50): 6500-6511.
34. Özgenel, M. and Aksu, T. (2020) “The Power of School Principals’ Ethical Leadership Behavior to Predict Organizational Health”, International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 9(4): 816-825.
35. Özsungur, F. (2020) “The Effects of Ethical Leadership on Work Engagement, Intrapreneurship, And Service Innovation Behavior: Sample of Chambers of Commerce and Industry”, International Journal of Public Leadership, 16(2): 199-216.
36. Öztürk, A., Karatepe, O. M. and Okumus, F. (2021) “The Effect of Servant Leadership on Hotel Employees’ Behavioral Consequences: Work Engagement Versus Job Satisfaction”, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 97: 102994.
37. Piccolo, R.F., Greenbaum, R., Hartog, D.N.D. and Folger, R. (2010) “The Relationship Between Ethical Leadership and Core Job Characteristics”, Journal of Organizastional Behavior, 31: 259-278.
38. Raykov, T. and Marcoulides, G. A. (2006) “A First Course in Structural Equation Modeling”, 2nd Edition, London, Routledge.
39. Rolf, V. D., Davis, A., Fay, D. and Markovits, Y. (2010) “The Link Between Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment: Differences Between Public and Private Sector Employees”, International Public Management Journal, 13(2): 177-196.
40. Ryu, E. and Cheong, J. (2017) “Comparing Indirect Effects in Different Groups in Single-Group and Multi-Group Structural Equation Models”, Frontiers in Psychology, 8: 747.
41. Sadı̇, B. and Karatepe, S. G. (2021). “Eğitimli Kadın Istihdamının Sorunlarına Yönelik Bir Araştırma”, İstanbul Kent Üniversitesi İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2): 21-50.
42. Salifu, A. I., Zhu, H. and Rakib, H. (2022) “Ethical Leadership Style and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Trust and Work Engagement in The Ghana Education Service”, International Journal of Novel Research in Marketing Management and Economics, 9(2): 1-11.
43. Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V. and Bakker, A. B. (2002) “The Measurement of Engagement and Burnout: A Two Sample Confirmatory Factor Analytic Approach”, Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1): 71-92.
44. Schumacker, R. E. and Lomax, R. G. (2004) “A Beginner's Guide to Structural Equation Modelling”, Psychology Press, New York.
45. Şentürk, F. K. (2017) “Etik Liderliğin Belirleyicileri Olarak Kişilik, Örgüt Kültürü ve Dini Yönelim: Antalya’daki Dört ve Beş Yıldızlı Otellerde Bir Uygulama”, Seyahat ve Otel İşletmeciliği Dergisi, 14(3): 186-206.
46. Shafique, I., N Kalyar, M. and Ahmad, B. (2018) “The Nexus of Ethical Leadership, Job Performance, And Turnover Intention: The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction”, Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems, 16(1): 71-87. Spector, P. E. (1997) “Job Satisfaction: Application, Assessment, Causes, and Consequences”, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication.
47. Sugianingrat, I.A. P. W., Ni, N. K. Y, Sintaasih, D. K. and Made, S. (2017) “The Influence of Ethical Leadership on Employee Performance Through Employee Engagement”, Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 22(12): 4-11.
48. Sy, T., Tram, S. and O’hara, L. A. (2006) “Relation of Employee and Manager Emotional Intelligence to Job Satisfaction and Performance”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(3): 461-473.
49. Tepper, B. J., Moss, S. E., Lockhart, D. E. and Carr, J. C. (2007) “Abusive Supervision, Upward Maintenance Communication, and Subordinates' Psychological Distress”, Academy of Management Journal, 50: 1169-80
50. Tran, A. G., Lam, C. K. and Legg, E. (2018) “Financial Stress, Social Supports, Gender, and Anxiety During College: A Stress-Buffering Perspective”, The Counseling Psychologist, 46(7): 846-869.
51. Ülbeği, İ. D., İplik, E. and Yalçın, A. (2018) “Etik Liderliğin İş Tatmini ve İşten Ayrılma Niyetine Etkisinde İşe Adanmanın Rolü”, Sayıştay Dergisi, (111): 173-195.
52. Walumbwa, F. O. and Lawler, J. J. (2003) “Building Effective Organizations: Transformational Leadership, Collectivist Orientation, Work-Related Attitudes and Withdrawal Behaviours In Three Emerging Economies”, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(7): 1083-1101.
53. Walumbwa, F. O. and Schaubroeck, J. (2009) “Leader Personality Traits and Employee Voice Behavior: Mediating Roles of Ethical Leadership and Work Group Psychological Safety”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(5): 1275.
54. Yates, L. (2011) “Exploring the Relationship of Ethical Leadership with Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, And Organizational Citizenship Behaviour”, Doctor of Business Administration (DBA), George Fox University.
55. Yeh, C. M. (2013) “Tourism Involvement, Work Engagement and Job Satisfaction Among Frontline Hotel Employees”, Annals of Tourism Research, 42: 214-239.
56. You, J. S. and Lee, J. K. (2021) “The Effects of Ethical Leadership on Job Satisfaction: Mediating Role of Employee Engagement”, Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 16(6): 229-239.
57. Yuan, K. H. and Bentler, P. M. (2006) “Structural Equation Modeling.”, Handbook of Statistics, 26: 297-358.
58. Zheng, Y., Epitropaki, O., Graham, L. and Caveney, N. (2022). “Ethical Leadership and Ethical Voice: The Mediating Mechanisms of Value Internalization and Integrity Identity”, Journal of Management, 48(4): 973-1002.