DEPREM TEMELLİ AFET RİSK ALGISININ SOSYAL VE KÜLTÜREL TEMELLERİ: BANDIRMA'DA BİR SAHA ARAŞTIRMASI

Öz

Disaster risk management focuses on strategies to understand, reduce, and transfer risks, enhancing preparedness, response, and recovery efforts at both local and national levels. In Turkey, public perceptions of earthquake risk, particularly following the 1999 Marmara earthquake, which still poses a significant threat, have shaped disaster response efforts and policies over the years. However, the 2023 Maraş-Antakya earthquake revealed persistent preparedness gaps, indicating the need for continuous improvement. This mixed-method study, conducted in the Bandırma district of Balıkesir province with 467 questionnaires and 20 in-depth interviews, aims to examine the perceptions and awareness of residents regarding earthquake-related disasters, understand the social and cultural foundations of disaster awareness, and contribute to efforts to increase sensitivity and reduce disaster impacts. The study sheds light on the need for disaster management policies that promote both individual and collective preparedness at personal and institutional levels, combining cultural, educational, and structural strategies with participatory urban planning to strengthen resilience.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Afet
• Deprem
• Afet Risk Algısı
• Afet Kültürü

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FOUNDATIONS OF EARTHQUAKE-BASED DISASTER RISK PERCEPTION: A FIELD STUDY IN BANDIRMA

Öz

Disaster risk management focuses on strategies to understand, reduce, and transfer risks, enhancing preparedness, response, and recovery efforts at both local and national levels. In Turkey, public perceptions of earthquake risk, particularly following the 1999 Marmara earthquake, which still poses a significant threat, have shaped disaster response efforts and policies over the years. However, the 2023 Maraş-Antakya earthquake revealed persistent preparedness gaps, indicating the need for continuous improvement. This mixed-method study, conducted in the Bandırma district of Balıkesir province with 467 questionnaires and 20 in-depth interviews, aims to examine the perceptions and awareness of residents regarding earthquake-related disasters, understand the social and cultural foundations of disaster awareness, and contribute to efforts to increase sensitivity and reduce disaster impacts. The study sheds light on the need for disaster management policies that promote both individual and collective preparedness at personal and institutional levels, combining cultural, educational, and structural strategies with participatory urban planning to strengthen resilience.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Disaster
• Earthquake
• Disaster Risk Perception
• Disaster Culture
• Risk Society

Kaynakça

1. Abeysinghe, S., Ozaki, A., Leppold, C., and Williams, A. L. (2022) “The Reconstruction of Community and Wellbeing in Fukushima–Situating the Case Within the Field”, In S. Abeysinghe, C. Leppold, A. L. Williams and A. Ozaki (Eds.), Health, Wellbeing and Community Recovery in Fukushima (pp. 1–16). London: Routledge.
2. Aguirre, B., Dynes, R. R., Kendra, J., and Connell, R. (2005) “Institutional Resilience and Disaster Planning for New Hazards: Insights from Hospitals”, Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 2(2).
3. Akdeniz, D. and Seymen, O. A. (2012) “Diagnosing National and Organizational Culture Differences: A Research in Hotel Enterprises”, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 2(1): 198–217.
4. Akkuş, H. T. K. and Taş, K. (2019) “Türkiye’de İş Kazaları ve Kader Anlayışı Üzerine Tipolojik Bir Araştırma: İş Kazaları ve Kader Ölçeği”, Turkish Studies - Religious Studies, 14(4): 591–602. Doi: 10.29228/TurkishStudies.37839
5. Aldrich, D. P. (2011) “The Power of People: Social Capital’s Role in Recovery from The 1995 Kobe Earthquake”, Natural Hazards, 56(3): 595–611.
6. Altıntaş S. (2012) “Kentsel Dönüşüm Sürecinde İktidarın Meşrulaştırıcı Söylemi: Depremin Hegemonik Şiddeti”, Birikim. http://www.birikimdergisi.com/guncel-yazilar/434/
7. Barrios, R. E. (2020) “Unwieldy Disasters: Engaging the Multiple Gaps and Connections that Makes Catastrophes”, In S. M. Hoffman and R. E. Barrios (Eds.), Disaster Upon Disaster: Exploring the Gap Between Knowledge, Policy, and Practice (pp. 23–40), New York, Oxford: Berghahn.
8. Beck, U. (1992) “Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity”, London: Sage.

9. Bender, S. (2020) “Natural Hazard Events Into Disasters: The Gaps between Knowledge, Policy, and Practice as It Affects the Built Environment Through Development”, In S. M. Hoffman & R. E. Barrios (Eds.), Disaster Upon Disaster: Exploring the Gap Between Knowledge, Policy, and Practice (pp. 70–87). New York, Oxford: Berghahn.
10. Creswell, J. W. and Plano Clark, V. L. (2018) “Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research” (3rd ed.), London: Sage.
11. Çelik, İ. H. (2020) “Afet Risk Algısının Kültür ve Kişilikle İlişkisi” Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Gümüşhane.
12. Çorlu, V. (1999) “Açıkoturum: Hayatı Depremin Yasalarına Göre Kurmak Gerekir”, Cogito, Deprem Özel Sayısı -20: 124–144. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
13. Demirci, A. and Karakuyu, M. (2004) “Afet Yönetiminde Coğrafi Bilgi Teknolojilerinin Rolü”, Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 9(12): 67-100.
14. Field, C. B., Barros, V., Stocker, T. F., and Dahe, Q. (2012) “Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change”, Cambridge University Press.
15. Fink, A. (2017) “How To Sample in Surveys” (2nd ed.), London: Sage Publications.
16. Ghasemi, A. and Zahediasl, S. (2012) “Normality Tests for Statistical Analysis: A Guide for Non-Statisticians”, International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 10(2): 486–489. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem.3505
17. Greene, J., Caracelli, V., and Graham, W. (1989) “Toward A Conceptual Framework for Mixed-Method Evaluation Designs”, Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 11: 255–274. Doi: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1163620
18. Kadıoğlu, M. (2011) “Afet Yönetimi: Beklenilmeyeni Beklemek, En Kötüsünü Yönetmek”, İstanbul: Marmara Belediyeler Birliği.
19. Kaya, A. and Bozkur, B. (2015) “Fatalizm Eğilimi Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”, Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(3): 58-75. Doi: 10.17860/efd.55137
20. Kirschenbaum, A. A., Rapaport, C., and Canetti, D. (2017) “The Impact of Information Sources On Earthquake Preparedness”, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 21: 99–109. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.10.018.
21. Mojtahedi, M. and Oo, B. L. (2017) “Critical Attributes for Proactive Engagement of Stakeholders in Disaster Risk Management”, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 21: 128-136. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.10.017.
22. Moosmayer, D. C. (2011) “Organizational Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility: An Empirical Analysis”, Journal of Business Ethics, 101(3): 413-423.
23. Neuman, W. L. (2020) “Toplumsal Araştırma Yöntemleri: Nicel ve Nitel Yaklaşımlar” (Cilt 1), Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
24. Oliver-Smith, A. and Hoffman, S. M. (2019) “The Angry Earth: Disaster in Anthropological Perspective” (2nd ed.), London: Routledge.
25. Oltedal, S., Moen, B. E., Klempe, H., and Rundmo, T. (2004) “Explaining Risk Perception: An Evaluation of Cultural Theory”, Trondheim: Rotunde, 85: 11-16.
26. Oral, O. (2022) “Sorumluluk Sürecinde Kader Teolojisi”, Turkish Studies - Religion, 17(3): 291–311. Doi: https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.62482.
27. Özer, Y. E. (2017) “Afet Konusundaki Algı ve Yerel Aktörlerin Sorumlulukları”, Sayıştay Dergisi, 106: 1–34.
28. Özden, M. A. and Özden, A. T. (2022) “Olayın Mekansallaşması: İzmir Depremi Üzerinden Toplumsal Dirençliliği Arttıracak Bir Yöntem Tartışması”, Online Journal of Art & Design, 10(1): 214–222.
29. Morelli, S., Pazzi, V., Nardini, O., and Bonati, S. (2022). “Framing Disaster Risk Perception and Vulnerability in Social Media Communication: A Literature Review” Sustainability, 2022, 14, 9148. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159148
30. Perry, R. W. (2018) “Defining Disaster: An evolving concept”, In H. Rodriguez, W. Donner and J. E. Trainor (Eds.), Handbook of Disaster Research (pp. 109–122). New York: Springer.
31. Pisano, U. (2012) “Resilience and Sustainable Development: Theory of Resilience, Systems Thinking”, European Sustainable Development Network (ESDN), 26: 50-65. Url: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312495658.
32. Sarker, M. N. I., Cao, Q., Wu, M., Hossin, M. A., Alam, G. M. M., and Shouse, R. C. (2019) “Vulnerability and Livelihood Resilience in The Face of Natural Disaster: A Critical Conceptual Review”, Applied Ecology & Environmental Research, 17(6): 12769–12785. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1706_1276912785.
33. Savitz, A. W. and Weber, K. (2014) “The Backlash Against Sustainability”, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
34. Takemoto, S., Shibuya, N., and Sakoda, K. (2021) “Learning from Megadisasters: A Decade of Lessons from The Great East Japan Earthquake”, World Bank Group,
35. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2021/03/11/learning-from-megadisasters-a-decade-of-lessons-from-the-great-east-japan-earthquake-drmhubtokyo.
36. Taş, N. (2003) “Alanlarında Olası Deprem Zararlarının Azaltılması”, Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(1): 225–231.
37. Tercan, B. (2023) “Bireylerin Afet Risk Algısının Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından Değerlendirilmesi”, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(3): 1279–1287. Doi: https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1180447.
38. Terpstra, T. and Lindell, M. K. (2013) “Citizens’ Perceptions of Flood Hazard Adjustments: An Application of The Protective Action Decision Model”, Environment and Behavior, 45(8): 993–1018. Doi: 10.1177/0013916512452427.
39. Toraman, S. (2021) “Karma Yöntemler Araştırması: Kısa Tarihi, Tanımı, Bakış Açıları ve Temel Kavramlar”, Nitel Sosyal Bilimler, 3(1): 1–29. Doi: https://doi.org/10.47105/nsb.847688.
40. Varol, N. and Kaya, Ç. M. (2018) “Afet Risk Yönetiminde Transdisipliner Yaklaşım”, Afet ve Risk Dergisi, 1(1): 1–8. Doi: https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.418307.
41. Wachinger, G., Renn, O., Begg, C., and Kuhlicke, C. (2013) “The Risk Perception Paradox: Implications For Governance and Communication of Natural Hazards”, Risk Analysis, 33(6): 1049–1065. Doi: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01942.x.
42. Webb, G. R. (2018) “The Cultural Turn in Disaster Research: Understanding Resilience and Vulnerability Through The Lens of Culture”, In H. Rodriguez, W. Donner, and J. E. Trainor (Eds.), Handbook of Disaster Research (pp. 109–122). New York: Springer.
43. Xu, B. and Lo, M. M. (2022) “Toward A Cultural Sociology of Disaster: Introduction”, Poetics, 93, 101682: 1-8. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2022.101682.