KNOWLEDGE PERFORMANCE IN BRICS+ COUNTRIES: LOPCOW INTEGRATED CODAS METHOD

Öz

Currently, innovations that support sustainable development and boost global competitiveness stem from knowledge. This has increased the importance of the knowledge economy, a contemporary economic model. Therefore, measuring countries' adaptation to the knowledge economy has become essential. Among various metrics used for this purpose, the most comprehensive is the Global Knowledge Index (GKI). This study aims to analyze the knowledge performance of BRICS+ countries. For this, 2024 data on GKI components were evaluated using the LOPCOW (Logarithmic Percentage Change-driven Objective Weighting) based CODAS (Combinative Distance-Based Assessment) method. The findings indicate that the countries with the highest knowledge performance are the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and China, while Ethiopia has the lowest.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Knowledge economy
• BRICS+ countries
• Global Knowledge Index
• CODAS.

KNOWLEDGE PERFORMANCE IN BRICS+ COUNTRIES: LOPCOW INTEGRATED CODAS METHOD

Öz

Günümüzde sürdürülebilir kalkınmayı destekleyen, küresel rekabet gücünü artıran inovatif gelişmeler kaynağını bilgiden almaktadır. Bu durum çağdaş ekonomik paradigma olarak tanımlanan bilgi ekonomisi kavramının öneminin giderek artmasına neden olmuştur. Bu doğrultuda ülkelerin bilgi tabanlı ekonomiye adapte olma durumlarının ölçülmesi kritik bir ihtiyaç haline gelmiştir. Bu amaçla üretilen çeşitli metrikler içinde en kapsamlı olanı Küresel Bilgi Endeksi (GKI) dir. Bu çalışmada BRICS+ ülkelerinin bilgi performansları değerlendirilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Bu çerçevede 2024 yılı GKI bileşenlerine ait veriler LOPCOW (LOgaritmic Percentage Change-driven Objective Weighting) tabanlı CODAS (Combinative Distance-based Assessment-Bütünleşik Uzaklık Temelli Değerlendirme) metodu ile analiz edilmiştir. Ampirik bulgulara göre bilgi performansı en iyi olan ülkeler BAE, Suudi Arabistan ve Çin iken en düşük performansa sahip olan ülke Etiyopya’dır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bilgi ekonomisi
• BRICS+ ülkeleri
• Küresel Bilgi Endeksi
• CODAS.

Kaynakça

1. Altıntaş, F. F. (2021). G7 ülkelerinin bilgi performanslarının analizi: COCOSO yöntemi ile bir uygulama. Journal of Life Economics, 8(3), 337–347.
2. Altıntaş, F. F. (2025). Analysis of business sophistication performance in G7 countries: An application of the MIEXCF-based CODAS method. International Journal of Business and Economic Studies, 7(1), 33-55.
3. Antonelli, C., Orsatti, G., & Pialli, G. (2023). The knowledge-intensive direction of technological change. Eurasian Business Review, 13(1), 1-27.
4. Aşçı, M. E. (2019). BRICS ülkelerinin küresel güç olma potansiyelleri ve Türkiye. Uluslararası Hukuk ve Sosyal Bilim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 39-60.
5. Ayçin, E. (2023). Çok Kriterli Karar Verme. Nobel Yayınevi.
6. Badi, I., Abdulshahed, A. M., & Shetwan, A. (2018). A case study of supplier selection for a steelmaking company in Libya by using the Combinative Distance-based ASsessment (CODAS) model. Decision Making: Applications in Management and Engineering, 1(1), 1-12.
7. Bilan, Y., Oliinyk, O., Mishchuk, H., & Skare, M. (2023). Impact of information and communications technology on the development and use of knowledge. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 191, 122519.
8. Biswas, Sanjib, Pamucar, Dragan, Dawn, Satirtha & Simic, Vladimir (2024). Evaluation based on Relative Utility and Nonlinear Standardization (ERUNS) method for comparing firm performance in energy sector. Decision Making Advances, 2(1), 1-21.

9. Buchinskaia O.N. (2022). Knowledge as a mediator in the relationship between digital and economic development. Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast, 15(6), 139–152.
10. Decebal-Remus, F. (2018). The impact of media consumption habits upon the quality of life. International Journal of Academic Research in Business & Social Sciences, 8(9), 794-815.
11. Djeflat, A. (2022). Knowledge economy and the question of transversalities: analysis in terms of flows and contributions of the Global Knowledge Index (GKI). Development, Innovation Management, and Knowledge Revue, 1(1), 68–95.
12. Ecer, Fatih (2020). Çok Kriterli Karar Verme, Seçkin Yayıncılık.
13. Ecer, Fatih & Pamucar, Dragan (2022). A novel LOPCOW-DOBI multi-criteria sustainability performance assessment methodology: An application in developing country banking sector. Omega, 112, 1-17.
14. Ecer, F., & Ayçin, E. (2023). Novel comprehensive MEREC weighting-based score aggregation model for measuring innovation performance: The case of G7 countries. Informatica, 34(1), 53-83.
15. Eti, S., Yüksel, S., Eti, S. T., Dinçer, H., & Eyüpoğlu, O. E. (2025). Leveraging artificial intelligence and koch snowflake fuzzy sets to optimize antibiotic development pathways. Artificial Intelligence in the Life Sciences, 8, 100144.
16. Ghorabaee, M. K., Zavadskas, E. K., Turskis, Z., & Antucheviciene, J. (2016). A new Combinative Distance-Based Assessment (Codas) method for multi-criteria decision-making. economic computation and economic cybernetics studies and research, faculty of economic cybernetics, Statistics and Informatics, 50(3), 25-44.
17. Godin, B. (2010). “The knowledge economy: Fritz Machlup's construction of a synthetic concept”, The Capitalization of Knowledge, (Edited by Riccardo Viale & Henry Etzkowitz), Edward Elgar Publishing, UK. Gürsakal, N. (2012). Betimsel İstatistik, Dora Yayınları.
18. İbrahim, A. (2020). Issues an higher education: analysis on 2017 global knowledge ındex data and lessons learned. Higher Education Studies, 10(1), 91-99.
19. İnce, K. & Ünlü, F. (2022). The relative knowledge economy performance of Türkiye’s in European Union harmonization process: statistical evidence. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management – JEIM, 11(2), 55-85.
20. Katuščáková, M., Capková, E. & Grečnár, J. (2023). How to measure knowledge economy. Electron. J. Knowl. Manag., 21(2), 87–102.
21. Kılıç, E., Avcı, T., Mercan, N., & Pazarcı, Ş. (2026). Financial performance analysis of Turkish defence ındustry companies: evidence from CODAS and TOPSIS methods. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (19).
22. Kotan, Ö. (2025). Türkiye’s pivot to the east: motivations and key challenges for possible BRICS membership. Uluslararası İlişkiler Çalışmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 28-39.
23. Kumari, A., & Acherjee, B. (2022). Selection of non-conventional machining process using CRITIC-CODAS method. Materials Today: Proceedings, 56, 66-71.
24. Mathew, M., & Sahu, S. (2018). Comparison of new multi-criteria decision making methods for material handling equipment selection. Management Science Letters, 8(3), 139-150.
25. Miranda, D. (2021). Global knowledge? cooperation and conflict in the post-hegemonic era: Facing the pandemic crisis. Analele Universităţii din Bucureşti. Seria Ştiinţe Politice, 23(2), 194-223.
26. O’Neill, J. (2001). Building better global economic BRICs. Goldman Sachs Global Economics Paper, No: 66. https://www.ri-esistenza.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/build-better-brics.pdf. (Accessed 03.04.2026)
27. Öztaş, G. Z. (2025). Assessing green transition dynamics in europe through LOPCOW & CODAS methods. Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis, 10(2), 629-659.
28. Powell, W. W., & Snellman, K. (2004). The knowledge economy. Annual Review of Sociology, 30, 199-220.
29. Puška, A. Hodžić, I. & Štilić, A. (2023). Evaluating the knowledge economies within the European Union: A global knowledge index ranking via entropy and CRADIS methodologies. International Journal of Knowledge and Innovation Studies, 1(2), 103–115.
30. Simic, V., Karagoz, S., Deveci, M., & Aydın, N. (2021). Picture fuzzy extension of the CODAS method for multi-criteria vehicle shredding facility location. Expert Systems with Applications, 175, 114644.
31. Yıldırım, S. (2004). Bilgi ekonomisi ve bilgi ekonomisinin Türkiye açısından değerlendirilmesi. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(12), 105-124.
32. Taşcı, M. Z. (2023). Piyasa çarpanlarıyla performans analizi: BIST sigorta şirketleri. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 13(2), 1211-1224.
33. Tir, A., Salah, R. B., Rimi, O., Achour, S., & Ferhat, K. (2023). Examining the global knowledge ındex: A confirmatory factor analysis approach. Tobacco Regulatory Science, 9(2), 1416-1421.
34. UNDP & MBRF (2024). Global Knowledge Index, Al Ghurair Printing and Publishing, Dubai - United Arab Emirates. https://knowledge4all.com/admin/2024/Methodology/GKI_Methodology_EN.pdf. (Accessed: 12.03.2026).
35. https://brics.br/en/about-the-brics (Accessed: 12.03.2026).
36. https://sozluk.gov.tr (Accessed: 12.03.2026).