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ANALYSIS OF BUBBLES ASSETS FOR WEIGHTED AVERAGE INTEREST RATES APPLIED TO BANK LOANS

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 3, 30 - 49, 03.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.1278029

Öz

This study examines the existence of the "bubble effect" in the average interest rates of loans applied by banks to various types of loans for consumers. The purpose of this article is the research of the bubble formations in the average interest rates applied by the banks to consumer, housing (home), vehicle, and commercial loan types. This article examines the existence of bubbles in the average loan interest rates of banks in Turkey using the GSADF unit root test developed by Phillips et al. (2015). Bubble assets are analyzed with weekly data for the period June 2019–March 2023. Monte Carlo simulations performed obtained critical values for the GSADF unit root test. The results show that the bubble effect on housing loan interest rates is statistically significant at the 0.05 level. Against this, although the existence of a bubble effect in consumer, vehicle, and commercial loan interest rates has been determined, these bubbles are statistically insignificant.

Kaynakça

  • Abioğlu, V. (2020) “Türkiye Konut Pi̇yasasinda Balon Oluşumları: Bölgesel İnceleme [ House Price Bubbles in Turkey: A Provincial Analysis]”, Finansal Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi 12(22):1–14. doi: 10.14784/marufacd.688444.
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  • Assaf, A. (2018) “Testing for Bubbles in the Art Markets: An Empirical Investigation”, Economic Modelling, 68(March):340–55. doi: 10.1016/j.econmod.2017.08.004.
  • Bettendorf, T., and Wenjuan, C. (2013) “Are There Bubbles in the Sterling-Dollar Exchange Rate? New Evidence from Sequential ADF Tests”, Economics Letters 120(2):350–53. doi: 10.1016/j.econlet.2013.04.039.
  • Brunnermeier, Markus K. (2016) “Bubbles”, Pp. 28–36 in Banking Crises, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
  • Çadırcı, Bülent Diclehan and Bilal Güner (2021) “TRA1 Bölgesi̇ Konut Pi̇yasasinda Fi̇yat Oluşumu Balon Mu? [Is The Price Formation in Housing Market of The TRA1 Region A Bubble?]”, Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(81):291–307. doi: 10.17755/esosder.931079.
  • Çağlı, Efe Çağlar and Pınar Evrim Mandacı (2017) “Borsa İstanbul’da Rasyonel Balon Varlığı: Sektör Endeksleri Üzerine Bir Analiz [The Existence of Speculative Bubble in Istanbul Stock Exchange: An Analysis on Sector Indices]”, Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 54(629):63–76.
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  • Chen, Xi and Michael Funke (2013b) "Renewed Momentum in the German Housing Market: Boom or Bubble?", 4287. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2286048.
  • Çınar, M. (2022) “Fiyat, Gelir ve Faiz Oranlarının Konut Talebi Üzerindeki Etkisi: Panel Veri Yaklaşımı [The Effect of Price, Income and Mortgage Interest Rates on the Housing Demand: A Panel Data Approach]”, International Journal of Social Inquiry, 15(2):295–309. doi: 10.37093/ijsi.1095419.
  • Çıtak, F. (2019) “An Empirical Investigation of Bubble in the Turkish Stock Market”, Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Yenilik Dergisi, 5(2):247–62. doi: 10.20979/ueyd.582296.
  • Corbet, Shaen, Brian Lucey, and Larisa Yarovaya (2018),. “Datestamping the Bitcoin and Ethereum Bubbles”, Finance Research Letters, 26:81–88. doi: 10.1016/j.frl.2017.12.006.
  • Da Costa De Souza, Tiago, Hugo Carcanholo, Iasco Pereira and Michel Cândido De Souza (2017) “Cryptocurrencies Bubbles: New Evidences”, The Empirical Economics Letters, 16(7):739–46.
  • Demmler, Michael and Amilcar Orlian Fernández Dominguez (2022) “Speculative Bubble Tendencies in Time Series of Bitcoin Market Prices”, Cuadernos de Economía, 41(86):159–83. doi: 10.15446/cuad.econ.v41n86.85391.
  • Dou, Zhiwu, Mingxin Ji, Man Wang and Haibo Li (2021) “Empirical Analysis of Pu’er Tea Price Bubble Measurement Based on GSADF Method”, Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B: Soil and Plant Science, 71(2):81–90. doi: 10.1080/09064710.2020.1845789.
  • Escobari, Diego and Mohammad Jafarinejad (2016) “Date Stamping Bubbles in Real Estate Investment Trusts”, Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 60:224–30. doi: 10.1016/j.qref.2015.10.003.
  • Göçmen Yağcılar, G. (2022) “Kripto Para Piyasasında Fiyat Balonları ve Yatırımcı İlgisinin Etkisi [Price Bubbles in Cryptocurrency Market and Effects of Investor Attention]”, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Uygulamalı Bilimler Dergisi, 6(1):108–31. doi: 10.31200/makuubd.1078906.
  • Gökçe, A. and İlkay G. (2020) “Sağ-Yönlü ADF Sınamaları Ile Ankara İlinde Konut Balonu Araştırması [Housing Bubble Research in Ankara Province with Right-Tailed ADF Tests]”, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi Özel Sayı:94–116.
  • Güleç, Tuna Can and Hüseyin Aktaş (2019),. “Kripto Para Piyasasında Spekülatif Fiyat Balonlarının Analizi [Analysis of Speculative Price Bubbles in Cryptocurrency Markets]”, Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, Ekim(84):149–64. doi: 10.25095/mufad.625790.
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  • Ibicioğlu, M. and Karan M. B. (2009) “Türkiye’de Faiz Oranlarının Tüketici Kredileri Üzerindeki Etkisi [The Effect of Interest Rates on Consumer Credit in Turkey]”, BDDK Bankacılık ve Finansal Piyasalar, 3(2):11–30.
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  • Data Source: https://www.tuik.gov.tr/
  • Data Source: https://evds2.tcmb.gov.tr/index.php?/evds/serieMarket
Yıl 2024, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 3, 30 - 49, 03.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.1278029

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Abioğlu, V. (2020) “Türkiye Konut Pi̇yasasinda Balon Oluşumları: Bölgesel İnceleme [ House Price Bubbles in Turkey: A Provincial Analysis]”, Finansal Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi 12(22):1–14. doi: 10.14784/marufacd.688444.
  • Ahmed, Mumtaz, Muhammad Irfan, Abdelrhman Meero, Maryam Tariq, Ubaldo Comite, Abdul Aziz Abdul Rahman, Muhammad Safdar Sial, and Stefan B. Gunnlaugsson. (2022) “Bubble Identification in the Emerging Economy Fuel Price Series: Evidence from Generalized Sup Augmented Dickey–Fuller Test”, Processes 10(1). doi: 10.3390/pr10010065.
  • Aliber, Robert Z., and Charles P. Kindleberger (2015) "Manias, Panics and Crashes: A History of Financial Crises", 7th ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
  • Areal, Francisco José, Kelvin Balcombe, and George Rapsomanikis (2016) “Testing for Bubbles in Agriculture Commodity Markets”, Economia Agraria y Recursos Naturales 16(1):59–79. doi: 10.7201/earn.2016.01.04.
  • Asal, Maher (2019) “Is There a Bubble in the Swedish Housing Market?”, Journal of European Real Estate Research, 12(1):32–61. doi: 10.1108/JERER-03-2018-0013.
  • Assaf, A. (2018) “Testing for Bubbles in the Art Markets: An Empirical Investigation”, Economic Modelling, 68(March):340–55. doi: 10.1016/j.econmod.2017.08.004.
  • Bettendorf, T., and Wenjuan, C. (2013) “Are There Bubbles in the Sterling-Dollar Exchange Rate? New Evidence from Sequential ADF Tests”, Economics Letters 120(2):350–53. doi: 10.1016/j.econlet.2013.04.039.
  • Brunnermeier, Markus K. (2016) “Bubbles”, Pp. 28–36 in Banking Crises, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
  • Çadırcı, Bülent Diclehan and Bilal Güner (2021) “TRA1 Bölgesi̇ Konut Pi̇yasasinda Fi̇yat Oluşumu Balon Mu? [Is The Price Formation in Housing Market of The TRA1 Region A Bubble?]”, Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(81):291–307. doi: 10.17755/esosder.931079.
  • Çağlı, Efe Çağlar and Pınar Evrim Mandacı (2017) “Borsa İstanbul’da Rasyonel Balon Varlığı: Sektör Endeksleri Üzerine Bir Analiz [The Existence of Speculative Bubble in Istanbul Stock Exchange: An Analysis on Sector Indices]”, Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 54(629):63–76.
  • Chang, Tsangyao, Chen-Min Hsu and Mei-Chih Wang (2021) “Bubbles During Covid-19 Period: Evidence from the United States Using the Generalized Sub ADF Test”, HOLISTICA – Journal of Business and Public Administration, 12(1):49–56. doi: 10.2478/hjbpa-2021-0005.
  • Chen, Xi and Michael Funke (2013a) “Real-Time Warning Signs of Emerging and Collapsing Chinese House Price Bubbles”, National Institute Economic Review, 223(1):R39–48. doi: 10.1177/002795011322300105.
  • Chen, Xi and Michael Funke (2013b) "Renewed Momentum in the German Housing Market: Boom or Bubble?", 4287. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.2286048.
  • Çınar, M. (2022) “Fiyat, Gelir ve Faiz Oranlarının Konut Talebi Üzerindeki Etkisi: Panel Veri Yaklaşımı [The Effect of Price, Income and Mortgage Interest Rates on the Housing Demand: A Panel Data Approach]”, International Journal of Social Inquiry, 15(2):295–309. doi: 10.37093/ijsi.1095419.
  • Çıtak, F. (2019) “An Empirical Investigation of Bubble in the Turkish Stock Market”, Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Yenilik Dergisi, 5(2):247–62. doi: 10.20979/ueyd.582296.
  • Corbet, Shaen, Brian Lucey, and Larisa Yarovaya (2018),. “Datestamping the Bitcoin and Ethereum Bubbles”, Finance Research Letters, 26:81–88. doi: 10.1016/j.frl.2017.12.006.
  • Da Costa De Souza, Tiago, Hugo Carcanholo, Iasco Pereira and Michel Cândido De Souza (2017) “Cryptocurrencies Bubbles: New Evidences”, The Empirical Economics Letters, 16(7):739–46.
  • Demmler, Michael and Amilcar Orlian Fernández Dominguez (2022) “Speculative Bubble Tendencies in Time Series of Bitcoin Market Prices”, Cuadernos de Economía, 41(86):159–83. doi: 10.15446/cuad.econ.v41n86.85391.
  • Dou, Zhiwu, Mingxin Ji, Man Wang and Haibo Li (2021) “Empirical Analysis of Pu’er Tea Price Bubble Measurement Based on GSADF Method”, Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B: Soil and Plant Science, 71(2):81–90. doi: 10.1080/09064710.2020.1845789.
  • Escobari, Diego and Mohammad Jafarinejad (2016) “Date Stamping Bubbles in Real Estate Investment Trusts”, Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 60:224–30. doi: 10.1016/j.qref.2015.10.003.
  • Göçmen Yağcılar, G. (2022) “Kripto Para Piyasasında Fiyat Balonları ve Yatırımcı İlgisinin Etkisi [Price Bubbles in Cryptocurrency Market and Effects of Investor Attention]”, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Uygulamalı Bilimler Dergisi, 6(1):108–31. doi: 10.31200/makuubd.1078906.
  • Gökçe, A. and İlkay G. (2020) “Sağ-Yönlü ADF Sınamaları Ile Ankara İlinde Konut Balonu Araştırması [Housing Bubble Research in Ankara Province with Right-Tailed ADF Tests]”, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi Özel Sayı:94–116.
  • Güleç, Tuna Can and Hüseyin Aktaş (2019),. “Kripto Para Piyasasında Spekülatif Fiyat Balonlarının Analizi [Analysis of Speculative Price Bubbles in Cryptocurrency Markets]”, Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, Ekim(84):149–64. doi: 10.25095/mufad.625790.
  • Güler, İlkay and Atilla Gökçe (2020) “Yabancılara Konut Satışı Ile Konut Balonu İlişkisinin GSADF Sınamaları Ile Araştırılması: Türkiye Geneli ve İstanbul, Antalya İlleri Örneği [Analyzing the Relationship Between Housing Sales to Foreigners and the Housing Bubble with GSADF Tests: The Case O”. 3. Sektör Sosyal Ekonomi Dergi̇si̇ [Third Sector Social Economic Review], 55(2):15659. doi: 10.15659/3.sektor-sosyal-ekonomi.20.05.1353.
  • Hu, Yang and Les Oxley (2018a) “Bubble Contagion: Evidence from Japan’s Asset Price Bubble of the 1980-90s”, Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 50(July):89–95. doi: 10.1016/j.jjie.2018.09.002.
  • Hu, Yang and Les Oxley (2018b) “Bubbles in US Regional House Prices: Evidence from House Price–Income Ratios at the State Level”, Applied Economics, 50(29):3196–3229. doi: 10.1080/00036846.2017.1418080.
  • Ibicioğlu, M. and Karan M. B. (2009) “Türkiye’de Faiz Oranlarının Tüketici Kredileri Üzerindeki Etkisi [The Effect of Interest Rates on Consumer Credit in Turkey]”, BDDK Bankacılık ve Finansal Piyasalar, 3(2):11–30.
  • İşcan, A. (2003) “Banka Kredilerindeki Daralmanın Ekonomik Etkileri ve Krizlerdeki Gelişimi [Economic Effects of Contraction in Bank Loans and Its Development in Crises]” TCMB.
  • Işıldak, M.S. (2022) “Kripto Para Piyasasında Spekülatif Baloncuklar : Bitcoinden Kanıtlar [Speculative Bubbles in the Cryptocurrency Market: Evidence from Bitcoin]”, Businness, Economics and Management Research Journal, 5(3):209–19.
  • Işıldak, M. S. (2022) “Dolar, Altın ve BIST - Tüm Endeksi̇nde Spekülati̇f Balonlar [Speculative Bubbles in Dollar, Gold and BIST-All Index]”, Ekonomi, İşletme ve Maliye Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(3):194–206.
  • Jiang, Chun, Yi Wang, Tsangyao Chang and Chi Wei Su. (2015) “Are There Bubbles in Chinese RMB–Dollar Exchange Rate? Evidence from Generalized Sup ADF Tests”, Applied Economics, 47(56):6120–35. doi: 10.1080/00036846.2015.1064080.
  • Johansen, A. and D. Sornette (2000) “The Nasdaq Crash of April 2000: Yet Another Example of Log-Periodicity in A Speculative Bubble Ending in A Crash”, European Physical Journal B, 17(2):319–28. doi: 10.1007/s100510070147.
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  • Karcıoğlu, R. and Akyol Özcan K. (2023) “Varlık Fiyat Balonları ve BIST 100 Volatilitesine Etkisi [Asset Price Bubbles and Its Effect On BIST 100 Volatility]”, Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, 0(98):63–86. doi: 10.25095/mufad.1245370.
  • Kartal, G. (2022) “Konut Piyasasında Çoklu Balon Oluşumu: Türkiye Geneli ve TR71 Bölgesi Örneğinden Ampirik Deliller [Multiple Bubble Formation in The Real Estate Market: Empirical Evidence from Turkey and TR71 Region]”, Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(2):343–60. doi: 10.25287/ohuiibf.1002825.
  • Khan, Khalid, Chi Wei Su, Muhammad Umar and Xiao Guang Yue. (2021) “Do Crude Oil Price Bubbles Occur?”, Resources Policy, 71(November):101936. doi: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101936.
  • Kindleberger, Charles P. and Robert Z. Aliber (2005) Speculative Manias.
  • Kılıç, Y. (2020) “Finansal Piyasalarda Balon Varlığının Test Edilmesi: BRICS-T Ülkeleri Örneği [Testing for Bubbles in the Financial Markets: A Case of BRICS-T Countries]”, Bankacılık ve Sermaye Piyasası Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(9):11–22.
  • Kyriazis, Nikolaos, Stephanos Papadamou and Shaen Corbet (2020) “A Systematic Review of the Bubble Dynamics of Cryptocurrency Prices”, Research in International Business and Finance, 54:101254. doi: 10.1016/j.ribaf.2020.101254.
  • Li, Yan, Zhicheng Wang, Hongchuan Wang, Meiyu Wu and Lingling Xie (2021) “Identifying Price Bubble Periods in the Bitcoin Market-Based on GSADF Model”, Quality and Quantity, 55(5):1829–44. doi: 10.1007/s11135-020-01077-4.
  • Li, Zheng Zheng, Ran Tao, Chi Wei Su and Oana Ramona Lobonţ (2019) “Does Bitcoin Bubble Burst?”, Quality and Quantity, 53(1):91–105. doi: 10.1007/s11135-018-0728-3.
  • Liaqat, Ayesha, Mian Sajid Nazir and Iftikhar Ahmad (2019) “Identification of Multiple Stock Bubbles in An Emerging Market: Application of GSADF Approach”, Economic Change and Restructuring, 52(3):301–26. doi: 10.1007/s10644-018-9230-0.
  • Liu, Tie Ying, Hsu Ling Chang, Chi Wei Su and Xu Zhao Jiang. (2016) “China’s Housing Bubble Burst?”, Economics of Transition, 24(2):361–89. doi: 10.1111/ecot.12093.
  • Lyashenko, Vyacheslav (2020) “Dynamics of COVID-19 Development: New Data and New Estimates from Wavelet Analysis”, International Journal Papier Advance and Scientific Review, 1(2):64–71. doi: 10.47667/ijpasr.v1i2.60.
  • Malhotra, Akash and Mayank Maloo. (2014) “Bitcoin Is It a Bubble? Evidence from Unit Root Tests”, in SSRN Electronic Journal.
  • Mandacı, Pınar Evrim and Efe Çağlar Çağlı. (2018) “Türkiye Konut Piyasasında Balon Var Mı? İstatistiki Bölge Birimleri Üzerine Bir Analiz [Is There a Bubble in the Real Estate Market of Turkey? An Analysis on the Statistical Territorial Units]”, Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, Aralık (646):85–113.
  • Mulla, Pranvera, Ornela Shalari and Anita Gumeni. (2018) “An Examination of the Occurrence of Speculative Bubbles in the US Stock Markets”, The Romanian Economic Journal, XXI(67):98–109.
  • Nalın, Halime Temel and Selvihan Taşdelen. (2016) “Bankalarda Kredi Arzını Bankalarda Kredi Arzını Etkileyen Faktörler [Factors Affecting the Loan Supply of the Banks]”, Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 53(615):65–75.
  • Naoui, Kamel and Amine Bassem. (2015) “Speculative Bubbles and the Real Estate Market Application of the Sequential ADF Test”, American J. of Finance and Accounting, 4(2):113. doi: 10.1504/ajfa.2015.072592.
  • Öncü, E. (2021) “Gümüş Fiyatlarında Spekülatif Balonların Tespiti: GSADF Analizi [Detection of Speculative Bubbles in Silver Prices: GSADF Analysis]”, Pp. 391–97 in Ankara V. International Scientific Research Congress.
  • Özgür, Ö., Yılancı V. and Özbuğday, F. C. (2021) “Detecting Speculative Bubbles in Metal Prices: Evidence from GSADF Test and Machine Learning Approaches”, Resources Policy, 74(August):102306. doi: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102306.
  • Pavlidis, Efthymios G., Ivan Paya and David A. Peel. (2017) “Testing for Speculative Bubbles Using Spot and Forward Prices”, International Economic Review, 58(4):1191–1226. doi: 10.1111/iere.12249.
  • Pavlidis, Efthymios G., Ivan Paya and David A. Peel. (2018) “Using Market Expectations to Test for Speculative Bubbles in the Crude Oil Market”, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 50(5):833–56. doi: 10.1111/jmcb.12525 . Perifanis, Theodosios (2019) “Detecting West Texas Intermediate (WTI) Prices’ Bubble Periods”, Energies, 12(14):1–16. doi: 10.3390/en12142649.
  • Phillips, Peter C. B., Shuping Shi and Jun Yu. (2015) “Testing for Multiple Bubbles: Historical Episodes of Exuberance and Collapse in the S&P 500”, International Economic Review, 56(4):1043–78. doi: 10.1111/iere.12132.
  • Şahin, E. E. (2020) “Kripto Para Fiyatlarında Balon Varlığının Tespiti: Bitcoin, IOTA ve Ripple Örneği [Detection of Balloon Presence in Crypto-Currency Prices: Bitcoin, IOTA and Ripple Case]”, Selçuk Ün. Sos. Bil. Ens. Der, 0(43):62–69.
  • Shi, Shuping, Abbas Valadkhani, Russell Smyth and Farshid Vahid. (2016) “Dating the Timeline of House Price Bubbles in Australian Capital Cities”, Economic Record, 92(299):590–605. doi: 10.1111/1475-4932.12284.
  • Songur, M. (2019) “Bitcoin Piyasasında Balonlar: Genelleştirilmiş Eküs ADF Testi [Bubbles in Bitcoin Markets: Generalized Sup ADF Test Mehmet]”, Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(6):187–92. doi: 10.18506/anemon.506466.
  • Su, Chi Wei, Xiao Qing Wang, Haotian Zhu, Ran Tao, Nicoleta Claudia Moldovan and Oana Ramona Lobonţ. (2020) “Testing for Multiple Bubbles in the Copper Price: Periodically Collapsing Behavior”, Resources Policy, 65(January). doi: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101587.
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  • Varlık, N. (2021) “Kırılgan Sekizli’de Gıda Fiyat Balonlarının Saptanması: Küresel Kriz-Covid 19 Pandemi Dönemleri Için Karşılaştırma [ Detecting Food Price Bubbles in The Fragile Eight: Comparison for The Global Crisis-COVID 19 Pandemic Periods]”, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(2):1123–40.
  • Yıldırım, H., Akdağ, S. and Andrew Adewale Alola (2022) “Is There a Price Bubble in the Exchange Rates of the Developing Countries? The Case of BRICS and Turkey”, Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science, 27(54):247–61. doi: 10.1108/JEFAS-04-2021-0025.
  • Yılmaz, T. (2022) “Kripto Paralarda Fiyat Balonu Keşfi: Covid-19 Pandemi Dönemi Üzerine Bir Araştırma [Discovery of Price Bubble in Cryptocurrencies: A Study on the COVID-19 Pandemic Period]”, İktisadi İdari ve Siyasal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(17):90–103.
  • Yurtoğlu, Y. (2022) “Pay Senedi Piyasalarında Balon Varlığının Test Edilmesi: MIST Ülkeleri Örneği [Testing the Presence of Bubbles in Equity Markets: The Case of MIST Countries]”, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(1):410–27.
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  • Data Source: https://www.tuik.gov.tr/
  • Data Source: https://evds2.tcmb.gov.tr/index.php?/evds/serieMarket
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Savaş Tarkun 0000-0002-2684-184X

Erkan Işığıçok 0000-0003-4037-0869

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 4 Ekim 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Ekim 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Tarkun, S., & Işığıçok, E. (2024). ANALYSIS OF BUBBLES ASSETS FOR WEIGHTED AVERAGE INTEREST RATES APPLIED TO BANK LOANS. Journal of Management and Economics Research, 22(3), 30-49. https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.1278029
AMA Tarkun S, Işığıçok E. ANALYSIS OF BUBBLES ASSETS FOR WEIGHTED AVERAGE INTEREST RATES APPLIED TO BANK LOANS. Journal of Management and Economics Research. Ekim 2024;22(3):30-49. doi:10.11611/yead.1278029
Chicago Tarkun, Savaş, ve Erkan Işığıçok. “ANALYSIS OF BUBBLES ASSETS FOR WEIGHTED AVERAGE INTEREST RATES APPLIED TO BANK LOANS”. Journal of Management and Economics Research 22, sy. 3 (Ekim 2024): 30-49. https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.1278029.
EndNote Tarkun S, Işığıçok E (01 Ekim 2024) ANALYSIS OF BUBBLES ASSETS FOR WEIGHTED AVERAGE INTEREST RATES APPLIED TO BANK LOANS. Journal of Management and Economics Research 22 3 30–49.
IEEE S. Tarkun ve E. Işığıçok, “ANALYSIS OF BUBBLES ASSETS FOR WEIGHTED AVERAGE INTEREST RATES APPLIED TO BANK LOANS”, Journal of Management and Economics Research, c. 22, sy. 3, ss. 30–49, 2024, doi: 10.11611/yead.1278029.
ISNAD Tarkun, Savaş - Işığıçok, Erkan. “ANALYSIS OF BUBBLES ASSETS FOR WEIGHTED AVERAGE INTEREST RATES APPLIED TO BANK LOANS”. Journal of Management and Economics Research 22/3 (Ekim 2024), 30-49. https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.1278029.
JAMA Tarkun S, Işığıçok E. ANALYSIS OF BUBBLES ASSETS FOR WEIGHTED AVERAGE INTEREST RATES APPLIED TO BANK LOANS. Journal of Management and Economics Research. 2024;22:30–49.
MLA Tarkun, Savaş ve Erkan Işığıçok. “ANALYSIS OF BUBBLES ASSETS FOR WEIGHTED AVERAGE INTEREST RATES APPLIED TO BANK LOANS”. Journal of Management and Economics Research, c. 22, sy. 3, 2024, ss. 30-49, doi:10.11611/yead.1278029.
Vancouver Tarkun S, Işığıçok E. ANALYSIS OF BUBBLES ASSETS FOR WEIGHTED AVERAGE INTEREST RATES APPLIED TO BANK LOANS. Journal of Management and Economics Research. 2024;22(3):30-49.