Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster
Yıl 2024, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 3, 200 - 220
https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.1469476

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Adeleye J. O., Adeteye O. S. and Adewuyi M. O. (2015) “Impact of International Trade on Economic Growth in Nigeria (1988-2012) “, International Journal of Financial Research Vol. 6, No. 3; 2015, https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/80090318, (Access:18.03.2024).
  • Aditya, A. and Acharyya, R. (2013) “Export Diversification, Composition, and Economic Growth: Evidence from Cross-Country Analysis”, The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 22:7,959-992, https://econpapers.repec.org/article/tafjitecd/v_3a22_3ay_ 3a2013_ 3ai_ 3a7_3ap_3a959-992.htm, (Access:14.03.2024).
  • Aditya, Anwesha and Roy, Saikat S. “Export Diversification and Economic Growth: Evidence from Cross-Country Analysis”, http://www.isid.ac.in/~pu/conference/ dec_10_conf/Papers/ Anwesha Aditya.pdf (Access:12.03.2024).
  • Agosin, Manuel R. (2009) “Export Diversification and Growth in Emerging Economies”, Cepal Review97, April,115-131, https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/journals/16840348/2009/97/6/read (Access: 12.03.2024).
  • Akar, G. and Ay, A. (2018), “İhracat Çeşitlendirmesi Ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği” Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research 2018,809-820, https://jshsr.org/index.php/pub/ article/view/1740 (Access:08.03.2024).
  • Akalın. (Özkan), G. (2002) “Thirlwall Yasası ve Makroekonomik Sonuçları”, Öneri Dergisi, 5(17), 203-210, https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.683488, (Access:16.02.2024). Avdar, R. and Avdar, R. (2021) “Yüksek Teknolojili Ürünlerin İhracat Ve Ekonomik Gelişme Üzerine Etkisi; OECD ve Türkiye Değerlendirmesi”, Sakarya İktisat Dergisi, Vol:10, No:4,423-440. Arip, Mohammad A., Yee, Lau S. and Karim, Bakri A. (2010) “Export Diversification and Economic Growth in Malaysia”, 1-10, MPRA, https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20588/ MPRA Paper No. 20588, posted 09 Feb 2010 04:08 UTC, (Access:19.03.2024).
  • Aydemir, C. and Güneş, H. H. (2006) “Merkantilizmin Ortaya Çıkışı”, Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(15),1-23, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/esosder/ issue/6129/82200, (Access:10. 02.2024).
  • Balassa, B. (1985) “Exports Policy Choices and Economic Growth in Developing Countries After the 1973 Oil Shock”, Journal of Development Economics, 4/1, June,23-35, https://econpapers.repec.org/article/eeedeveco/v_3a18_3ay_3a1985_3ai_3a1_3ap_3a23- 35.htm, (Access:20.03.2024).
  • Balkanlı, A.O. (2019) “Ekonomik Gelişme ve Uluslararası Ticarette Nanoelektronik, Eğitim ve İnsan Sermayesinin Etkenliğinin Değişimi ve Endüstri 4.0 Devrimi”, Journal of Current Researches on Business and Economics (JoCReBE), Vol.9, No.1,107-132.
  • Bhagwati, J.N. (1973) “The Theory of Immiserizing Growth: Further Applications 1“, International Trade and Money, 1st Edition, (Ed.by Connolly, M.B.&Swoboda, A.K.), London, Routledge.
  • Benli, M. (2020) “Export Diversification and Economic Growth: Evidence from Emerging Economies”, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi (55),285-298, https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.609237,(Access:10.02.2024)
  • Can, M. and Doğan, B. (2015) “İthalat Ve İhracat Ürün Çeşitlendirme İlişkisi: Türkiye Örnekleminde Nedensellik Analizi “, International Journal of Alanya Faculty of Business,159-167, Vol:7, No:3.
  • Çınar, Y. and Türkmen, G. “İhracatta Bölgesel Çeşitlendirme Ve İstikrar “, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, Vol:65, No:2, https://library.dogus.edu.tr/mvt/pdf.php (Access: 08.03.2024).
  • Dura, Y.C., and Yılmaz, E.G. (2022) “Yüksek Teknolojili Ürün İhracatı Ekonomik Büyüme İçin Bir Avantaj Sağlar Mı? Gelişmiş Ülkeler Üzerinden Ampirik Kanıtlar”, Bilim-Teknoloji-Yenilik Ekosistemi Dergisi, Vol:3, No:1,82-94, http://bityed.dergi.comu.edu.tr/ dosyalar/ Bityed/ yuksek-teknolojili-urun-ihracati-ekonomik-buyume-icin-bir-avantaj-saglar-mi.pdf (Access:09.03.2024)
  • Göçer, İ. (2013) “Ar-Ge Harcamalarının Yüksek Teknolojili Ürün İhracatı, Dış Ticaret Dengesi ve Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkileri”, Maliye Dergisi, No:165, Temmuz-Aralık,215-240, www.researchgate.net/publication/296621402_Ar-Ge_Harcamalarinin_Yuksek_Teknolojili_ Urun_ Ihracati_Dis_Ticaret_Dengesi_ve_Ekonomik_Buyume_Uzerindeki_Etkileri, (Access: 08. 02.2024).
  • Güneş, S. and Akın, T. (2019) “Yüksek Teknolojili Ürün İhracatı: Lider Ülkeler ve Türkiye Analizi”, Sosyoekonomi, Vol:27, No:40,11-29, https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2019.02.01, (Access:06.02.2024).
  • Herzer, D. and Nowak-Lehmann D. F. “Export Diversification, Externalities and Growth”, https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6471231.pdf, (Access:13.03.2024).
  • Hesse, H., (2008) “Export Diversification and Economic Growth”, World Bank, Working Paper No:21, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/577921468150573677/pdf/577210NWP0Box 353766B01PUBLIC10gcwp021web.pdf, (Acces:13.02.2024).
  • Murfy-Braynen and Marlo B. (2019) “How Does Export Diversification Impact Economic Growth?”, Muma Business Review 3:041-054,41-53, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 345435084_How_Does_Export_Diversification_Impact_Economic_Growth, Acces:12.03.2024).
  • Sannassee, Raja V.; Seetanah, B. and Lamport, Matthew J., (2014), “Export Diversification And Economic Growth: The Case of Mauritius”, 11-22, (in Book, “Connecting to Global Markets”), W.T.O., https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/cmark_chap1_e.pdf (Access:12.02.2024).
  • Sarin, V., Mahapatra, S.K. and Sood, N. (2020) “Export Diversification and Economic Growth: A Review and Future Research Agenda”, Journal of Public Affairs · October 2020, 1-9, https:// www. researchgate.net/profile/Vishal-Sarin/publication/345545829_ Export_diversification_ and_economic_growth_A_review_and_future_research_agenda/links/60250e45a6fdcc37a81aa 280/Export-diversification-and-economic-growth-A-review-and-future-research-agenda.pdf, (Erişim:9.3.2024).
  • Sharma, S. (2015) “Enhancing Economic Growth Through Export Diversification: A Case of Indian Economy “, Amity Management Review 2015, Vol. 4, No. 2, Amity University Rajastlum,31- 39, https://www.amity.edu/jaipur/amr/pdf/jul-dec-2015-vol-4(2)/4.pdf, (Access:13.03.2024).
  • Stockhammer and Engelbert (2015) "Neoliberal Growth Models, Monetary Union and the Euro Crisis. A Post-Keynesian Perspective," Working Papers PKWP1510, Post Keynesian Economics Society (PKES), https://ideas.repec.org/p/pke/wpaper/pkwp1510.html, (Access:16.02.2024)
  • Sunaryati. (2015) “Export Diversıfıcation and Economıc Growth in Asean “, Jurnal Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan Volume 16, Nomor 2, Oktober,119-131, https://journal.umy.ac.id/index. php/esp/article/view/1207, (Access:10.03.2024).
  • Şeker, A. and Özcan, S. (2019) “Yüksek Teknolojili Ürün İhracatı ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği”, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol:6, No:3,865-884. https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.526828 (Access:09.02.2024).
  • Şen, A. and Öztürk, M. “Türkiye'de İhracat Ürün Çeşitlendirmesi Ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Asimetrik Bootstrap Kayan Pencereler Nedensellik Testi Yaklaşımı”, https://ww.Researchgate. Net/Publication/351269020_Turkıye'de_ Ihracat_ Urun_CesıtlendırmesıVe_Ekonomık_Buyume_ Ilıskısı_Asımetrık_Bootstrap_Kayan_Pencereler_Nedensellık_Testı_Yaklasımı_ (Access: 08.03.2024).
  • Şahin, S.and Çukuryurt, Y. (2022) “İhracatta Ürün Çeşitlendirme ve Yoğunlaşma Analizi: Rusya Örneği (2001-2020)”, Kırklareli Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol:11, No:1,26-51. https://doi.org/10.53306/klujfeas.1057837 (Access:15.03.20224),
  • Tekgül, Y.B. and Cin, M.F. (2013) “Post-Keynesyen Talep Yönelimli Büyüme Modelleri “, Yönetim ve Ekonomi,Vol:20,No:2,dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/146150,(Access: 05.03.2024).

THE PHENOMENON OF EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION IN EXPORT SUCCESS AND TURKIYE CASE

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 3, 200 - 220
https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.1469476

Öz

Having stable sales and widespread markets in exports is as important as the success of export growth. The main problem of developing economies regarding the foreign world is not only increasing exports but also having stable sales and markets. This situation is especially important in terms of accelerating and stabilizing economic growth. For solve external equilibrium problems, developing countries need to focuse to develope to export and export diversification. Government inducements may be a supportive method for developing to export diversification. In this article, with dimension of export's effect on economic growth, phenomenon of export diversification and diversificartion's effects on export success is analysed. In the article, determined that product and market diversification are effective on success of export and on economic growth. It was concluded that there was less product diversification and more geographical market diversification in the 2000-2023 period, which was the subject of the research, in Turkey.

Etik Beyan

Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi Yönetimi'ne Etik İlişiksizlik beyanıdır. Tarafınıza yayınlanmak için öndermiş olduğum “THE PHENOMENON OF EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION IN EXPORT SUCCESS AND TURKIYE CASE” adlı makalede nicel ya da nitel saha çalışması yoktur. İş bu belge Etik Kurul ilişiksizlik beyanıdır. 05552101234 Saygılarımla İstanbul Üniversitesi Doç.Dr.Ali Osman BALKANLI

Kaynakça

  • Adeleye J. O., Adeteye O. S. and Adewuyi M. O. (2015) “Impact of International Trade on Economic Growth in Nigeria (1988-2012) “, International Journal of Financial Research Vol. 6, No. 3; 2015, https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/80090318, (Access:18.03.2024).
  • Aditya, A. and Acharyya, R. (2013) “Export Diversification, Composition, and Economic Growth: Evidence from Cross-Country Analysis”, The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 22:7,959-992, https://econpapers.repec.org/article/tafjitecd/v_3a22_3ay_ 3a2013_ 3ai_ 3a7_3ap_3a959-992.htm, (Access:14.03.2024).
  • Aditya, Anwesha and Roy, Saikat S. “Export Diversification and Economic Growth: Evidence from Cross-Country Analysis”, http://www.isid.ac.in/~pu/conference/ dec_10_conf/Papers/ Anwesha Aditya.pdf (Access:12.03.2024).
  • Agosin, Manuel R. (2009) “Export Diversification and Growth in Emerging Economies”, Cepal Review97, April,115-131, https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/journals/16840348/2009/97/6/read (Access: 12.03.2024).
  • Akar, G. and Ay, A. (2018), “İhracat Çeşitlendirmesi Ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği” Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research 2018,809-820, https://jshsr.org/index.php/pub/ article/view/1740 (Access:08.03.2024).
  • Akalın. (Özkan), G. (2002) “Thirlwall Yasası ve Makroekonomik Sonuçları”, Öneri Dergisi, 5(17), 203-210, https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.683488, (Access:16.02.2024). Avdar, R. and Avdar, R. (2021) “Yüksek Teknolojili Ürünlerin İhracat Ve Ekonomik Gelişme Üzerine Etkisi; OECD ve Türkiye Değerlendirmesi”, Sakarya İktisat Dergisi, Vol:10, No:4,423-440. Arip, Mohammad A., Yee, Lau S. and Karim, Bakri A. (2010) “Export Diversification and Economic Growth in Malaysia”, 1-10, MPRA, https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20588/ MPRA Paper No. 20588, posted 09 Feb 2010 04:08 UTC, (Access:19.03.2024).
  • Aydemir, C. and Güneş, H. H. (2006) “Merkantilizmin Ortaya Çıkışı”, Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(15),1-23, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/esosder/ issue/6129/82200, (Access:10. 02.2024).
  • Balassa, B. (1985) “Exports Policy Choices and Economic Growth in Developing Countries After the 1973 Oil Shock”, Journal of Development Economics, 4/1, June,23-35, https://econpapers.repec.org/article/eeedeveco/v_3a18_3ay_3a1985_3ai_3a1_3ap_3a23- 35.htm, (Access:20.03.2024).
  • Balkanlı, A.O. (2019) “Ekonomik Gelişme ve Uluslararası Ticarette Nanoelektronik, Eğitim ve İnsan Sermayesinin Etkenliğinin Değişimi ve Endüstri 4.0 Devrimi”, Journal of Current Researches on Business and Economics (JoCReBE), Vol.9, No.1,107-132.
  • Bhagwati, J.N. (1973) “The Theory of Immiserizing Growth: Further Applications 1“, International Trade and Money, 1st Edition, (Ed.by Connolly, M.B.&Swoboda, A.K.), London, Routledge.
  • Benli, M. (2020) “Export Diversification and Economic Growth: Evidence from Emerging Economies”, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi (55),285-298, https://doi.org/10.18070/erciyesiibd.609237,(Access:10.02.2024)
  • Can, M. and Doğan, B. (2015) “İthalat Ve İhracat Ürün Çeşitlendirme İlişkisi: Türkiye Örnekleminde Nedensellik Analizi “, International Journal of Alanya Faculty of Business,159-167, Vol:7, No:3.
  • Çınar, Y. and Türkmen, G. “İhracatta Bölgesel Çeşitlendirme Ve İstikrar “, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, Vol:65, No:2, https://library.dogus.edu.tr/mvt/pdf.php (Access: 08.03.2024).
  • Dura, Y.C., and Yılmaz, E.G. (2022) “Yüksek Teknolojili Ürün İhracatı Ekonomik Büyüme İçin Bir Avantaj Sağlar Mı? Gelişmiş Ülkeler Üzerinden Ampirik Kanıtlar”, Bilim-Teknoloji-Yenilik Ekosistemi Dergisi, Vol:3, No:1,82-94, http://bityed.dergi.comu.edu.tr/ dosyalar/ Bityed/ yuksek-teknolojili-urun-ihracati-ekonomik-buyume-icin-bir-avantaj-saglar-mi.pdf (Access:09.03.2024)
  • Göçer, İ. (2013) “Ar-Ge Harcamalarının Yüksek Teknolojili Ürün İhracatı, Dış Ticaret Dengesi ve Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkileri”, Maliye Dergisi, No:165, Temmuz-Aralık,215-240, www.researchgate.net/publication/296621402_Ar-Ge_Harcamalarinin_Yuksek_Teknolojili_ Urun_ Ihracati_Dis_Ticaret_Dengesi_ve_Ekonomik_Buyume_Uzerindeki_Etkileri, (Access: 08. 02.2024).
  • Güneş, S. and Akın, T. (2019) “Yüksek Teknolojili Ürün İhracatı: Lider Ülkeler ve Türkiye Analizi”, Sosyoekonomi, Vol:27, No:40,11-29, https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2019.02.01, (Access:06.02.2024).
  • Herzer, D. and Nowak-Lehmann D. F. “Export Diversification, Externalities and Growth”, https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6471231.pdf, (Access:13.03.2024).
  • Hesse, H., (2008) “Export Diversification and Economic Growth”, World Bank, Working Paper No:21, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/577921468150573677/pdf/577210NWP0Box 353766B01PUBLIC10gcwp021web.pdf, (Acces:13.02.2024).
  • Murfy-Braynen and Marlo B. (2019) “How Does Export Diversification Impact Economic Growth?”, Muma Business Review 3:041-054,41-53, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 345435084_How_Does_Export_Diversification_Impact_Economic_Growth, Acces:12.03.2024).
  • Sannassee, Raja V.; Seetanah, B. and Lamport, Matthew J., (2014), “Export Diversification And Economic Growth: The Case of Mauritius”, 11-22, (in Book, “Connecting to Global Markets”), W.T.O., https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/cmark_chap1_e.pdf (Access:12.02.2024).
  • Sarin, V., Mahapatra, S.K. and Sood, N. (2020) “Export Diversification and Economic Growth: A Review and Future Research Agenda”, Journal of Public Affairs · October 2020, 1-9, https:// www. researchgate.net/profile/Vishal-Sarin/publication/345545829_ Export_diversification_ and_economic_growth_A_review_and_future_research_agenda/links/60250e45a6fdcc37a81aa 280/Export-diversification-and-economic-growth-A-review-and-future-research-agenda.pdf, (Erişim:9.3.2024).
  • Sharma, S. (2015) “Enhancing Economic Growth Through Export Diversification: A Case of Indian Economy “, Amity Management Review 2015, Vol. 4, No. 2, Amity University Rajastlum,31- 39, https://www.amity.edu/jaipur/amr/pdf/jul-dec-2015-vol-4(2)/4.pdf, (Access:13.03.2024).
  • Stockhammer and Engelbert (2015) "Neoliberal Growth Models, Monetary Union and the Euro Crisis. A Post-Keynesian Perspective," Working Papers PKWP1510, Post Keynesian Economics Society (PKES), https://ideas.repec.org/p/pke/wpaper/pkwp1510.html, (Access:16.02.2024)
  • Sunaryati. (2015) “Export Diversıfıcation and Economıc Growth in Asean “, Jurnal Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan Volume 16, Nomor 2, Oktober,119-131, https://journal.umy.ac.id/index. php/esp/article/view/1207, (Access:10.03.2024).
  • Şeker, A. and Özcan, S. (2019) “Yüksek Teknolojili Ürün İhracatı ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Örneği”, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol:6, No:3,865-884. https://doi.org/10.30798/makuiibf.526828 (Access:09.02.2024).
  • Şen, A. and Öztürk, M. “Türkiye'de İhracat Ürün Çeşitlendirmesi Ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Asimetrik Bootstrap Kayan Pencereler Nedensellik Testi Yaklaşımı”, https://ww.Researchgate. Net/Publication/351269020_Turkıye'de_ Ihracat_ Urun_CesıtlendırmesıVe_Ekonomık_Buyume_ Ilıskısı_Asımetrık_Bootstrap_Kayan_Pencereler_Nedensellık_Testı_Yaklasımı_ (Access: 08.03.2024).
  • Şahin, S.and Çukuryurt, Y. (2022) “İhracatta Ürün Çeşitlendirme ve Yoğunlaşma Analizi: Rusya Örneği (2001-2020)”, Kırklareli Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol:11, No:1,26-51. https://doi.org/10.53306/klujfeas.1057837 (Access:15.03.20224),
  • Tekgül, Y.B. and Cin, M.F. (2013) “Post-Keynesyen Talep Yönelimli Büyüme Modelleri “, Yönetim ve Ekonomi,Vol:20,No:2,dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/146150,(Access: 05.03.2024).
Toplam 28 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Politika ve Yönetim (Diğer), Finans
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ali Osman Balkanlı 0000-0003-1074-9069

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 4 Ekim 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Nisan 2024
Kabul Tarihi 28 Ağustos 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Balkanlı, A. O. (2024). THE PHENOMENON OF EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION IN EXPORT SUCCESS AND TURKIYE CASE. Journal of Management and Economics Research, 22(3), 200-220. https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.1469476
AMA Balkanlı AO. THE PHENOMENON OF EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION IN EXPORT SUCCESS AND TURKIYE CASE. Journal of Management and Economics Research. Ekim 2024;22(3):200-220. doi:10.11611/yead.1469476
Chicago Balkanlı, Ali Osman. “THE PHENOMENON OF EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION IN EXPORT SUCCESS AND TURKIYE CASE”. Journal of Management and Economics Research 22, sy. 3 (Ekim 2024): 200-220. https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.1469476.
EndNote Balkanlı AO (01 Ekim 2024) THE PHENOMENON OF EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION IN EXPORT SUCCESS AND TURKIYE CASE. Journal of Management and Economics Research 22 3 200–220.
IEEE A. O. Balkanlı, “THE PHENOMENON OF EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION IN EXPORT SUCCESS AND TURKIYE CASE”, Journal of Management and Economics Research, c. 22, sy. 3, ss. 200–220, 2024, doi: 10.11611/yead.1469476.
ISNAD Balkanlı, Ali Osman. “THE PHENOMENON OF EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION IN EXPORT SUCCESS AND TURKIYE CASE”. Journal of Management and Economics Research 22/3 (Ekim 2024), 200-220. https://doi.org/10.11611/yead.1469476.
JAMA Balkanlı AO. THE PHENOMENON OF EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION IN EXPORT SUCCESS AND TURKIYE CASE. Journal of Management and Economics Research. 2024;22:200–220.
MLA Balkanlı, Ali Osman. “THE PHENOMENON OF EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION IN EXPORT SUCCESS AND TURKIYE CASE”. Journal of Management and Economics Research, c. 22, sy. 3, 2024, ss. 200-2, doi:10.11611/yead.1469476.
Vancouver Balkanlı AO. THE PHENOMENON OF EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION IN EXPORT SUCCESS AND TURKIYE CASE. Journal of Management and Economics Research. 2024;22(3):200-2.