Tiyatronun Rönesansı: Pandemi Döneminde Dijitalleşme ve Britanya Tiyatrosu

Yıl 2024, Sayı: Sanatta Dijitalizm [Özel Sayı], 35 - 54

Gamze Şentürk Tatar

https://doi.org/10.17484/yedi.1447358

Öz

2019 yılında ortaya çıkıp dünyayı etkisi altına alan ve insanları evlerine hapseden pandemi süreci, tiyatro başta olmak üzere sahne sanatları üzerinde benzersiz bir etki yaratarak sahneyi bir dönüşüme uğratmıştır. Bu süreçte sahne sanatları alanında gelişen yeni duruma uygun olarak önlemler alınmaya çalışılmış ve sahne adeta yeniden şekillenmeye başlamıştır. Tiyatroda köklü değişikliklerin olduğu bu dönemde Britanya tiyatrosu da önerdiği yenilikçi ve deneysel uygulamalarla pandemi sürecini yönetmeye çalışmıştır. Kuşkusuz bu noktada teknolojinin sunduğu katkı göz ardı edilemez. Pandemi sürecinde dijitalleşen tiyatro, seyircisine yeni deneyimler yaşatmıştır. Sanatın evrensel gücünün bir kez daha anlaşıldığı bu süreçte teknoloji, biçim, içerik ve uygulama açısından tiyatroyu destekleyici bir unsur olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Seyircisini oyunla buluşturan ve yenilikçi biçimlerin kullanılmasına büyük olanaklar tanıyan teknolojinin tiyatroda bir dönüşüm yaratması söz konusu olmuştur ve adeta tiyatroda bir rönesans yaşanmıştır. Bu çalışma, Britanya tiyatrosunun pandemi sürecini teknolojinin verdiği imkânlarla nasıl aştığını ortaya koymayı ve pandemi sürecinde tiyatro-teknoloji etkileşimini açığa çıkararak teknoloji çağında tiyatro endüstrisinin geleceğini tartışmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Pandemi, Tiyatro, Teknoloji, Britanya Tiyatrosu, dijitalleşme

Renaissance of Theatre: Digitalisation and British Theatre in the Pandemic

Öz

The pandemic process, which emerged in 2019 and affected the world and confined people at home, had a unique impact on performing arts, especially theatre, and transformed the stage. In this process, measures were tried to be taken in accordance with the new situation developing in the field of performing arts and the stage started to be reshaped. British theatre also attempted to cope with the pandemic process through innovative and experimental practices during this period of radical change in theatre. Undoubtedly, the contribution of technology cannot be ignored at this point. The theatre, which became digital during the pandemic process, offered new experiences to its audience. In this process, where the universal power of art is once again understood, technology has emerged as a supportive element of theatre in terms of form, content, and practice. Technology, which brings the audience together with the play and provides great opportunities for the use of innovative forms, has created a transformation in the theatre and it is almost a renaissance in theatre. This study aims to reveal how the British theatre overcame the pandemic process with the opportunities provided by technology and to discuss the future of the theatre industry in the age of technology by revealing the theatre-technology interaction during the pandemic process.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Pandemic, Theatre, Technology, British Theatre, digitalisation

Kaynakça

• Aebischer, P. (2022). Viral Shakespeare performance in the time of pandemic. Cambridge University Press.
• Akbar, A. (2020, September 21). The next act: how the pandemic is shaping online theatre's future. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2020/sep/21/future-of-live-theatre-online-drama-coronavirus-lockdown
• Aranyossy, M. (2022). Technology adoption in the digital entertainment industry during the COVID-19 pandemic: An extended UTAUT2 Model for Online Theater Streaming. Informatics, 9, 3(71). https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics9030071
• Auslander, P. (2012). Digital liveness a historical-philosophical perspective. PAJ, 3-11
• Barbican Centre. (2018). The Encounter, Erişim adresi (Mart, 10, 2024). https://www.barbican.org.uk/whats-on/2018/event/complicitesimon-mcburney-the-encounter
• Bay-Cheng, S. (2023). Digital performance and its discontents (or, problems of presence in pandemic performance). Theatre Research International, 48(1), 9-23. doi:10.1017/S0307883322000372
• Bhatka, O. (2020). Ontological crisis of theatre, Sambhāṣaṇ, 1(4).
• Birringer, J. (2022). Gravel Maraboutage: a brief manifesto. International Journal of Performance Arts and Digital Media, 18(1), 191-194.
• Bissell, L. & Weir L. (2021). Performance in a pandemic. Taylor & Francis
• Breel, A. (2015). Audience agency in participatory performance: A methodology for examining aesthetic experience. Participations, 12(1), 368-387.
• Brilli, S., L. Gemini & F. Giuliani. (2022). Theatre without theatres: Investigating access barriers to mediatized theatre and digital liveness during the covid-19 pandemic, Poetics (Amst). 10.1016/j.poetic.2022.101750
• British High Commission Nicosia. (2021, March 8). How the National Theatre tackled the COVID-19 challenge. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/how-the-national-theatre-tackled-the-covid-19-challenge
• Booth, W. (2020, May 19). Coronavirus could bring down curtain on Shakespeare's Globe theater. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/shakespeare-globe-theatre-coronavirus/2020/05/19/1f2fa5be-99d1-11ea-ad79-eef7cd734641_story.html
• Bozkurt, K. (2021). Reformulation of liveness and physicality of theatre in the pandemic period. Representations of Pandemics in Literature, International virtual conference.
• Birowo, P. & Pramayoza, D. (2020), The Transition of dramaturgy during pandemic: From staging to streaming. Journal of Urban Society Arts, 9(1), 71-86.
• Broadribb, B., Sullivan, E. & Allred, G. K. (2022). Lockdown Shakespeare new evolutions in performance and adaptation. Arden Shakespeare
• Broniewski, M. (2024, February 2). Theatre in the Age of Pandemic - How are Cultural Institutions Coping with Constraints?. Patriotic Literature, https://patrioteka.pl/en/theatre-in-times-of-pandemic-how-cultural-institutions-cope-with-restrictions/
• Brown, K., Chatzichristodoulou, M., Hunt, N., Kuling, P. & Sant, T. (2022) Covid-19: theatre goes digital – provocations. International Journal of Performance Arts and Digital Media, 18:1, 1-6, https://doi.org/10.1080/14794713.2022.2040095
• Capece, K. & Scorese, P. (2021). Pandemic performance resilience, liveness, and protest in quarantine times. Routledge.
• Cox, G. (2020, Nov 24). ‘All Arts Organizations Are Media Companies Now’: How the Pandemic Is Transforming Theater. https://variety.com/2020/legit/news/digital-theater-pandemic-broadway-1234836759/
• Creative Conversation. (2023, March 23). From stage to screen: is there a place for digital theatre in a post-pandemic landscape?. Erişim adresi (Mart, 10, 2024). https://thecreativeconversation.wordpress.com/2023/03/24/from-stage-to-screen-is-there-a-place-for-digital-theatre-in-a-post-pandemic-landscape-c2012092/
• Crouch, T. (2023, February 10). Regional theatres are on their knees – support your local one. The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2023/feb/10/covid-live-performance-regional-theatres
• Douglas, H. (2020, December 17). National Theatre at Home: what is the future of live theatre?. Palantinate, https://www.palatinate.org.uk/national-theatre-at-home-what-is-the-future-of-live-theatre/ Fischer, S. L. (2022). Following Puck virtually in the Royal Shakespeare Company’s Dream experiment: Live theatre and high-tech innovations. Cahiers Élisabéthains, 109(1), 85-97. https://doi.org/10.1177/01847678221122809
• Francois, M. (2021, May 24). How ‘The Old Vic’ Found Success and Reinvented the Theatre Experience During COVID-19. https://www.zoom.com/en/blog/how-old-vic-found-success-reinvented-theatre-experience-during-covid-19/
• Fuchs, B. (2021). Theater of lockdown: Digital and distanced performance in a time of pandemic. Bloomsbury Publishing
• García, F. V., Miranda, R. S. & Nieto, S. H. (2020). Tercera Llamada #LiveOnlineNow: Notes on a virtual theatre experience. Critical Stages, 22.
• Giannachi, G. (2004). Virtual theatres, an introduction. Routledge, London
• Haden, K. (2020, Oct 5,). Pandemics and playgoers: the future of theater in a post-pandemic world. TEDx Talks, Erişim adresi (Mart, 10, 2024). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FqQphKgPDRg
• Horobin, C. (2020, March 30). Joy and wonder in a time of isolation Stay connected to Shakespeare’s Globe with our new digital content, free Globe Player films, and education resources. https://www.shakespearesglobe.com/discover/blogs-and-features/2020/03/30/joy-and-wonder-in-a-time-of-isolation/
• Horobin, H. (2021, March 18). Shakespeare’s Globe in lockdown: one year later. https://www.shakespearesglobe.com/discoaver/blogs-and-features/2021/03/18/shakespeares-globe-in-lockdown-one-year-later
• Houlihan, B. & Morris, C. (2022) Introduction – performing in digital in the COVID-19 era, Research in Drama Education: The Journal of Applied Theatre and Performance, 27(2), 157-167, https://doi.org/10.1080/13569783.2022.2064214
• Imiti, L. (2022, October). The Business of theatre in Covid-19 and post Covid-19 environment, Aghogho.
• Kentridge, W. (2020, July 3). The pandemic and post-pandemic theatre. The Theatre Times, Erişim adresi (Mart, 10, 2024). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xqy9NZfAm5c
• Lecrone, R. S. (2020). Dystopian theatre of the pandemic: the actor as theatremaker. California State University, Los Angeles.
• Jeffery, L. (2020, May 19). Shakespeare's Globe May Not Survive Pandemic, U.K. Lawmakers Warn. https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/05/19/858754044/shakespeares-globe-may-not-survive-pandemic-u-k-lawmakers-warn
• Kelleher, S. R. (2020, May 19). Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre May Be Another Coronavirus Casualty. https://www.forbes.com/sites/suzannerowankelleher/2020/05/19/shakespeares-globe-theatre-may-be-another-coronavirus-casualty/?sh=5e44b0d2330d
• Lee, A. (2020, March 26). National Theatre Live to release productions on YouTube. Los Angeles, Timeshttps://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2020-03-26/national-theatre-live-youtube-free.
• MacMillan, D. (2021, Januaray 27). Lungs. Erişim adresi (Mart, 10, 2024). https://www.oldvictheatre.com/stage/event/in-camera-playback-lung
• Marccsek-Fuchs, M. (2022). COVID-19: relocating the Globe Theatre Stage to the net. in M. Tönnies, E. Voigts-Virchow (eds.), Twenty-first century anxieties dys/utopian spaces and contexts in contemporary British theatre, De Gruyter.
• McCaleb, J. M. (2020). Coronavirus: for performers in lockdown, Online is becoming the new live. The Conversation, https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-for-performers-in-lockdown-online-is-becoming-the-new-live-133961.
• Mezzocchi, I. (2021, September 22). ‘All the screen's a stage: A transmedia manifesto’. American Theatre: A Publication of the Theatre Communications Group, www.americantheatre.org/2021/09/22/all-the-screens-a-stage-a-transmedia-manifesto.
• Mowafi, S. E. M. (2023). In-pandemic theatre: A socio-cultural reading of the impact of COVID-19 on theatre industry and dramatic performance. Journal of Scientific Research in Arts, 24(7), 1-18 https://jssa.journals.ekb.eg/article_321326.html
• Mulligan, R. (2022, January 18). National Theatre accounts illustrate scale of pandemic “crisis”, https://www.theticketingbusiness.com/2022/01/18/national-theatre-accounts-show-devastating-impact-of-pandemic/
• Nelson, A. (2020, March 309. National Theatre live: how to stream theatre shows at home on YouTube for free- from Treasure Island to Twelfth Night, The Scotsman, https://www.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/national-theatre-live-how-to-stream-theatre-shows-at-home-on-youtube-for-free-from-treasure-island-to-twelfth-night-2522873Nonoa, K. G. (2020). COVID-19 crisis: Response-ability and responsibility of theatre. Melusine Press.
• Quek, M. (2023, Mar 31). Performing arts in a high-tech, post-pandemic world. The Business Times, https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/lifestyle/performing-arts-high-tech-post-pandemic-world
• Parks, M. A. (2020, March 26). Coronavirus may have devastated the theatre world artists are adapting. ABC News Network, Erişim adresi (Mart, 10, 2024). abcnews.go.com/Business/coronavirus-devastated-theatreworld-artists-adapting/story?id=69750362.
• Pietrzak-Franger, M. & Liedke H. L. & Radak T. (2023). Presence and precarity in (post-)pandemic theatre and performance. Cambridge University Press.
• Radak, T. (2023). “‘Dying… to Connect’: Postdigital Co-presence in Dead Centre’s to Be a Machine (Version 1.0)”. Theatre Research International, 48(1).
• Ramachandran, N. (2020, August 28). U.K.’s Iconic Royal Shakespeare Company Theaters to Remain Closed Until 2021. Variety, https://variety.com/2020/legit/global/royal-shakespeare-company-stratford-upon-avon-closed-1234752126/
• Rodiņa, I. (2022). Digital theatre experiments in Latvia: the case of audio productions, Critical Stages/Scènes critiques, The IATC journal/Revue de l'AICT, 26, https://www.critical-stages.org/26/digital-theatre-experiments-in-latvia-the-case-of-audio-productions/
• Royal Shakespeare Company. (2021, Mart 3). Dream, Erişim adresi (Mart, 10, 2024). https://bigumigu.com/haber/izleyicilerin-sanatcilarla-etkilesime-girebildigi-cevrimici-performans/
• Royal Shakespeare Company from the Archive. (2024, Mart, 10). Erişim adresi (Mart, 10, 2024). https://www.royalshakespearecompanyarchives.amdigital.co.uk/
• Shelley, M. (2020, Nisan 24). Frankestein, 23 Nisan, National Theatre, Erişim adresi (Mart, 10, 2024). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DmkQHV8e4Rk
• Staniškytė, J. (2023). “Reinstalling the Fourth Wall: Digital Performance and Spectatorship in (Post-)Pandemic Era”. Art History & Criticism/Meno istorija ir kritika,19, https://doi.org/10.2478/mik-2023-0003.
• Svich, C. (2022). Toward a future theatre: Conversations during a pandemic. Methuen Drama.
• Wexler, M. (2020). Theatre's changing landscape: How the pandemic is altering traditional roles, https://dramatics.org/theatres-changing-landscape/
• Woo, D. (2021, June 18). The Digital Future Is Now: How The Pandemic Has Re-Energised Local Theatre, Rice, https://www.ricemedia.co/culture-life-online-theatre-pandemic-evolution-change-community-digital/