Pekişmemiş sedimanlarda depremlerle oluşan deformasyon yapıları (sismitler): Van Gölü Havzası, Doğu Anadolu

Serkan  Üner; Çetin  Yeşilova; Türker  Yakupoğlu; Tijen  Üner

Earthquake induced soft sediment deformation structures (seismites): Van Gölü Basin, Eastern Anatolia

Yıl 2010, Cilt: 31 Sayı: 1, 53 - 66, 01.02.2010

Serkan Üner Çetin Yeşilova Türker Yakupoğlu Tijen Üner

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

Acarlar, M., Bilgin, A.Z., Elibol, E., Erkan, T., Ge- dik, İ., Güner, E., Hakyemez, Y., Şen, A.M., Uğuz, M.F. ve Umut, M., 1991. Van Gölü doğusu ve kuzeyinin jeolojisi, MTA Rapor No. 9469, Ankara (yayım- lanmamış).
Aksoy, E., 1988. Van ili doğu-kuzeydoğu yöre- sinin stratigrafisi ve tektoniği. Dokto- ra tezi, Fırat Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Elazığ (yayımlanmamış).
Alfaro, P., Moretti, M., and Soria, J.M., 1997. Soft-sediment deformation structures induced by earthquakes (seismites) in Pliocene lacustrine deposits (Guadix- Baza Basin, Central Betic Cordille- ra). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 90, 531–540.
Alfaro, P., Delgado, J., Estevez, A., Molina, J.M., Moretti, M., and Soria, J.M., 2002. Li- quefaction and fluidization structures in Messinian storm deposits (Bajo Segura Basin, Betic Cordillera, southern Spain). International Journal Earth Science, 91, 505– 513.
Allen, J.R.L., 1982. Sedimentary structures: the- ir character and physical basis. Deve- lopments in Sedimentology 30, Elsevi- er, Amsterdam.
Allen, J.R.L., 1986. Earthquake magnitude- frequency, epicentral distance and soft-sediment deformation in sedimen- tary basins. Sedimentary Geology, 46, 67– 75.
Ambraseys, N.N., 1988. Engineering seismology. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 17 (1), 1–105.
Atkinson, G., 1984. Simple computation of li- quefaction probability for seismic ha- zard applications. Earthquake Spectra, 1, 107–123.
Bhattacharya, H.N., and Bandyopadhyay, S.,
Seismites in a Proterozoic tidal
succession, Singhbhum, Bihar, India.
Sedimentary Geology, 119, 239–252.
Blumenthal, M.M., Van der Kaaden, G., and Vlo- davetz, V.I., 1964. Catalogue of the ac- tive volcanoes of the World including solfatara fields. Part XVII Turkey and the Caucasus. International Associati- on of Volcanology, 17, 1-23.
Bowman, D., Korjenkov, A., and Porat, N., 2004. Late-Pleistocene seismites from Lake Issyk-Kul, The Tien Shan range, Kyrghyztan. Sedimentary Geology, 163, 211 –228.
Bozkurt, E., 2001. Neotectonics of Turkey-a synthesis. Geodinamica Acta, 14, 3-30.
Calvo, J.P., Rodriguez-Pascua, M.A., Martin- Velasquez, S., Jimenez, S., and De Vi- cente, G., 1998. Microdeformation of lacustrine laminite sequences from Late Miocene formations of SE Spain: an interpretation of loop bedding. Sedi- mentology, 45, 279– 292.
Cojan, I., and Thiry, M., 1992. Seismically- induced deformation structures in Oli- gocene shallow marine and eolian co- astal sands (Paris Basin). Tectonoph- ysics, 206, 79-89.
Dasgupta, P., 1998. Recumbent flame struc- tures in the Lower Gondwana rocks of the Jharia Basin, India- a plausible ori- gin. Sedimentary Geology, 119, 253- 261.
Davenport, C.A., and Ringrose, P.S., 1987. De- formation of Scottish Quaternary sedi- ment sequences by strong earthquake motions. In: Deformation of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks, M.E. Jones and R.M.F. Preston (eds.), Geological Society Special Publication, 29, Black- well, Oxford, pp. 299–314.
Degens, E. T., Wong, H. K., Kurtman, F., and Finckh, P., 1978. Geological Develop- ment of Lake Van: A Summary. In: The Geology of Lake Van, E.T. Degens and F. Kurtman (eds.), The Mineral Rese- arch and Exploration Institute of Turkey (MTA), Publication No.169, pp. 134-146.
Degens, E. T., Wong, H. K., Kempe, S., and Kurtman, F., 1984. A geological study of Lake Van, eastern Turkey. Geolo- gische Rundschau, 73-2, 701–734.
Dramis, F., and Blumetti, A.M., 2005. Some considerations concerning seismic ge- omorphology and paleoseismology.
Tectonophysics, 408, 177– 191.
Fukuoka, M., 1971. Memories of earthquake and foundations. Bridges and Founda- tions, 5, No. 10.
Hempton, M. R., Dunne, L. A., and Dewey, J. F.,
Sedimentation in an active strike
slip basin, Southeastern Turkey. Jour
nal of Geology, 91, 401-412.
Jones, A.P., and Omoto, K., 2000. Towards es- tablishing criteria for identifying trigger mechanisms for soft-sediment defor- mation: a case study of Late Pleistoce- ne lacustrine sands and clays, Onikobe and Nakayamadaira Basins, northeas- tern Japan. Sedimentology, 47, 1211– 1226.
Kempe, S., Khoo, F., and Gürleyik, Y., 1978. Hydrography of Lake Van and its dra- inage area. In: The Geology of Lake Van, E.T. Degens and F. Kurtman (eds.),
The Mineral Research and Exploration
Institute of Turkey (MTA) Publication No.169, pp. 30-44.
Keskin M., Pearce J.A., and Mitchell J.G., 1998. Volcano-stratigraphy and geochemistry of collision-related volcanism on the Er- zurum–Kars Plateau, northeastern Tur- key. Journal of Volcanology Geother- mal Research, 85, 355–404.
Koçyiğit, A., Yılmaz, A., Adamia, S., and Ku- loshvili, S., 2001. Neotectonic of East Anatolian Plateau (Turkey) and Les- ser Caucasus: implication for transiti- on from thrusting to strike-slip faulting. Geodinamica Acta, 14, 177-195.
KOERI (Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Kandilli Rasatha- nesi ve Deprem Araştırma Enstitüsü, Ulusal Deprem İzleme Merkezi), 2009. http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/ mudim/katalog. asp, 25 Mayıs 2009.
Kuribayashi, E., and Tatsuoka, F., 1975. Brief re- view of liquefaction during earthquakes in Japan. Soils and Foundations, Japa- nese Society of Soil Mechanics and Fo- undation Engineering, 15, No. 4, 81-91.
Kurtman, F., Akkuş, M.F., and Gedik, A., 1978.
The geology and oil potential of the
Muş-Van region. In: The Geology of
Lake Van, E.T. Degens and F. Kurtman
(eds.), The Mineral Research and Exp
loration Institute of Turkey (MTA) Publi
cation, No.169, pp. 124-133.
Litt, T., Krastel, S., Sturm, M., Kipfer, R., Ör- çen, S. ve Çağatay, M.N., 2009. Van Gölü Sondaj Projesi ‘PALEOVAN’, Uluslararası Bilimsel Kıta Sondaj Prog- ramı (ICDP): Yaklaşan Derin Sondaj Se- feri ve Bilimsel Hedefler. 62. Türkiye Je- oloji Kurultayı Bildiri Özleri, Ankara, s. 718-719.
Lowe, D. R., 1975. Water escape structures in coarse-grained sediments. Sedimento- logy, 22, 157-204.
Lowe, D.R., and LoPiccolo, R.D., 1974. The cha- racteristics and origins of dish and pillar structures. Journal of Sedimentary Pet- rology, 44, 484–501.
Mc Nutt, R.S., 2000. Volcanic Seismisity. In: Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, H. Sigurdsson(ed.) Academic Press, New
York, pp. 1015-1033.
Mohindra, R., and Bagati, T.N., 1996. Seismi- cally induced soft-sediment deformati- on structures (seismites) around Sum- do in the lower Spiti valley (Tethys Hi- malaya). Sedimentary Geology, 101, 69-83.
Molina, J.M., Alfaro, P., Moretti, M., and Soria,
J.M., 1998. Soft-sediment deformation
structures induced by cyclic stress of
storm waves in tempestites (Miocene,
Guadalquivir basin, Spain). Terra Nova, 10, 145–150.
Montenat, C., d’Estevou, O.P., and Masse, P.,
Tectonic–sedimentary charac
teristics of the Betic Neogene basins
evolving in a crustal transcurrent she
ar zone (SE Spain). Bulletin des Centre
de Recherches Exploration-Production
of Elf-Aquitaine, 11, 1–22.
Moretti, M., 2000. Soft sediment deformation structures interpreted as seismites in Middle-Late Pleistocene aeolian depo- sits (Apulian foreland, southern Italy). Sedimentary Geology, 135, 167-179.
Moretti, M., and Sabato, L., 2007. Recogni- tion of trigger mechanisms for soft- sediment deformation in the Pleistoce- ne lacustrine deposits of the Sant ‘Ar- cangelo Basin (Southern Italy): seismic shock vs. overloading. Sedimentary Geology, 196, 31-45.
Moretti, M., Alfaro, P., Caselles, O., and Canas,
J.A., 1999. Modelling seismites with a
digital shaking table. Tectonophysics, 304, 369–383.
Neuwerth, R., Suter, F., Guzman, C.A., and Gorin, G.E., 2006. Soft-sediment de- formation in a tectonically active area:
The Plio-Pleistocene Zarzal Formation
in the Cauca Valley (Western Colombia).
Sedimentary Geology, 186, 67–88.
Obermeier, S.F., 1998. Liquefaction evidence for strong earthquakes of Holocene and latest Pleistocene ages in the states of Indiana and Illinois, USA. Engineering Geology, 50, 227–254.
Owen, G., 1987. Deformation processes in un- consolidated sands. In: Deformation of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks, M.E., Jones and R.M.F., Preston (eds.), Geological Society Special Publication, 29, pp. 11–24.
Owen, G., 1996. Experimental soft-sediment deformation: structures formed by the liquefaction of unconsolidated sands and some ancient examples. Sedimen- tology, 43, 279–293.
Plaziat, J.C., and Ahmamou, M., 1998. Les dif- ferents mecanismes a l’origine de la di
versite des seismites, leur identifica
tion dans le Pliocene du Saiss de Fes
et de Meknes (Maroc) et leur significati
on tectonique. Geodinamica Acta, 11/4, 183– 203.
Port Harbour Research Institute of Japan (1997). Handbook on liquefaction remediation of reclaimed land. A.A. Balkema, Rot- terdam.
Ringrose, P.S., 1989. Paleoseismic (?) liquefac- tion event in late Quaternary lake se- diment at Glen Roy, Scotland. Terra Nova, 1, 57–62.
Rodriguez-Pascua, M.A., Calvo, J.P., De Vicen- te, G., and Gómez-Gras, D., 2000. Soft sediment deformation structures in- terpreted as seismites in lacustrine se- diments of the Prebetic Zone, SE Spain, and their potential use as indicators of earthquake magnitudes during the Late Miocene. Sedimentary Geology, 135, 117-135.
Rossetti, D.F., 1999. Soft-sediment deformati- onal structures in late Albian to Ceno- manian deposits, Sao Luis Basin, nort- hern Brazil: evidences for paleoseismi- city. Sedimentology, 46, 1065–1081.
Scott, B., and Price, S., 1988. Earthquake- induced structures in young sediments.
Tectonophysics, 147, 165–170.
Seilacher, A., 1969. Fault-graded beds interp- reted as seismites. Sedimentology, 13, 155– 159.
Seilacher, A., 1984. Sedimentary structures ten- tatively attributed to seismic events. Marine Geology, 55, 1–12.
Sims, J. D., 1975. Determining earthquake re- currence intervals from deformatio- nal structures in young lacustrine sedi- ments. Tectonophysics, 29, 141-152.
Şaroğlu, F. ve Yılmaz, Y., 1986. Doğu Anadolu’da neotektonik dönemdeki jeolojik evrim ve havza modelleri. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi, 107, 73-94.
Şengör A.M.C., and Kidd W.S.F., 1979. Post- collisional tectonics of the Turkish- Iranian plateau and a comparison with
Tibet. Tectonophysics, 55, 361–376.
Şengör, A.M.C., and Yılmaz, Y, 1981. Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75, 181
Talwani, P., and Cox, J., 1985. Paleoseismic evidence for recurrence of earthquakes near Charleston, South Carolina. Scien- ce, 229, 379–381.
Taşgın, C.K., and Türkmen, İ., 2009. Analysis of soft-sediment deformation structures in Neogene fluvio-lacustrine deposits of Çaybağı formation, eastern Turkey. Se- dimentary Geology, 218, 16–30.
USGS (United States Geological Survey), 2009. http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/activity/met- hods/ seismic/index.php, 03 Aralık 2009.
Utkucu, M., 2006. Implications for the water le- vel change triggered moderate (M ≥ 4.0) earthquakes in Lake Van basin, eas- tern Turkey. Journal of Seismology, 10, 105–117.
Üner, S., 2003. Van Gölü doğusu (Beyüzümü- Göllü dolayı) Pliyo-Kuvaterner yaşlı ka- rasal çökellerin sedimantolojisi. Yük- sek Lisans Tezi, Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversi- tesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Van (yayım- lanmamış).
Valeton, I., 1978. A morphological and petrolo- gical study of the terraces around Lake Van, Turkey. In: The Geology of Lake Van, E.T. Degens and F. Kurtman (eds.),
The Mineral Research and Exploration
Institute of Turkey (MTA) Publication No.169, pp. 64-80.
Vanneste, K., Meghraoui, M., and Camelbeeck,
T., 1999. Late Quaternary earthquake
related soft-sediment deformation
along the Belgian portion of the Feld
biss Fault, Lower Rhine Graben system.
Tectonophysics, 309. 57-79.
Visher, G.S., and Cunningham, R.D., 1981. Con- volute laminations – a theoretical analy- sis: example of Pennsylvanian sandsto- ne. Sedimentary Geology, 28, 175–189.
Weaver, J.D., 1976. Seismically-induced load structures in the basal coal measu- res, South Wales. Geological Magazine, 113, 535–543.
Wong, H.K., and Finckh, P., 1978. Shallow structures in Lake Van. In: The Geology of Lake Van, E.T. Degens and F. Kurt- man (eds.), The Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey (MTA) Publication, No.169, pp. 20-28.

Yıl 2010, Cilt: 31 Sayı: 1, 53 - 66, 01.02.2010

Serkan Üner Çetin Yeşilova Türker Yakupoğlu Tijen Üner

Öz

Kaynakça

Acarlar, M., Bilgin, A.Z., Elibol, E., Erkan, T., Ge- dik, İ., Güner, E., Hakyemez, Y., Şen, A.M., Uğuz, M.F. ve Umut, M., 1991. Van Gölü doğusu ve kuzeyinin jeolojisi, MTA Rapor No. 9469, Ankara (yayım- lanmamış).
Aksoy, E., 1988. Van ili doğu-kuzeydoğu yöre- sinin stratigrafisi ve tektoniği. Dokto- ra tezi, Fırat Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Elazığ (yayımlanmamış).
Alfaro, P., Moretti, M., and Soria, J.M., 1997. Soft-sediment deformation structures induced by earthquakes (seismites) in Pliocene lacustrine deposits (Guadix- Baza Basin, Central Betic Cordille- ra). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 90, 531–540.
Alfaro, P., Delgado, J., Estevez, A., Molina, J.M., Moretti, M., and Soria, J.M., 2002. Li- quefaction and fluidization structures in Messinian storm deposits (Bajo Segura Basin, Betic Cordillera, southern Spain). International Journal Earth Science, 91, 505– 513.
Allen, J.R.L., 1982. Sedimentary structures: the- ir character and physical basis. Deve- lopments in Sedimentology 30, Elsevi- er, Amsterdam.
Allen, J.R.L., 1986. Earthquake magnitude- frequency, epicentral distance and soft-sediment deformation in sedimen- tary basins. Sedimentary Geology, 46, 67– 75.
Ambraseys, N.N., 1988. Engineering seismology. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 17 (1), 1–105.
Atkinson, G., 1984. Simple computation of li- quefaction probability for seismic ha- zard applications. Earthquake Spectra, 1, 107–123.
Bhattacharya, H.N., and Bandyopadhyay, S.,
Seismites in a Proterozoic tidal
succession, Singhbhum, Bihar, India.
Sedimentary Geology, 119, 239–252.
Blumenthal, M.M., Van der Kaaden, G., and Vlo- davetz, V.I., 1964. Catalogue of the ac- tive volcanoes of the World including solfatara fields. Part XVII Turkey and the Caucasus. International Associati- on of Volcanology, 17, 1-23.
Bowman, D., Korjenkov, A., and Porat, N., 2004. Late-Pleistocene seismites from Lake Issyk-Kul, The Tien Shan range, Kyrghyztan. Sedimentary Geology, 163, 211 –228.
Bozkurt, E., 2001. Neotectonics of Turkey-a synthesis. Geodinamica Acta, 14, 3-30.
Calvo, J.P., Rodriguez-Pascua, M.A., Martin- Velasquez, S., Jimenez, S., and De Vi- cente, G., 1998. Microdeformation of lacustrine laminite sequences from Late Miocene formations of SE Spain: an interpretation of loop bedding. Sedi- mentology, 45, 279– 292.
Cojan, I., and Thiry, M., 1992. Seismically- induced deformation structures in Oli- gocene shallow marine and eolian co- astal sands (Paris Basin). Tectonoph- ysics, 206, 79-89.
Dasgupta, P., 1998. Recumbent flame struc- tures in the Lower Gondwana rocks of the Jharia Basin, India- a plausible ori- gin. Sedimentary Geology, 119, 253- 261.
Davenport, C.A., and Ringrose, P.S., 1987. De- formation of Scottish Quaternary sedi- ment sequences by strong earthquake motions. In: Deformation of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks, M.E. Jones and R.M.F. Preston (eds.), Geological Society Special Publication, 29, Black- well, Oxford, pp. 299–314.
Degens, E. T., Wong, H. K., Kurtman, F., and Finckh, P., 1978. Geological Develop- ment of Lake Van: A Summary. In: The Geology of Lake Van, E.T. Degens and F. Kurtman (eds.), The Mineral Rese- arch and Exploration Institute of Turkey (MTA), Publication No.169, pp. 134-146.
Degens, E. T., Wong, H. K., Kempe, S., and Kurtman, F., 1984. A geological study of Lake Van, eastern Turkey. Geolo- gische Rundschau, 73-2, 701–734.
Dramis, F., and Blumetti, A.M., 2005. Some considerations concerning seismic ge- omorphology and paleoseismology.
Tectonophysics, 408, 177– 191.
Fukuoka, M., 1971. Memories of earthquake and foundations. Bridges and Founda- tions, 5, No. 10.
Hempton, M. R., Dunne, L. A., and Dewey, J. F.,
Sedimentation in an active strike
slip basin, Southeastern Turkey. Jour
nal of Geology, 91, 401-412.
Jones, A.P., and Omoto, K., 2000. Towards es- tablishing criteria for identifying trigger mechanisms for soft-sediment defor- mation: a case study of Late Pleistoce- ne lacustrine sands and clays, Onikobe and Nakayamadaira Basins, northeas- tern Japan. Sedimentology, 47, 1211– 1226.
Kempe, S., Khoo, F., and Gürleyik, Y., 1978. Hydrography of Lake Van and its dra- inage area. In: The Geology of Lake Van, E.T. Degens and F. Kurtman (eds.),
The Mineral Research and Exploration
Institute of Turkey (MTA) Publication No.169, pp. 30-44.
Keskin M., Pearce J.A., and Mitchell J.G., 1998. Volcano-stratigraphy and geochemistry of collision-related volcanism on the Er- zurum–Kars Plateau, northeastern Tur- key. Journal of Volcanology Geother- mal Research, 85, 355–404.
Koçyiğit, A., Yılmaz, A., Adamia, S., and Ku- loshvili, S., 2001. Neotectonic of East Anatolian Plateau (Turkey) and Les- ser Caucasus: implication for transiti- on from thrusting to strike-slip faulting. Geodinamica Acta, 14, 177-195.
KOERI (Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Kandilli Rasatha- nesi ve Deprem Araştırma Enstitüsü, Ulusal Deprem İzleme Merkezi), 2009. http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/ mudim/katalog. asp, 25 Mayıs 2009.
Kuribayashi, E., and Tatsuoka, F., 1975. Brief re- view of liquefaction during earthquakes in Japan. Soils and Foundations, Japa- nese Society of Soil Mechanics and Fo- undation Engineering, 15, No. 4, 81-91.
Kurtman, F., Akkuş, M.F., and Gedik, A., 1978.
The geology and oil potential of the
Muş-Van region. In: The Geology of
Lake Van, E.T. Degens and F. Kurtman
(eds.), The Mineral Research and Exp
loration Institute of Turkey (MTA) Publi
cation, No.169, pp. 124-133.
Litt, T., Krastel, S., Sturm, M., Kipfer, R., Ör- çen, S. ve Çağatay, M.N., 2009. Van Gölü Sondaj Projesi ‘PALEOVAN’, Uluslararası Bilimsel Kıta Sondaj Prog- ramı (ICDP): Yaklaşan Derin Sondaj Se- feri ve Bilimsel Hedefler. 62. Türkiye Je- oloji Kurultayı Bildiri Özleri, Ankara, s. 718-719.
Lowe, D. R., 1975. Water escape structures in coarse-grained sediments. Sedimento- logy, 22, 157-204.
Lowe, D.R., and LoPiccolo, R.D., 1974. The cha- racteristics and origins of dish and pillar structures. Journal of Sedimentary Pet- rology, 44, 484–501.
Mc Nutt, R.S., 2000. Volcanic Seismisity. In: Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, H. Sigurdsson(ed.) Academic Press, New
York, pp. 1015-1033.
Mohindra, R., and Bagati, T.N., 1996. Seismi- cally induced soft-sediment deformati- on structures (seismites) around Sum- do in the lower Spiti valley (Tethys Hi- malaya). Sedimentary Geology, 101, 69-83.
Molina, J.M., Alfaro, P., Moretti, M., and Soria,
J.M., 1998. Soft-sediment deformation
structures induced by cyclic stress of
storm waves in tempestites (Miocene,
Guadalquivir basin, Spain). Terra Nova, 10, 145–150.
Montenat, C., d’Estevou, O.P., and Masse, P.,
Tectonic–sedimentary charac
teristics of the Betic Neogene basins
evolving in a crustal transcurrent she
ar zone (SE Spain). Bulletin des Centre
de Recherches Exploration-Production
of Elf-Aquitaine, 11, 1–22.
Moretti, M., 2000. Soft sediment deformation structures interpreted as seismites in Middle-Late Pleistocene aeolian depo- sits (Apulian foreland, southern Italy). Sedimentary Geology, 135, 167-179.
Moretti, M., and Sabato, L., 2007. Recogni- tion of trigger mechanisms for soft- sediment deformation in the Pleistoce- ne lacustrine deposits of the Sant ‘Ar- cangelo Basin (Southern Italy): seismic shock vs. overloading. Sedimentary Geology, 196, 31-45.
Moretti, M., Alfaro, P., Caselles, O., and Canas,
J.A., 1999. Modelling seismites with a
digital shaking table. Tectonophysics, 304, 369–383.
Neuwerth, R., Suter, F., Guzman, C.A., and Gorin, G.E., 2006. Soft-sediment de- formation in a tectonically active area:
The Plio-Pleistocene Zarzal Formation
in the Cauca Valley (Western Colombia).
Sedimentary Geology, 186, 67–88.
Obermeier, S.F., 1998. Liquefaction evidence for strong earthquakes of Holocene and latest Pleistocene ages in the states of Indiana and Illinois, USA. Engineering Geology, 50, 227–254.
Owen, G., 1987. Deformation processes in un- consolidated sands. In: Deformation of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks, M.E., Jones and R.M.F., Preston (eds.), Geological Society Special Publication, 29, pp. 11–24.
Owen, G., 1996. Experimental soft-sediment deformation: structures formed by the liquefaction of unconsolidated sands and some ancient examples. Sedimen- tology, 43, 279–293.
Plaziat, J.C., and Ahmamou, M., 1998. Les dif- ferents mecanismes a l’origine de la di
versite des seismites, leur identifica
tion dans le Pliocene du Saiss de Fes
et de Meknes (Maroc) et leur significati
on tectonique. Geodinamica Acta, 11/4, 183– 203.
Port Harbour Research Institute of Japan (1997). Handbook on liquefaction remediation of reclaimed land. A.A. Balkema, Rot- terdam.
Ringrose, P.S., 1989. Paleoseismic (?) liquefac- tion event in late Quaternary lake se- diment at Glen Roy, Scotland. Terra Nova, 1, 57–62.
Rodriguez-Pascua, M.A., Calvo, J.P., De Vicen- te, G., and Gómez-Gras, D., 2000. Soft sediment deformation structures in- terpreted as seismites in lacustrine se- diments of the Prebetic Zone, SE Spain, and their potential use as indicators of earthquake magnitudes during the Late Miocene. Sedimentary Geology, 135, 117-135.
Rossetti, D.F., 1999. Soft-sediment deformati- onal structures in late Albian to Ceno- manian deposits, Sao Luis Basin, nort- hern Brazil: evidences for paleoseismi- city. Sedimentology, 46, 1065–1081.
Scott, B., and Price, S., 1988. Earthquake- induced structures in young sediments.
Tectonophysics, 147, 165–170.
Seilacher, A., 1969. Fault-graded beds interp- reted as seismites. Sedimentology, 13, 155– 159.
Seilacher, A., 1984. Sedimentary structures ten- tatively attributed to seismic events. Marine Geology, 55, 1–12.
Sims, J. D., 1975. Determining earthquake re- currence intervals from deformatio- nal structures in young lacustrine sedi- ments. Tectonophysics, 29, 141-152.
Şaroğlu, F. ve Yılmaz, Y., 1986. Doğu Anadolu’da neotektonik dönemdeki jeolojik evrim ve havza modelleri. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi, 107, 73-94.
Şengör A.M.C., and Kidd W.S.F., 1979. Post- collisional tectonics of the Turkish- Iranian plateau and a comparison with
Tibet. Tectonophysics, 55, 361–376.
Şengör, A.M.C., and Yılmaz, Y, 1981. Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75, 181
Talwani, P., and Cox, J., 1985. Paleoseismic evidence for recurrence of earthquakes near Charleston, South Carolina. Scien- ce, 229, 379–381.
Taşgın, C.K., and Türkmen, İ., 2009. Analysis of soft-sediment deformation structures in Neogene fluvio-lacustrine deposits of Çaybağı formation, eastern Turkey. Se- dimentary Geology, 218, 16–30.
USGS (United States Geological Survey), 2009. http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/activity/met- hods/ seismic/index.php, 03 Aralık 2009.
Utkucu, M., 2006. Implications for the water le- vel change triggered moderate (M ≥ 4.0) earthquakes in Lake Van basin, eas- tern Turkey. Journal of Seismology, 10, 105–117.
Üner, S., 2003. Van Gölü doğusu (Beyüzümü- Göllü dolayı) Pliyo-Kuvaterner yaşlı ka- rasal çökellerin sedimantolojisi. Yük- sek Lisans Tezi, Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversi- tesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Van (yayım- lanmamış).
Valeton, I., 1978. A morphological and petrolo- gical study of the terraces around Lake Van, Turkey. In: The Geology of Lake Van, E.T. Degens and F. Kurtman (eds.),
The Mineral Research and Exploration
Institute of Turkey (MTA) Publication No.169, pp. 64-80.
Vanneste, K., Meghraoui, M., and Camelbeeck,
T., 1999. Late Quaternary earthquake
related soft-sediment deformation
along the Belgian portion of the Feld
biss Fault, Lower Rhine Graben system.
Tectonophysics, 309. 57-79.
Visher, G.S., and Cunningham, R.D., 1981. Con- volute laminations – a theoretical analy- sis: example of Pennsylvanian sandsto- ne. Sedimentary Geology, 28, 175–189.
Weaver, J.D., 1976. Seismically-induced load structures in the basal coal measu- res, South Wales. Geological Magazine, 113, 535–543.
Wong, H.K., and Finckh, P., 1978. Shallow structures in Lake Van. In: The Geology of Lake Van, E.T. Degens and F. Kurt- man (eds.), The Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey (MTA) Publication, No.169, pp. 20-28.

Pekişmemiş sedimanlarda depremlerle oluşan deformasyon yapıları (sismitler): Van Gölü Havzası, Doğu Anadolu

Yıl 2010, Cilt: 31 Sayı: 1, 53 - 66, 01.02.2010

Serkan Üner Çetin Yeşilova Türker Yakupoğlu Tijen Üner

Öz

Doğu Anadolu Platosu’nda yer alan havzalardan biri olan Van Gölü Havzası, sınırları içerisinde dünyanın en büyük soda gölü olan Van Gölü’nü bulundurmaktadır. Bu havza, Geç Pliyosen’de oluşmuş ve Kuvaterner’de etkili olan volkanizma ile son şeklini almıştır. Van Gölü Havzası’nda Kuvaterner yaşlı kumlu-siltli gölsel çökellerde çeşitli deformasyon yapıları bulunmaktadır. Pekişmemiş sedimanlarda sıvılaşma ya da akışkanlaşma sonucu oluşan bu deformasyon yapıları; büklümlü yapılar (basit-karma büklümlü yapılar ve top-yastık yapıları), su kaçış yapıları (tabak ve sütun yapıları) ve yük yapıları (alev yapısı) olmak üzere üç gruba ayrılır. Deformasyon yapıları üst basınç, fırtına kökenli dalgalar, yeraltısuyu seviyesindeki ani değişimler ve sismik sarsıntılarla oluşabilmektedir. Arazi gözlemleri, bölgesel tektonik ve sedimantolojik veriler ile konuyla ilgili önceki çalışmalar değerlendirildiğinde, bu deformasyon yapılarının sismik sarsıntılarla oluştuğu ve sismit olarak adlandırılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. Van Gölü Havzası’nda gölsel çökellerde farklı seviyelerde sismitlerin yaygın olarak gözleniyor olması, bölgenin Kuvaterner’de aktif bir tektonizmaya sahip olduğunu göstermesinin yanı sıra, bölgede 5 ve üzeri büyüklüklerde depremlerin sıklıkla meydana geldiğinin bir göstergesidir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Aktif tektonizma, Doğu Anadolu, Kuvaterner, sismit, Van Gölü Havzası

Kaynakça

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Wong, H.K., and Finckh, P., 1978. Shallow structures in Lake Van. In: The Geology of Lake Van, E.T. Degens and F. Kurt- man (eds.), The Mineral Research and Exploration Institute of Turkey (MTA) Publication, No.169, pp. 20-28.

Toplam 108 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Bölüm	Makaleler
Yazarlar	Serkan Üner Bu kişi benim Çetin Yeşilova Bu kişi benim Türker Yakupoğlu Bu kişi benim Tijen Üner Bu kişi benim
Yayımlanma Tarihi	1 Şubat 2010
Gönderilme Tarihi	24 Mart 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2010 Cilt: 31 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

EndNote	Üner S, Yeşilova Ç, Yakupoğlu T, Üner T (01 Şubat 2010) Pekişmemiş sedimanlarda depremlerle oluşan deformasyon yapıları (sismitler): Van Gölü Havzası, Doğu Anadolu. Yerbilimleri 31 1 53–66.

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