Palynological Analysis of Neogene Mammal Sites of Turkey - Vegetational and Climatic Implications

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 2, 141 - 168, 01.03.2011

Nurdan Yavuz Işık Gerçek Saraç Engin Ünay Hans De Bruıjn

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

-

Türkiye'de Neojen Memeli Bulgu Yerlerinden Palinolojik Analizler - Vejetasyonel ve İklimsel Çıkarımlar

Öz

Türkiye’nin orta ve batı kısımlarından memeli fauna ile yaşlandırılmış gölsel sedimanların palinolojik analizleri yapılmıştır. İncelenen örneklerin stratigrafik diziliminde birlikte bulundukları memeli fosillerinin evrimi temel alınmıştır. Erken Erken Miyosen polen topluluğu, Engelhardia gibi mega-mezotermik elemanlarca zengin bir floranın varlığına işaret etmektedir ve bu flora yarıtropikal bir iklimi yansıtmaktadır. Geç Erken Miyosende mega-mezotermik elemanların azalması sıcaklıkta çok az bir düşüş olduğunu göstermektedir. Orta Miyosende nemli ılıman bir iklimi yansıtan Quercus, Engelhardia, Zelkova, Parrotia persica, Alnus, Cedrus ve Pinus bitkilerince zengin bir karışık orman florası tanımlanmıştır. Mezotermik elemanlardaki azalma ya da yok oluş Geç Miyosende muhtemel bir iklimsel bozulmaya işaet etmektedir. Geç Miyosen florası başat bitkinin Asteraceae olduğu açık alanların yaygın olduğunu yansıtmaktadır. Pliyosen ve Pleyistosen palinofloraları nemli-ılıman iklim koşullarında gelişmiş Asteraceae, Amaranthaceae/Chenopodiaceae gibi otsul bitkiler ve çam ağaçlarınca (Pinus, Tsuga, Cedrus, Abies) zengindir. Yapılan paleoiklimsel yorumlar aynı lokasyonlardan tanımlanmış olan memeli faunaları ile de desteklenmektedir

Anahtar Kelimeler

MN zonları, Neojen, polen, Türkiye, vejetasyon, iklim

Kaynakça

• Akgün, F., and Akyol, E., 1999. Palynostratig- raphy of the coal-bearing Neogene de- posits graben in Büyük Menderes Wes- tern Anatolia. Geobios 32 (3), 367–383.
• Akgün, F., Kayseri, M.S., and Akkiraz. M.S. 2007. Palaeoclimatic evolution and vegetatio- nal changes during the Late Oligocene- Miocene period in Western and Central Anatolia (Turkey). Palaeogeography Pa- laeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 253, 56-90.
• Akgün, F., Kaya, T., Forsten, A., and Atalay, Z., 2000. Biostratigraphic data (Mammalia and Palynology) from the Upper Mioce- ne İncesu Formation at Düzyayla (Hafik- Sivas, Central Anatolia). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 9, 57-67.
• Akkiraz, M. S., Akgün, F., Utescher,T., Bruch, A. A., and Mosbrugger, V. Precipitation gradients during the Miocene in wes- tern and central Turkey as quantified from pollen data. Palaeogeography Pa- laeoclimatology Palaeoecology (2010), doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.05.002.
• Brugal, J-P., Ambert, P., Bandet, Y., Leroy, S., Roiron, P., Suc, J-P., and Vernet, J-L.,
• Mammiferes et végétaux du maar
• pliocène final de Nogaret (Escandorgue,
• Hérault, France). Geobios, 23, 231-247.
• Carrion, J.S., Fernandez, S., Gonzales-Samperiz, P., Leroy, S.A.G., Bailey, G.N., Lopez- Saez, J.A., Burjachs, F., Gil-Romera, G., Garcia-Anton, M., Gil-Garcia, M.J., Par- ra, I., Santos, L., Lopez-Garcia, P., Yll, E.I and Dupre, M., 2009. Quaternary pollen analysis in the Iberian Peninsu- la: The value of negative results. Inter- net Archeology, 25.
• De Bruijn, H., Ünay, E., and van den Hoek Os- tende, L.W., 1996. The composition and diversity of small mammal asso- ciations form Anatolia through the Mi- ocene. In: R.L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch & H.-W.Mittman (Eds.), The evolution of western Eurasian Neogene mammal fa- unas. Columbia Univ. Press, New York, pp. 266-270.
• Faegri, K., and Iversen, J., 1989. Textbook of Pollen Analysis. Wiley, Chichester.
• Fauquette, S., Suc, J-P., Bertini, A., Popescu, S-M., Warny, S., Bachiri Taoufic, N., Perez Villa, M-F., Chikhi, H., Feddi, N., Subally, D., Clauzon, G., and Ferrier, J., 2006. How much did climate force the Messinian salinity crisis? Quantified cli- matic conditions from pollen records in the Mediterranean region. Palaeogeog- raphy Palaeoclimatology Palaeoeco- logy, 238, 281-301.
• Grimm, E.C., 2005. TILIA and TILIA GRAPH. PC spreadsheat and graphics softwa- re for pollen data. Illinois State Museum, Springfield, IL.
• Hoorn, C., Ohja, T., and Quade, J., 2000. Paly- nological evidence for vegetation de- velopment and climatic change in the sub-Himalayan zone (Neogene, central Nepal). Palaeogeography Palaeoclima- tology Palaeoecology, 163, 133-161.
• Ioakim, C., Rondoyanni, and T., Mettos, A., 2005. The Miocene Basins of Greece (Eastern Mediterranean) from a paleoc- limatic perspective. Revue de Paleobio- logie, 24, 735-748.
• Ivanov, D., Ashraf, A.R., Mosbrugger, V., and Palamerev, E., 2002. Palynological evi- dence for Miocene climate change in the Forecarpathian Basin (Central Para- tethys, NW Bulgaria). Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 178, 19-37. Palynological evi
• Jimenez-Moreno, G., 2006. Progressive substi- tution of a subtropical forest for a tem- perate one during the middle Mioce- ne climate cooling in Central Europe according to palynological data from cores Tengelic-2 and Hidas-53 (Panno- nian Basin, Hungary). Review of Palae- obotany and Palynology, 142, 1-14.
• Jimenez-Moreno, G., Rodriguez-Tovar, F.J., Pardo-Iguzquia, E., Fauquette, S., Suc, J-P., and Müller, P., 2005. High- resolution palynological analysis in late early-middle Miocene core from the Pannonian Basin, Hungary: climatic changes, astronomical forcing and eus- tatic fluctuations in the Central Para- tethys. Palaeogeography Palaeoclima- tology Palaeoecology, 216, 73-97.
• Karayiğit, A.İ., Akgün, F., Gayer, R.A., and Te- mel, A., 1999. Quality, Palynology, and palaeoenvironmental interpretation of the Ilgin lignite, Turkey. International
• Journal of Coal Geology 38, 219–236.
• Kayseri, M.S., and Akgün, F., 2008. Palynostra- tigraphic, palaeovegetational and pala- eoclimatic investigations on the Mioce- ne deposits in Central Anatolia (Çorum Region and Sivas Basin). Turkish Jour- nal of Earth Sciences 17, 361–403.
• Kayseri M.S., ve Akgün, A., 2010. Türkiye’de Geç Burdigaliyen–Langiyen Periyodu ve Avrupa ile Paleortamsal ve Paleoik- limsel Karşılaştırma: Muğla–Milas (Kul- tak) Geç Burdigaliyen-Langiyen Palinof- lorası ve Paleoiklimsel Özellikleri : The Late Burdigalian–Langhian. Türkiye Je- oloji Bülteni 53, 1-44.
• Kovar-Eder, J., Kvacek, Z., Zastawniak, E., Gi- vulescu, R.,, Hably, L., Mihajlovic, D.,
• Teslenko, J., and Walther, H., 1996. Flo
• ristic trends in the vegetation of the Pa
• ratethys surrounding areas during Neo
• gene time. In: Bernor, R.L., Fahlbusch,
• V., Mittmann, H.-W. (Eds.), The Evoluti
• on of Western Eurasian Neogene Mam
• mal Faunas. Columbia Univ.Press, New York, pp. 395-413
• Louchart, A., Mourer-Chauvire, C., Güleç, E., Howell, F.C., and White, T.D., 1998. La- vifaune de Dursunlu, Turquie, pleistoce- ne Inferior: clies de la tere et des plane- tes. Earth and Planetary Sciences, 327, 341-346.
• Moore, P., Webb, J., and Collinson, M., 1991. Pollen Analysis. Blackwell, Oxford.
• Mosbrugger and Utescher 1997. The Coexisten- ce Approach - a method for quantitati- ve reconstructions of Tertiary terrestrial palaeoclimate data using the plant fos- sils. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimato- logy Palaeoecology 134, 61-86.
• Nagy, E., 1992. A comprehensive study of Ne- ogene sporomorphs in Hungary. Geo- logica Hungarica, Series Palaeontolo- gica, Fasiculus 53. Institutum Geologi- cum Hungaricum, Budapestini.
• Popescu, S-M., 2006. Late Miocene and early Pliocene environments in the south- western Black Sea region from high- resolution palynology of DSDP Site 380A (Leg 42B). Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 238, 64-77.
• Sancay, R.H., Batı, Z., Işık, U., Kırıcı, S., Akça, N., 2006. Palynomorph, foraminifera, and calcareous nanoplankton biostra- tigraphy of Oligo-Miocene Sediments in the Muş basin, Eastern Anatolia, Tur- key. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 15, 259–319.
• Strömberg, C.A.E., Werdelin, L., Friis, E.M., and Saraç, G., 2007. The spread of grass- dominated habitats in Turkey and sur- rounding areas during the Cenozoic: Phytolith evidence. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 250, 18-49.
• Suc, J-P., Diniz, F., Leroy, S., Poumot, C., Ber- tini, A., Dupont, L., Clet, M., Bessais, E.,
• Zheng, Z., Fauquette, S., and Ferrier,
• J., 1995. Zanclean (~brunssumian) to
• early Piacenzian (~early-middle Reuve
• rian) climate from 4o to 54o north latitu
• de (West Africa, West Europe and West
• Mediterranean areas). Mededelingen.
• Rijks Geol. Dienst, 52, 43-56.
• Suc, J-P., Fauquette, S., Bessedik, M., Berti- ni, A., Zheng, Z., Clauzon, G., Suball- yova, D., Diniz, F., Quezel, P., Fed- di, N., Clet, M., Bessais, E., Taoufiq, N. B., Meon, H., and Combourieu-Nebout, N., 1999. Neogene vegetation changes in West European and West circum- Mediterranean areas. In: Agusti J, Rook L, Andrews P (eds) The evolution of Ne- ogene terrestrial ecosystems in Europe. Cambridge University Press, Cambrid- ge, pp 378-388.
• Syabryaj, S., Utescher, T., Molchanoff, S., and Bruch, A., 2007. Vegetation and palae- oclimate in the Miocene of Ukraine. Pa- laeogeography Palaeoclimatology Pa- laeoecology, 253, 153-168.
• Utescher, T., Djordjevic-Milutinovic, D., Bruch, A., and Mosbrugger, V., 2007. Palae- oclimate and vegetation change in Ser- bia during the last 30 Ma. Palaeogeog- raphy Palaeoclimatology Palaeoeco- logy, 253, 141-152.
• Ünay, E., de Bruijn, H., and Saraç, G., 2003. A preliminary zonation of the continen- tal Neogene of Anatolia based on ro- dents. In: Distribution and Migration of
• Tertiary Mammals in Eurasia. A volume
• in honour of Hans de Bruijn. Reumer,
• J.W.F and Wessels, W. (Eds.), Deinsea
• Annual of the Natural History Museum,
• Rotterdam, pp. 539-550.
• van Hoeve, M.K., 2000. Cyclic changes in the late Neogene vegetation of northern Greece. PhD Thesis, Utrecht University.
• Yavuz-Işık, N., 2007. Pollen analysis of coal- bearing Miocene sedimentary rocks from the Seyitömer Basin (Kütahya), Western Anatolia. Geobios, 40, 701– 708.
• Yavuz-Işık, N., 2008. Palaeovegetational and pa- laeoclimatic investigations in the Early Miocene lacustrine deposits of the Gü- vem Basin (Galatean Volcanic Provin- ce), NW Central Anatolia, Turkey. Re- view of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 150, 130-139.
• Yavuz-Işık, N., and Demirci, C., 2009. Mioce- ne spores and pollen from Pelitçik Ba- sin, Turkey–environmental and climatic implications. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 8, 437–446.
• Yavuz-Işık, N., and Toprak, V., 2010. Palynost- ratigraphy and vegetation characteris- tics of Neogene continental deposits interbedded with the Cappadocia ig- nimbrites (Cenrtal Anatolia, Turkey). In- ternetional Journal of Earth Sciences, 99, 1887-1897.