Deprem Kaynak Mekanizması Parametreleriyle Sayısal Tsunami Simülasyonları: 08 Eylül 2017 Chiapas-Meksika Depremi (Mw 8.2) ve Tsunamisi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 1, 30 - 55, 27.04.2020

Hakan Tarik Meriç Seda Yolsal-çevikbilen , Tuncay Taymaz

https://doi.org/10.17824/yerbilimleri.617852

Cited By: 1

Öz

Sismolojik gözlem ve verilerin ters çözüm işlemleri ile modellenmeleri, bir depremin kaynak mekanizması çözümünün ve kinematik ve dinamik kaynak parametrelerinin (fay düzlemine ait doğrultu, eğim, kayma açısı, deprem odak derinliği, sismik moment, fay uzunluğu, fay genişliği, maksimum ve ortalama yerdeğiştirme miktarı, gerilme düşümü, kırılma süresi vb) belirlenmesine olanak tanımaktadır. Bu parametreler, daha sonra yapılacak olan diğer çalışmalarda (örn., tsunami simülasyonları vb) giriş parametreleri olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, 08 Eylül 2017 tarihinde Chiapas (Meksika) bölgesinde meydana gelen Mw 8.2 büyüklüğündeki yıkıcı depremin kaynak mekanizması çözümü ve fay düzlemi üzerinde gerçekleşen kayma/yırtılma dağılımı, telesismik uzaklıklarda kaydedilen uzun periyotlu P- ve SH- ve geniş-bantlı P- dalga şekillerinin modellenmesi sonucunda belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar, 08 Eylül 2017 Chiapas (Meksika) depreminin çok küçük doğrultu atım bileşenine sahip normal faylanma mekanizmasıyla ve basit yapılı bir kırılmayla 54 km odak derinliğinde meydana geldiğini göstermektedir. Ayrıca, KB-GD uzanımlı fay düzlemi üzerinde gerçekleşen kırılmanın yaklaşık 125 km fay uzunluğuna ve 55 km fay genişliğine sahip bir alanda meydana geldiği, maksimum yerdeğiştirme miktarının ise yaklaşık olarak 22.10 m olduğu saptanmıştır. Tekdüze (homojen) kayma dağılımı modeline ve 30 yay-sn çözünürlüklü GEBCO-BODC batimetri verisine dayalı olarak gerçekleştirilen sayısal tsunami simülasyonu ile deprem nedeniyle oluşan tsunami dalgalarının Pasifik okyanusu içerisinde ilerleyişi modellenerek çeşitli kıyılar için yapay tsunami dalgaları hesaplanmıştır. Hesaplanan tsunami dalgaları Derin Deniz Tsunami Belirleme ve Raporlama Şamandıraları (DART) ve gel-git ölçerler tarafından kaydedilen gerçek-zamanlı tsunami verileri ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, yapay tsunami dalgalarının gerçek-zamanlı kayıtlar ile nispeten uyumlu olduğu gözlenmiştir. Ancak, bu uyum özellikle okyanus/deniz içi şamandıra kayıtlarında daha fazla, kıyılardaki gel-git ölçer kayıtları için ise göreceli olarak daha azdır. Kıyılarda gözlenen tsunami dalgalarının daha iyi modellenebilmesinin, sayısal tsunami simülasyonlarında yüksek çözünürlüklü batimetri verisinin ve depreme ait sonlu-fay kayma dağılımı modelinin kullanılması ile mümkün olabileceği önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Deprem, Kaynak mekanizması parametreleri, Kayma/Yırtılma Dağılımı, Orta Amerika Hendeği, Meksika, Sayısal Tsunami Simülasyonu

Destekleyen Kurum

İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi – Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi (İTÜ-BAP), Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi-Üstün Başarılı Genç Bilim İnsanı Ödülleri Programı (TÜBA-GEBİP), Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu (TÜBİTAK)

Teşekkür

Bu çalışma H.T. Meriç’in yüksek lisans tez çalışmasının bir bölümünü içermektedir. Çalışmanın yapılmasındaki desteklerinden dolayı Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi - Üstün Başarılı Genç Bilim İnsanı Ödülleri Programı’na (TÜBA-GEBİP), İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi – Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi’ne (İTÜ-BAP) ve Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu’na (TÜBİTAK) teşekkür ederiz. Çalışmada, Uluslararası Sayısal Sismograf Ağı (FDSN) ve Küresel Sayısal Sismograf Ağı (GDSN) istasyonları tarafından kaydedilen telesismik deprem kayıtları, IRIS-DMC web sayfasından (http://ds.iris.edu/wilber3) alınmıştır. Deprem verilerinin ters çözüme hazırlanması işlemleri SAC2000 program paketi (Goldstein vd., 2003; Goldstein ve Snoke, 2005) ile, haritaların hazırlanması ise haritalama programı GMT (The Generic Mapping Tools; Wessel ve Smith, 1998) ile yapılmıştır. Tsunami kayıtları “www.ioc-sealevelmonitoring.org” ve ”www.ndbc.noaa.gov/dart.shtml” link’lerinden alınmıştır. Ayrıca, sonlu-fay kayma dağılımı modelinin belirlenmesinde kullanılan ters çözüm programı için Yuji Yagi’ye (Tsukuba Üniversitesi, Japonya), sayısal tsunami simülasyonunda kullanılan COMCOT (Cornell Multi-grid Coupled Tsunami Model) algoritması için ise P.L.-F. Liu (Cornell Üniversitesi, ABD) ve Xiaoming Wang’a (Jeoloji ve Nükleer Bilim Enstitüsü, Yeni Zelanda) teşekkür ederiz.

Numerical Tsunami Simulations based on Earthquake Source Mechanism Parameters: A case study of the September 08, 2017 Chiapas-Mexico (Mw 8.2) Earthquake and Associated Tsunami

Öz

Modeling of seismological data by inversion processes provides earthquake source mechanism solutions (e.g, strike, dip and rake angles of the fault plane, earthquake focal depth and seismic moment etc.) and kinematic and dynamic source parameters (e.g, fault length, fault width, maximum and average displacement amount, stress drop, rupture duration etc.). These parameters are used as input constraints for further analysis, particularly for tsunami modeling. In this study, we provide an example of teleseismic waveform inversion and numerical tsunami simulation studies in order to demonstrate the importance and necessity of seismological data in tsunami studies. We obtained source mechanism solution and finite-fault slip distribution model of the destructive 08 September 2017 (Mw 8.2) earthquake occurred in Chiapas (Mexico) region by inverting long period P- and SH- and broad-band P-waveforms recorded at teleseismic stations. Overall results show that this earthquake occurred with a normal faulting mechanism and a very small strike-slip component at a focal depth of 54 km, and a very simple rupture. In addition, slip distribution model of this event showed that the rupture occurred on the NW-SE trending fault plane has an area with a fault length of about 125 km and fault width of 55 km with a maximum displacement amount of 22.10 m. Then, numerical tsunami simulations were performed based on a uniform slip model and GEBCO-BODC bathymetry data with 30 arc-sec resolution, and propagation of tsunami waves triggered by this earthquake in the Pacific Ocean have been modeled. Synthetic tsunami waves were calculated for various coasts and they were further compared with the real-time tsunami data recorded by Deep Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART) and tide gauges. As a result, it is observed that synthetic tsunami waves are relatively compatible with real-time recordings. However, this consistency is particularly high for DART buoy records in open ocean and relatively less for tide gauge records on shorelines. Hence, we suggest that better modeling of tsunami waves recorded at tide gauges on the coasts might be achieved by using a high-resolution bathymetry data and a detailed finite-fault slip distribution model of earthquakes in numerical simulations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Earthquake, Middle America Trench, Mexico, Numerical tsunami simulations, Source mechanism parameters, Slip/Rupture distribution

Kaynakça

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