Late Cretaceous to recent kinematic history of the Tuzgölü Basin, Central Anatolia, Turkey: a paleostress study

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 41 Sayı: 2, 114 - 146, 19.08.2020

Erhan Gülyüz

https://doi.org/10.17824/yerbilimleri.701207

Cited By: 1

Öz

Traces of deformation events related to the Neotethyan and post-Neotethyan evolution of the Central Anatolia is well recorded in Upper Cretaceous to recent deposits of the Tuzgölü basin. In this regard, kinematic traces with age controls are crucial for differentiating and characterizing deformation phases that prevailed in the region. This study presents 57 paleostress inverse analysis based on more than 500 fault slip measurements collected from 41 different locations in the basin. The temporal distribution of the data sets indicates three different phases of deformation. The first one is represented by an almost E-Wdirected compressional setting, which might be related to the late-stage closure of the NeoTethys Ocean  and continental collision events along the Intra-Tauride Suture Zone during late Cretaceous to Oligocene time interval. The second phase is attributed to the segmentation of the Kırşehir block under NNW-SSE-directed compressional setting in the basin after the indentation of the Kırşehir block into the Pontide block along the İzmirAnkara-Erzincan Suture Zone. The last phase is represented by the transtensional regime, which might be related to uplift of the entire Central Anatolian Plateau since ~ 10 Ma. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Paleostress, Kinematic Analyses, Tuzgölü Basin, Neotethys, Central Anatolia

Destekleyen Kurum

TÜBİTAK

Proje Numarası

117R049

Teşekkür

This study was supported by the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK, 117R049) for field works. The study benefited from discussions with Nuretdin Kaymakcı and Nilay Gülyüz.

Tuzgölü Havzası’nın Geç Kretase-Günümüz arası kinematik evrimi (Orta Anadolu, Türkiye): Paleostres Çalışması

Öz

İç Anadolu'nun Neotetis ve Neotetis sonrası evrimi ile ilgili deformasyon olaylarının izleri,Geç Kretase – günümüz arası çökelim yaşına sahip Tuzgölü havzasının istiflerinde iyi bir şekilde kaydedilmiştir. Bu bağlamda, ilgili istifleri deforme eden ve yaş kontrollerine sahip kinematik izler, bölgede hakim olan deformasyon fazlarını ayırt ve karakterize etmek için oldukça önemlidir. Bu hedef doğrultusunda çalışma kapsamında, havza içindeki 41 farklı lokasyondan toplanmış olan 500'den fazla fay çiziği ölçümüne dayalı 57 paleostress ters çözümlemesi sunulmaktadır. İlgili ters çözümleme sonuçlarının zamansal dağılımı üç farklı deformasyon fazının ayırt edilmesine olanak sağlamıştır. Birinci faz, Neotetis Okyanusu’nun Geç Kretase-Oligosen zaman aralığı boyunca geç evre kapanımı ve İç Torid Kenet Kuşağı boyunca gerçekleşen kıta-kıta çarpışma olayları ile ilişkili neredeyse D-B doğrultulu bir sıkışma rejimi ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. İkinci faz, Kırşehir Bloğu’nun İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan Kenet Kuşağı boyunca Pontid bloğunun içine girintilenmesinden sonra Kırşehir Bloğu’nun segmentasyonu ile bağlantılı olabilecek KKB-GGD doğrultulu sıkışmalı rejimle ilişkilendirilmiştir. Son fazın ise, Orta Anadolu Platosu’nun ~ 10 My'dan bu yana yükselmesi ile ilişkili olabilecek transtansiyonal rejim ile alakalı olabileceği vurgulanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Paleostres, Kinematik analiz, Tuzgölü havzası, Neotetis, Orta Anadolu

Proje Numarası

117R049

Kaynakça

• Advokaat, E.L., van Hinsbergen, D.D.J., Kaymakcı, N., Vissers, R.L.M., and Hendriks, B.W.H., 2014. “Late Cretaceous extension and Palaeogene rotation related contraction in Central Anatolia recorded in the Ayhan-Büyükkışla basin”, International Geology Review, 56, 1813-1836. Akarsu, İ., 1971. II. Bölge AR/TPO/747 nolu sahanın terk raporu. Pet. İş. Gen. Md., Ankara (Unpublished). Angelier, J., 1984, Tectonic analysis of fault slip data sets. Journal of Geophysical Research, 89, 5835-5848. Angelier, J., 1989. From orientation to magnitudes in paleostress determinations using fault slip data. Journal of Structural Geology, 11, 37-50. Angelier, J., 1994. Fault slip analysis and paleostress reconstruction. In: P.L. Hancock (Editor), Continental deformation. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 53-101. Arikan, Y., 1975. “The Geology and Petroleum prospects of the Tuzgölü basin”, Maden Tektik ve Arama Dergisi, 85, 17-38. Armijo, R., Carey, E., and Cisternas, A., 1982. The inverse problem in microtectonics and the separation of tectonic phases. Tectonophysics, 82, 145-160. Aydar, E., Cubukcu, H.E., Erdal, Ş.E.N., Lütfiye, A., 2013. Central Anatolian Plateau, Turkey: incision and paleoaltimetry recorded from volcanic rocks. Turkish J. Earth Sci. 22, 739–746. Aydemir, A., Ates, A., 2006. Structural interpretation of the Tuzgolu and Haymana Basins, Central Anatolia, Turkey, using seismic, gravity and aereomagnetic data. Earth, Planets and Space, 58, 951–961. Biryol, C. B., Beck, S., Zandt, G., Özacar, A. A., 2011. Segmented African lithosphere beneath the Anatolian region inferred from teleseismic P-wave tomography. Geophys. J. Int. 184, 1037–1057. Bott, M.H.P., 1959. The Mechanics of Oblique Slip Faulting. Geol. Mag. 96, 109–117. Burke, K., Şengör, A.M.C., 1986. Tectonic escape in the evolution of the continental crust. Reflect. Seismol. Cont. crust 14, 41–53. Carey-Gailhardis, E., Mercier, J.L., 1987. A numerical method for determining the state of stress using focal mechanisms of earthquake populations: application to Tibetan teleseisms and microseismicity of Southern Peru. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 82, 165–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(87)90117-8 Candan, O., Cetinkaplan, M., Oberhänsli, R., Rimmele, G., and Akal, C., 2005. “Alpine high Pressure low-Temperature metamorphism of the Afyon Zone and implications for the metamorphic evolution of Western Anatolia, Turkey”, Lithos 84(1-2), 102-124. Çelik, Ö. F., Marzoli, A., Marschik, R., Chiaradia, M., Neubauer, F. and Öz, I., 2011. “Early–Middle Jurassic intra-oceanic subduction in the Izmir-Ankara-Erzincan Ocean, Northern Turkey”, Tectonophysics, 509, 120–134. Çemen, İ., Göncüoğlu, M.C., and Dirik, K., 1999.”Structural evolution of the Tuzgölü Basin in Central Anatolia, Turkey”, Journal of Geology, 107, 693–706. Çiner, A., Doğan, U., Yıldırım, C., Akçar, N., Ivy-Ochs, S., Alfimov, V., Kubik, P.W., Schlüchter, C., 2015. Quaternary uplift rates of the Central Anatolian Plateau, Turkey: insights from cosmogenic isochron-burial nuclide dating of the Kızılırmak River terraces, Quaternary Science Reviews.Volume 107,81-97. Çinku, M.C., 2017. Paleomagnetic results from Northeast Anatolia: remagnetization in Late Cretaceous sandstones and tectonic rotation at the Eastern extension of the Izmir–Ankara–Erzincan suture zone. Acta Geophys. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-017-0097-7. Çinku, M.C., Hisarli, M., Hirt, A.M., Heller, F., Ustaömer, T., Kaya, N., Öksüm, E., Orbay, N., 2016. Evidence of Late Cretaceous oroclinal bending in north-central Anatolia: palaeomagnetic results from Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks along the İzmir–Ankara–Erzincan Suture Zone. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 425, 189 LP – 212. Çubuk, Y., Yolsal-Çevikbilen, S.,Taymaz, T., 2014. Source parameters of the 2005–2008 Balâ–Sırapınar (Central Turkey) earthquakes: implications for the internal deformation of the Anatolian plate. Tectonophysics 635, 125–153. Clark, M., Robertson, A., 2002. “The role of the Early Tertiary Ulukışla Basin, southern Turkey, in suturing of the Mesozoic Tethys Ocean”, Journal of the Geological Society, 159(6), 673-690. Dellaloğlu, A.A., and Aksu, R., 1984. Polatlı, Haymana, Yenice, Yeniceoba ve Cihanbeyli dolaylarının Ayrıntılı Jeoloji ön raporu. TPAO rapor no.2006 (unpublished). Delvaux, D., Moeys, R., Stapel, G., Petit, C., Levi, K., Miroshenko, A., Ruzhıch, V., and Sankov, V., 1997. Paleostress reconstructions and geodynamics of the Baikal region, Central Asia, Part 2. Cenozoic rifting. Tectonophysics, 282, 1–38. Derman, A.S., 1978. Tuzgölü ve Kuzeyinin Jeolojisi. TPAO rapor no 1512 (unpublished). Dirik, K., and Erol, O., 2003. “Tuzgölü ve civarının tektonomorfolojik evrimi, Orta Anadolu-Türkiye”, TPJD Özel sayı, 27-46. Erdoğan, B., Akay, E., and Uğur, M.S., 1996. “Geology of the Yozgat region and evolution of the collisional Çankiri Basin”, International Geology Review, 38, 788-806. Erler, A., Akıman, O., Unan, C., Dalkılıç, F., Dalkılıç, B., Geven, A., and Önen, P., 1991. “Kaman (Kırşehir) ve Yozgat yörelerinde Kırşehir masifi magmatik kayaçlarının petrolojisi ve jeokimyası”, TÜBITAK, Doga-Tr. J. of Eng. and Env. Sc., 15, 76-100. Erler, A., and Göncüoglu, M.C., 1996. “Geologic and tectonic setting of the Yozgat batholith, Northern Central Anatolian Crystalline Complex, Turkey”, International Geology Review, 38 (8), 714-726. Etchecopar, A., Vasseur, G., Daigniers, M., 1981. An inverse problem in microtectonics for the determination of stress tensors from fault striation analysis. Journal of Structural Geology, 3, 51-65. Fernandez-Blanco, D., Bertotti, G., and Çiner, T.A., 2013. Cenozoic tectonics of the Tuzgölü basin (Central Anatolian Plateau, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Earth Science, 22, 715-738. Fleischmann, K.H., Nemcok, M., 1991. Paleostress inversion of fault-slip data using the shear stress solution of Means (1989). Tectonophysics 196, 195–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90296-5 Flerit, F., Armijo, R., King, G., Meyer, B., 2004. The mechanical interaction between the propagating North Anatolian Fault and the back-arc extension in the Aegean. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 224, 347–362. Gautier, P., Bozkurt, E., Hallot, E., Dirik, K., 2002. “Dating the exhumation of a metamorphic dome: geological evidence for pre-Eocene unroofing of the Niğde Massif (Central Anatolia, Turkey)”, Geological Magazine, 139(5), 559-576. Gautier, P., Bozkurt, E., Bosse, V., Hallot, E., Dirik, K., 2008. “Coeval extensional shearing and lateral underflow during Late Cretaceous core complex development in the Niğde Massif, Central Anatolia, Turkey”, Tectonics, 27, TC1003 Genç, Y., Yürür, M.T., 2010. “Coeval extension and compression in Late Mesozoic-Recent thin-skinned extensional tectonics in central Anatolia, Turkey”, Journal of Structural Geology 32(5), 623-640. Göğüş, O.H., Pysklywec, R.N., Şengör, A.M.C., Gün, E., 2017. DDrip Tectonics and the enigmatic uplift of the Central Anatolian Plateau. Nature Communications. 8. 10.1038/s41467-017-01611-3. Göncüoğlu, M.C.,1986. “Orta Anadolu Masifinin güney ucundan jeokronolojik yaş bulguları”, MTA Bülteni, 105/106, 111-124. Gürer, D., Plunder, A., Kirst, F., Corfu, F., Schmid, S., van Hinsbergen, D.W.W., 2018. A long-lived Late Cretaceous–early Eocene extensional province in Anatolia? Structural evidence from the Ivriz Detachment, southern central Turkey. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 481. 10.1016/j.epsl.2017.10.008. Görür, N., Oktay, F.Y., Seymen, I., and Şengör, A.M.C., 1984. “Palaeotectonic evolution of the Tuzgölü basin complex, Central Turkey: sedimentary record of a Neo-Tethyan closure”, Journal of the Geological Society of London Special Publications, 17(1), 467-482. Görür, N., Tüysüz, O., and Şengör, A.M.C., 1998. “Tectonic Evolution of the Central Anatolian Basins”, International Geology Review, 40, 831-850. Gülyüz, E., Kaymakci, N., Meijers, M.J.M., van Hinsbergen, D. J.J., Lefebvre, C.J.C., Vissers, R.L.M., Hendriks, B.W.H., and Peynircioğlu, A.A., 2013. “Late Eocene evolution of the Çiçekdağı Basin (central Turkey): Syn-sedimentary compression during microcontinent–continent collision in central Anatolia”, Tectonophysics, 602, 286–299. Gülyüz, E., Özkaptan, M., Kaymakci, N., Persano, C., Stuart, F.M., 2019. Kinematic and thermal evolution of the Haymana Basin, a fore-arc to foreland basin in Central Anatolia (Turkey). Tectonophysics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2019.06.020. Gülyüz, E., Durak, H., Özkaptan, M., Krijgsman, W., 2020. Paleomagnetic constraints on the early Miocene closure of the southern Neo-Tethys (Van region; East Anatolia): Inferences for the timing of Eurasia-Arabia collision. Glob. Planet. Change 185, 103089. Gürsoy, H., Piper, J.D.A., Tatar, O., 2003. Neotectonic deformation in the western sector of tectonic escape in Anatolia: Palaeomagnetic study of the Afyon region, central Turkey. Tectonophysics 374, 57–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00346-9 Gürsoy, Halil, Piper, J.D.A., Tatar, O., 1999. Palaeomagnetic study of the Galatean Volcanic Province, north-central Turkey: Neogene deformation at the northern border of the Anatolian Block. Geol. J. 34, 7–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1034(199901/06)34:1/2<7::AID-GJ812>3.0.CO;2-0 Gürsoy, H., Piper, J.D.A., Tatar, O., Mesci, L., 1998. Palaeomagnetic study of the Karaman and Karapinar volcanic complexes, central Turkey: Neotectonic rotation in the south-central sector of the Anatolian Block. Tectonophysics 299, 191–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00205-4 Gürsoy, H., Tatar, O., Piper, J.D.A., Koçbulut, F., Akpinar, Z., Huang, B., Roberts, A.P., Mesci, B.L., 2011. Palaeomagnetic study of the Kepezdaĝ and Yamadaĝ volcanic complexes, central Turkey: Neogene tectonic escape and block definition in the central-east Anatolides. J. Geodyn. 51, 308–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2010.07.004 Hisarlı, Z.M., Çinku, M.C., Ustaömer, T., Keskin, M., Orbay, N., 2016. Neotectonic deformation in the Eurasia–Arabia collision zone, the East Anatolian Plateau, E Turkey: evidence from palaeomagnetic study of Neogene–Quaternary volcanic rocks. Int. J. Earth Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-015-1245-4 Hüsing, S.K., Zachariasse, W.J., van Hinsbergen, D.J.J., Krijgsman, W., Inceöz, M., Harzhauser, M., Mandic, O., Kroh, A., 2009. Oligo-Miocene foreland basin evolution in SE Anatolia: constraints on the closure of the eastern Tethys gateway, in: van Hinsbergen, D.J.J., Edwards, M.A., Govers, R. (Eds.), Geodynamics of Collision and Collapse at the Africa-Arabia-Eurasia Subduction Zone: Geological Society, London, Special Publication. pp. 107–132. Kadıoğlu, Y.K., Dilek, Y., and Foland, K.A., 2006. “Slab break-off and syn-collisional origin of the Late Cretaceous magmatism in the Central Anatolian crystalline complex, Turkey”, Geological Society of America Special Paper, 409, 381–415. Kaygusuz, A., Aydınçakır, E., 2009. “Mineralogy, whole-rock and Sr-Nd isotope geochemistry of mafic microgranular enclaves in Cretaceous Dagbaşı granitoids, eastern Pontides, NE Turkey: evidence of magma mixing, mingling and chemical equilibration”, Chemie der Erde, 69, 247-277. Kaygusuz, A., Sipahi, F., İlbeyli, N., Arslan, M., Chen, B., Aydınçakır, E., 2013. Petrogenesis of the Late Cretaceous Turnagöl intrusion in the eastern Pontides: implications for magma genesis in the arc setting. Geoscience Frontiers, 4, 423–438. Kaymakcı, N., Özçelik, Y., White, H.S., Van Dijk, P.M., 2001. Neogene tectonic development of the Çankırı basin (Central Anatolia, Türkiye). Turkish Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 13, 27–56. Kaymakcı, N., Duermeijer, C.E., Langereis, C., White, S.H., Van Dijk, P.M., 2003. Palaeomagnetic evolution of the Çankiri Basin (central Anatolia, Turkey): Implications for oroclinal bending due to indentation. Geol. Mag. https://doi.org/10.1017/S001675680300757X Kaymakci, N., Özçelik, Y., White, S.H., and Van Dijk, P.M., 2009. “Tectono-stratigraphy of the Çankiri Basin: late Cretaceous to early Miocene evolution of the Neotethyan suture zone in Turkey”, Journal of the Geological Society of London Special Publications, 311, 67-106. Kaymakci, N., 2000. “Tectono-stratigraphical evolution of the Cankiri Basin (Central Anatolia, Turkey)”, Geologica Ultraiectina, Phd. Thesis,190. Kissel, C., Averbuch, O., Frizon de Lamotte, D., Monod, O., Allerton, S., 1993. First paleomagnetic evidence for a post-Eocene clockwise rotation of the Western Taurides thrust belt east of the Isparta reentrant (Southwestern Turkey). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 117, 1–14. Kissel, C., Laj, C., Sengör, A.M.C., Poisson, A., 1987. Paleomagnetic evidence for rotation in opposite senses of adjacent blocks in northeastern Aegean and western Anatolia. Geophys. Res. Lett. 14, 907–910. Le Pichon, X., Angelier, J., 1979. The Hellenic arc and trench system: a key to the neotectonic evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean area. Tectonophysics 60, 1–42. Koçyiğit, A., Winchester, J.A., Bozkurt, E. and Holland, G., 2003. “Saraçköy Volcanic Suite: implications for the subductional phase of arc evolution in the Galatean Arc Complex, Ankara-Turkey”, Geological Journal, 37, 1−14. Koçyiğit, A., 1991. “An example of an accretionary forearc basin from Central Anatolia and its implications for the history of subduction of Neo-Tethys in Turkey”, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 103, 22-36. Lefebvre, C.J.C., Meijers, M.J.M., Kaymakcı, N., Peynircioğlu, A.A., Langereis, C.G., and Van Hinsbergen, D.J.J., 2013. “Reconstructing the geometry of central Anatolia during the late Cretaceous: Large-scale Cenozoic rotations and deformation between the Pontides and Taurides”, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 366, 83-98. Nairn, S.P., Robertson, A.H.F., Ünlügenç, U.C., İnan, N., Taslı, K., 2013. Tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Upper Cretaceous-Cenozoic central Anatolian basins: an integrated model of diachronous ocean basin closure and continental collision. Journal of the Geological Society of London Special Publication, 372, 343–384. Okay, A.I., Sunal, G., Sherlock, S., Altıner, D., Tüysüz, O., Kylander-Clark, A.R.C., and Aygül, M., 2013. “Early Cretaceous sedimentation and orogeny on the southern active margin of Eurasia: Central Pontides, Turkey”, Tectonics, 32, 1247–1271. Okay, A. I., Tansel, I., and Tüysüz, O., 2001. “Obduction, subduction and collision as reflected in the Upper Cretaceous–Lower Eocene sedimentary record of western Turkey”, Geological Magazine, 138, 117-142. Okay, A.I., 1984. “Distribution and characteristics of the northwest Turkish blueschists”, Journal of the Geological Society of London Special Publications, 17, 455-466. Okay, A., Altiner, D., Kylander-Clark, A., 2019. Major Late Cretaceous mass flows in central Turkey recording the disruption of the Mesozoic Continental Margin. Tectonics. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018TC005076 Özkaptan, M., Gülyüz, E., 2019. Relationship between the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and development of the Haymana Anticline, Central Anatolia (Turkey). Turkish J. Earth Sci. 28, 103–121. Özsayın, E., Çiner, T.A., Rojay, F.B., Dirik, R.K., Melnick, D., Fernandez-Blanco, D., Bertotti, G., Schildgen, T.F., Garcin, Y., Strecker, M.R., Sudo, M., 2013. “Plio-Quaternary Extensional Tectonics of the Central Anatolian Plateau: A case study from the Tuz Gölü Basin, Turkey”, Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 22, 691-714. Öztürk, Y.Y., Helvacı, C., and Satır, M., 2012. “Geochemical and Isotopic Constraints on Petrogenesis of the Beypazarı Granitoid, NW Ankara, Western Central Anatolia, Turkey”, Turkish Journal of Earth Science, 21, 53-77. Piper, J.D. a., Tatar, O., Gürsoy, H., 1997. Deformational behaviour of continental lithosphere deduced from block rotations across the North Anatolian fault zone in Turkey. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00103-9 Piper, J.D.A., Gürsoy, H., Tatar, O., Beck, M.E., Rao, A., Koçbulut, F., Mesci, B.L., 2010. Distributed neotectonic deformation in the Anatolides of Turkey: A palaeomagnetic analysis. Tectonophysics 488, 31–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2009.05.026 Piper, J.D.A., Moore, J.M., Tatar, O., Gürsoy, H., Park, R.G., 1996. Palaeomagnetic study of crustal deformation across an intracontinental transform: the North Anatolian Fault Zone in Northern Turkey, in: Morris, A., Tarling, D.H. (Eds.), Palaeomagnetism and Tectonics of the Mediterranean Region. Geological Society of London Special Publication, pp. 299–310. Pourteau,A., M. Sudo, O. Candan, P. Lanari, O. Vidal, R. Oberhansli, 2013. “Neotethys closure history of Anatolia: insights from40Ar–39Argeochronology and P–T estimation in high-pressure metasedimentary rocks”, Journal of Metamorphic Geol., 31, 585–606. Pourteau, A., 2011. “Closure of the Neotethys Ocean in Anatolia: structural, petrologic & geochronologic insights from low-grade high-pressure metasediments, Afyon Zone”, PhD Thesis. Potsdam University, 106 p. Reches, Z., 1987. Determination Of The Tectonic Stress Tensor From Slip Along Faults That Obey The Coulomb Yield Conditio. Tectonics 6, 849–861. Reilinger, R., McClusky, S., Vernant, P., Lawrence, S., Ergintav, S., Cakmak, R., Nadariya, M., Hahubia, G., Mahmoud, S., Sakr, K., ArRajehi, A., Paradissis, D., Al-Aydrus, A., Prilepin, M., Guseva, T., Evren, E., Dmitritsa, A., Filikov, S. V, Gomes, F., Al-Ghazzi, R., Karam, G., 2006. GPS constraints on continental deformation in the Africa-Arabia-Eurasia continental collision zone and implications for the dynamics of plate interactions. J. Geophys. Res. 111, V05411, doi:10.1029/2005JB004051. Rice, S.P., Robertson, A.H.F., and Ustaömer, T., 2006. “Late Cretaceous-Early Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Eurasian active margin in the Central and Eastern Pontides, northern Turkey”, Journal of the Geological Society of London Special Publications, 260, 413-445. Rice, S.P., Roberson, A.H.F., Ustaömer, T., İnan, T., Taslı, K., 2009. Late Cretaceous-Early Eocene tectonic development of the Tethyan Suture Zone in the Erzincan area, eastern Pontides, Turkey. Geological Magazine, 146(4), 567-590. Rigo de Righi, M., and Cortesini, A., 1959. Regional studies in central Anatolian basin. Progress Report 1, Turkish Gulf Oil Co., Pet. İş. Gen. Md., Ankara. Schildgen, T. F., D. Cosentinob., B. Bookhagen., S. Niedermann., C.Yıldırım., H. Echtlere., H. Wittmann., M.R. Strecker. 2012. Multi-phased uplift of the southern margin of the Central Anatolian plateau, Turkey: a record of tectonic and upper mantle processes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 317–318, 85–95. Schildgen, T. F., Yıldırım, C., Cosentino, D., Strecker, M. R., 2014. Linking slab break off, Hellenic trench retreat, and uplift of the Central and Eastern Anatolian plateaus. Earth Sci. Rev. 128, 47–168. Speciale, P.A., Catlos, E.J., Yıldız, G.O., Shina, T.A., and Black, K.N., 2014. “Zircon ages from the Beypazarı granitoid pluton (north central Turkey): tectonic implications”, Geodinamica Acta, 25:3-4, 162-182. Şengör, A.M.C., Görür, N., Şaroğlu, F., 1985. Strike-slip faulting and related basin formation in zones of tectonic escape: Turkey as a case study, in: Biddle, K.T., Christie-Blick, N. (Eds.), Basin Formation and Sedimentation. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publications, pp. 227–264. Tatar, O., Piper, J.D.A., Park, R.G., Gürsoy, H., 1995. Palaeomagnetic study of block rotations in the Niksar overlap region of the North Anatolian Fault Zone, central Turkey. Tectonophysics 244, 251–266. Tüysüz, O., Dellaloğlu, A.A., and Terzioğlu, N., 1995. “A magmatic belt within the Neo-Tethyan suture zone and its role in the tectonic evolution of Northern Turkey”, Tectonophysics, 243, 173-191. Tüysüz, O., and Tekin, U.K., 2007. “Timing of imbrication of an active continental margin facing the northern branch of Neotethys, Kargı Massif, northern Turkey”, Cretaceous Research, 28, 754-764. van Hinsbergen, D.J.J., Kaymakcı, N., Spakman, W., Torsvik, T.H., 2010. Reconciling the geological history of western Turkey with plate circuits and mantle tomography. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 297, 674–68. Wallace, R.E., 1951. Geometry of Shearing Stress and Relation to Faulting Author ( s ): Robert E . Wallace Source : The Journal of Geology , Vol . 59 , No . 2 ( Mar ., 1951 ), pp . 118-130 Published by : The University of Chicago Press Stable URL : http://www.jstor.org/stable. J. Geol. 59, 118–130. Whitney, D.L., Teyssier, C., Fayon, A.K., Hamilton, M.A., and Heizler, M., 2003. “Tectonic controls on metamorphism, partial melting, and intrusion: timing and duration of regional metamorphism and magmatism in the Nigde Massif, Turkey”, Tectonophysics, 376, 37-60. Will, T.M., Powell, R., 1991. A robust approach to the calculation of paleostress fields from fault plane data. Journal of Structural Geology, 13, 813-821. Yıldırım, C., Sarıkaya, M. A., Çiner, A., 2016. Late Pleistocene intraplate extension of the Central Anatolian Plateau, Turkey: inferences from cosmogenic exposure dating of alluvial fan, landslide, and moraine surfaces along the Ecemiş Fault Zone. Tectonics 35, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015TC004038 Žalohar, J., Vrabec, M., 2007. Paleostress analysis of heterogeneous fault-slip data: the Gauss method. Journal of Structural Geology, 29, 1798–1810.