Açık Deniz Ultra Derin Gaz Sahaları: Geliştirme Seçenekleri ve Ortak Problemler

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 44 Sayı: 1, 1 - 21, 28.03.2023

Murat Cinar , Sarp Kılıçkap İsmail Sarıçam Muharrem Çevik

https://doi.org/10.17824/yerbilimleri.893997

Öz

Dünya doğal gaz tüketimi hızla artmaktadır. Bu ihtiyaca cevap vermek için gerçekleştirilen arama çalışmaları, yıllar içinde daha derin sulara kaymaktadır. Son yirmi yılda gerçekleştirilen büyük petrol ve doğal gaz keşiflerinin yarısından fazlası derin sularda gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ülkemizde de 2020 yılında Türkiye Petrollerinin Karadeniz’de gerçekleştirdiği keşif, tarihimizin en büyük gaz keşfidir. Sakarya gaz sahası ultra derin sularda bulunmakla birlikte ve bu tip sahaların sayısı dünyada oldukça sınırlıdır. Bu çalışmada dünyadaki ultra derin gaz sahalarının bir özeti ve üretim teknolojileri verilmiştir. Ayrıca bu sahalarda karşılaşılan ortak problemler ve çözümler sunulmuştur. Mevcut örnekler ve sınırlı veriler kapsamında, Sakarya sahası için olası geliştirme yöntemleri ve olası problemler irdelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ultra-Derin, Açık deniz gaz sahaları, Üretim teknikleri, Sakarya Sahası, Akış güvencesi, Kum kontrolü

Kaynakça

• Al-sharif, M. (2007). Independence Trail — Pipeline Design Considerations. Offshore Technology Conference. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4043/19056-MS
• Anadarko. (2019). Mozambique LNG: ESHIA Executive Summary and Update (Sayı May). https://www.mzlng.total.com/sites/g/files/wompnd1596/f/atoms/files/mz-000-am1-hs-rpt-00002_eshia_executive_summary_and_update-05-19-2020.pdf
• Begçecanlı, B. (2020, Temmuz 20). Fatih sondaj gemisi Karadeniz’de ilk sondajına başladı. Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/fatih-sondaj-gemisi-karadenizde-ilk-sondajina-basladi/1916084
• Boman, K. (2016, Şubat 3). Anadarko Ceases Production at Independence Hub in Gulf of Mexico. Rigzone. https://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/142861/anadarko_ceases_production_at_independence_hub_in_gulf_of_mexico/
• BP. (2014, Şubat 24). BP starts up Na Kika phase 3 in deepwater Gulf of Mexico | News and insights | Home. https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/news-and-insights/press-releases/new-start-up-in-gulf-of-mexico.html
• BP. (2020). Statistical Review of World Energy, 2020 | 69th Edition. 66. https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2020-full-report.pdf
• Burman, S. S., Deepwater, S., & Norton, S. J. (1998). Mensa Project : Well Drilling and Completion. Offshore Technology Conference. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4043/8578-MS
• Camba, N. (2020). Developments on Natural Gas projects in Mozambique : Overview of the latest Progress and Business Opportunities. SUBSEA EXPO 2020.
• Churchill, R. R. (2013). Law of the Sea | international law [1982] | Britannica. Içinde Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Law-of-the-Sea#ref913546
• Davis, C. (2016, Şubat 5). Anadarko Shutters Final NatGas Well at Independence Hub in GOM. Natural Gas Intelligence. https://www.naturalgasintel.com/anadarko-shutters-final-natgas-well-at-independence-hub-in-gom/
• Delek Drilling. (y.y.-a). Aphrodite Gas Field. 15 Ekim 2020, https://www.delekdrilling.com/project/aphrodite-gas-field
• Delek Drilling. (y.y.-b). Leviathan Gas Field. 19 Ekim 2020, https://www.delekdrilling.com/natural-gas/gas-fields/leviathan
• Delek Drilling. (y.y.-c). Tamar Gas Field. 15 Ekim 2020, https://www.delekdrilling.com/natural-gas/gas-fields/tamar
• Eaton, L. F., Randall Reinhardt, W., Scott Bennett, J., Blake, K., & Morales, H. (2007). Magnolia deepwater experience - Frac-packing long perforated intervals in nconsolidated Silt Reservoirs. SPE/IADC Drilling Conference, 1(March), 547–560. https://doi.org/10.2523/105541-ms
• Elliott, S. (2019). First “hint” of plan for Equatorial Guinea’s Fortuna block in Jan/Feb: Obiang | S&P Global Platts. https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insights/latest-news/natural-gas/112819-first-hint-of-plan-for-equatorial-guineas-fortuna-block-in-jan-feb-obiang
• Elsayed, M. S., Zayed, S., Tolba, M. A., Omar, M. K., Hussein, A., Darwish, H. M., & Negm, M. N. (2020). The Flow assurance criticalities and challenges management of zohr deepwater giant gas field. Proceedings of the Annual Offshore Technology Conference, 2020-May. https://doi.org/10.4043/30779-ms
• ENI. (y.y.-a). Rovuma LNG. 26 Eylül 2020, https://www.eni.com/en-IT/operations/mozambique-rovuma-lng.html
• ENI. (y.y.-b). Zohr. 20 Ekim 2020, https://www.eni.com/en-IT/operations/egypt-zohr.html
• EPDK. (2020). Doğal Gaz Piyasası 2019 Yılı Sektör Raporu. https://www.epdk.gov.tr/Detay/Icerik/3-0-94/dogal-gazyillik-sektor-raporu
• Equinor. (y.y.). Tanzania. 12 Ekim 2020, https://www.equinor.com/en/where-we-are/tanzania.html
• Equinor. (2018). Block 2 Tanzania Successful exploration campaigns in. https://www.equinor.com/en/where-we-are/tanzania.html
• Fu, Y., Gong, W., Li, L., Su, R., & Wei, F. (2016). Liwan field development: The first deepwater gas field in China. Offshore Technology Conference Asia 2016, OTCA 2016, March, 2486–2492. https://doi.org/10.4043/26447-ms
• Galp Energia. (2012). Success of Coral-1 well opens up a new play in Area 4 and further enhances the block potential.
• Gilchrist, R. T., Deepwater, S., Systems, D., & Kluwen, F. A. (1998). Mensa Project : Flowlines. Offshore Technology Conference. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4043/8628-MS
• Gist, G. N. (2001). Diana Subsea Production System: An Overview. Offshore Technology Conference. https://doi.org/10.4043/13082-ms
• Goodrich, G. (2020). From Hydrocarbon Minor to Global Gas Giant | Africa Oil & Power. https://www.africaoilandpower.com/2020/07/24/from-hydrocarbon-minor-to-global-gas-giant/
• Hamit, D., Bayar, G., & Aliyev, J. (2020, Ağustos 21). Turkey discovers major Black Sea natural gas reserves. Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/economy/turkey-discovers-major-black-sea-natural-gas-reserves/1949231
• Hare, S., & Case, R. (2003). Canyon Express commissioning and start-up experience. Offshore Technology Conference, 380–390. https://doi.org/10.4043/15097-ms
• HebrewEnergy. (2009, Ağustos). Dalit Field; Dalit drilling. http://www.hebrewenergy.com/dalit-field-dalit-drilling/ Holley, S. M., & Abendschein, R. D. (2007). Independence Project Overview — A Producer ’s Perspective. Offshore Technology Conference.
• Hudson, J. D., Dutsch, D. B., Lang, P. P., Lorimer, S. L., & Stevens, K. A. (2002). An Overview of the Na Kika Flow Assurance Design. Offshore Technology Conference, 1693–1700. https://doi.org/10.4043/14186-ms
• IEA. (2018). Offshore Energy Outlook 2018. https://www.iea.org/reports/offshore-energy-outlook-2018
• INP. (y.y.). Rovuma offshore, Area 1 / Current Areas of Exploration and Production / Exploration & Production / Home - INP. 19 Eylül 2020, http://www.inp.gov.mz/en/Exploration-Production/Current-Areas-of-Exploration-and-Production/Rovuma-offshore-Area-1
• Kaytazoğlu, O., Tatlıcı, E., & Temel, E. (2020, Ağustos 22). Doğal gaz bulundu: Karadeniz’deki gaz keşfi Türkiye’yi nasıl etkiler? - BBC News Türkçe. BBC Türkçe. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-53868045
• King, H. M. (y.y.). Magnolia TLP Oil Platform - The World’s Tallest Structure? 12 Ekim 2020, https://geology.com/stories/13/magnolia-oil-platform/
• Kopp, F., Light, B. D., Preli, T. A., Rao, V. S., & Stingl, K. H. (2004). Design and installation of the Na Kika export pipelines, flowlines and risers. Offshore Technology Conference, 3, 1694–1707. https://doi.org/10.4043/16703-ms
• Lamey, M., Gayneaux, J., Hart, D. D., & Arthur, T. (2015). Lucius and hadrian south projects: Development overview. Offshore Technology Conference, 4, 2484–2499. https://doi.org/10.4043/25868-ms
• Lang, P. P., Rainey, R. M., & Bankston, C. H. (1998). Mensa Project : System Design and Operation. Offshore Technology Conference. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4043/8577-MS
• Lewis, I. (2020). Tanzania’s LNG hopes on a knife-edge. https://www.petroleum-economist.com/articles/midstream-downstream/lng/2020/tanzania-s-lng-hopes-on-a-knife-edge
• Luyties, W. H., & Freckelton, T. P. (2004). Na Kika - Novel development in record water depth. Offshore Technology Conference, 3, 1646–1654. https://doi.org/10.4043/16698-ms
• Mclaughlin, D. C. (1998). Mensa Project : An Overview. Offshore Technology Conference.
• Mikaila Adams. (2019). Block R returned to Equatorial Guinea. Oil & Gas Journal.
• Milburn, F. H., & Williams, R. H. (2001). Hoover / Diana : Topsides. Offshore Technology Conference. https://doi.org/10.4043/13083-MS
• Minerals Management Service. (2005). Environmental Assessment for Independence Hub - Surface Facilities and Subsea Development Project. U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region.
• Moyer, M. C., Barry, M. D., & Tears, N. C. (2002). Hoover-Diana Deepwater Drilling and Completions. Offshore Technology Conference, 53(7), 33–35. https://doi.org/10.2118/0701-0033-jpt
• Mozambique Offshore Area 1 Project, Mozambique. (y.y.). 17 Şubat 2021, https://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/mozambique-offshore-area-1-project/
• NS Energy. (y.y.-a). Aphrodite Gas Field. 15 Ekim 2020, https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/aphrodite-gas-field/
• NS Energy. (y.y.-b). Liwan Gas Project, South China Sea. 19 Ekim 2020, https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/liwan-gas-project-south-china-sea/
• Offshore Magazine. (2013, Aralık 4). Tamar SW adds to Noble Energy’s deepwater gas bank offshore Israel. https://www.offshore-mag.com/drilling-completion/article/16772323/tamar-sw-adds-to-noble-energys-deepwater- gas-bank-offshore-israel
• Offshore Technology. (y.y.-a). Indonesia Deepwater Development, Kutie Basin. 19 Ekim 2020, https://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/indonesia-deepwater-development-kutie-basin/
• Offshore Technology. (y.y.-b). Magnolia Deepwater Oil and Gas Field, Gulf of Mexico - Offshore Technology | Oil and Gas News and Market Analysis. 12 Ekim 2020, https://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/magnolia/
• Offshore Technology. (y.y.-c). 15 Ekim 2020, https://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/leviathan-gas-field-levantine-israel/
• Offshore Technology. (y.y.-d). Zohr Gas Field. 15 Ekim 2020, https://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/zohr-gas-field/
• OGJ. (2000, Temmuz 3). ExxonMobil: Hoover-Diana on stream | Oil & Gas Journal. Oil & Gas Journal. https://www.ogj.com/general-interest/companies/article/17254096/exxonmobil-hooverdiana-on-stream
• Oil&Gas IQ. (2018). Top 10 FLNG projects.
• Penberthy, J. W. L., & Shaughnessy, C. M. (1992). Sand Control (1st Editio). SPE.
• Piedras, J., Totalfinaelf, E., Stimatz, G. P., Company, M. O., & Nielsen, V. B. J. (2003). Canyon Express : Design and Experience on High-Rate Deepwater Gas Producers Using Frac-Pack and Intelligent Well Completion Systems.
• Rajasingam, D. T., & Freckelton, T. P. (2004). Subsurface development challenges in the ultra deepwater Na Kika Development. Offshore Technology Conference, 3, 1655–1664. https://doi.org/10.4043/16699-ms
• Razi, M., & Bilinski, P. (2012). Mensa field, deepwater Gulf of Mexico (GOM) - Case study. SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 4(Mc), 3202–3212. https://doi.org/10.2118/159741-ms
• Rijkens, F., Allen, M., & Hassold, T. (2003). Overview of the Canyon Express project, business challenges and “industry firsts”. Offshore Technology Conference, 2003-May, 329–337. https://doi.org/10.4043/15093-ms
• Sanchez, M., & Tibbles, R. (2007). Frac Packing : Fracturing for Sand Control. Saucier, R. J. (1996). Considerations in gravel pack design. Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology, 43, 7–14.
• Shell. (2019). Our vision. https://www.shell.co.tz/about-us/reports/_jcr_content/par/list_751c.stream/1562315752269/02dae9d0db9c8e7162ef597421d4267886622ebd/tanzania-lng-brochure-english.pdf
• Sloan, Jr, E. D. (2000). Hydrate Engineering. SPE.
• Stair, C. D., Bruesewitz, E. R., Rajasingam, D. T., & Dawson, M. E. P. (2004). Na kika completions overview: Challenges and accomplishments. Proceedings of the Annual Offshore Technology Conference, 1(Figure 1), 341–350. https://doi.org/10.4043/16228-ms
• Standard Bank. (2019). Rovuma LNG Project: Macroeconomic Study (Sayı March). https://corporateandinvestment.standardbank.com/static_file/CIB/PDF/2019/Sectors/Oil and Gas/Standard Bank Rovuma LNG Project English Report.pdf
• Sukumar Laik. (2018). Offshore Petroleum Drilling and Production (1st Editio). CRC Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315157177
• T.C. Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı. (2020, Mart). T.C. Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı - Doğalgaz. https://enerji.gov.tr/bilgi-merkezi-enerji-dogalgaz
• Tiffin, D. L., Stein, M. H., & Wang, X. (2003). Drawdown Guidelines for Sand Control Completions. Proceedings - SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 3901–3910. https://doi.org/10.2118/84495-ms
• TPAO. (2020). TPAO discovers a colossal gas field in Western Black Sea offshore , first ever gas discovery in Turkish ultra deep-water [Press release]. http://www.tpao.gov.tr/en/announcements/tpaos-latest-discovery-tuna-1 Tule, J. (2015). Lucius spar: Design to delivery. Offshore Technology Conference, 6(May), 4219–4234. https://doi.org/10.4043/26024-ms
• UN General Assembly. (1982). United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. United Nations.
• Zhang, G., Qu, H., Chen, G., Zhao, C., Zhang, F., Yang, H., Zhao, Z., & Ma, M. (2019). Giant discoveries of oil and gas fields in global deepwaters in the past 40 years and the prospect of exploration. Journal of Natural Gas Geoscience, 4(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnggs.2019.03.002