Araştırma Makalesi
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A Framing-Effect-Based Analysis of Income Inequality Perceptions*

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 106 - 115, 31.12.2025

Öz

Income inequality is one of the greatest problems of our time, and what can be done to solve this problem is still under debate. Indeed, income distribution began to deteriorate especially after the industrial revolution. In particular, the fact that a small minority of the world's pop-ulation receives a large portion of the world's income and wealth is truly a matter that needs to be discussed. At this point, for the discussion to be healthier and reach a solution, it may be necessary for the majority to share the same view. However, due to changing perceptions, the importance of the income inequality problem may be perceived differently. From this per-spective, the behavioural economics school emerges, which argues that our perceptions can be distorted by the influence of psychology in perceptual processes. The psychological effects put forward by this school are generally referred to as biases, and perhaps the most popular of these biases is the framing effect. According to this effect, when the same situation is presented differently, the perceived reality may differ. In this study, the perception of income inequality was examined in the context of the framing effect. To test this perception, a questionnaire was designed, and participants were asked to answer numerical and verbal questions with the same meaning. The results obtained from the study show that the way income inequality is conveyed leads to perceptual differences and that the use of the framing effect could be an important tool in minimising potential income inequality problems.

Kaynakça

  • Akerlof, G. A. (2002). Behavioral macroeconomics and macroeconomic behavior. The American Economic Review, 92(3), 411–433. [CrossRef]
  • Amiel, Y., & Cowell, F. A. (1992). Measurement of income inequality* Experimental test by questionnaire. Journal of Public Economics, 47(1), 3–26. [CrossRef]
  • Azzopardi, L. (2021). Cognitive Biases in Search: A Review and Reflection of Cognitive Biases in Information Retrieval. CHIIR '21: Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval (pp. 27–37). Canberra ACT Australia. [CrossRef]
  • Ballano, C., & Ruiz-Castillo, J. (1993). Searching by Questionnaire for the Meaning of Income Inequality. Revista Espanola de Economia, 10(2), 233–259.
  • Chambers, J. R., Swan, L. K., & Heesacker, M. (2014). Better Off Than We Know: Distorted Perceptions of Incomes and Income Inequality in America. Psychological Science, 25(2), 613–618. [CrossRef]
  • Chancel, L., Piketty, T., Saez, E., & Zucman, G. (2022). World inequality report 2022. World Inequality Lab. [CrossRef]
  • De Maio, F. G. (2007). Income inequality measures. The Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 61, 849–852. [CrossRef]
  • Engelhardt, C., & Wagener, A. (2014). Biased perceptions of income inequality and redistribution. Cesifo Working Paper No 4838. Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute. [CrossRef]
  • Faggian, A., Michelangeli, A., & Tkach, K. (2023). Income inequality in Europe: Reality, perceptions, and hopes. Research in Globalization, 6, Article 100118. [CrossRef]
  • Hauser, O. P., & Norton, M. I. (2017). (Mis)perceptions of inequality. Current Opinion in Psychology, 18, 21–25. [CrossRef]
  • Horowitz, J. M., Igielnik, R., & Kochhar, R. (2020). Most Americans say there is too much economic inequality in the U.S., but fewer than half call it a top priority. Pew Research Center.
  • Jancewicz, B. (2016). Measurement of income inequality re-examined: Constructing experimental tests by questionnaire. Myśl Ekonomiczna i Polityczna, 53, 17–42.
  • Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–292. [CrossRef]
  • Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, New Series, 211(4481), 453–458. [CrossRef]
  • Knell, M., & Stix, H. (2020). Perceptions of inequality. European Journal of Political Economy, 65, Article S0176268020300756. [CrossRef]
  • Mullainathan, S., & Thaler, R. (2000). Behavioral Economics. Nber Working Paper Series No 7948. National Bureau of Economic Research. [CrossRef] OECD. (2024). Income inequality. OECD. https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/income-inequality.html Accessed on Nov 12, 2024.
  • Our World in Data. (2024). Gini coefficient. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/economic-inequality-gini-index?tab=table Accessed on Nov 12, 2024.
  • Rehman, T. U. (2016). Historical context of behavioral economics. Intellectual Economics, 10, 128–132. [CrossRef]
  • Schneider, S. M. (2019). Why income inequality is dissatisfying—perceptions of social status and the inequality-satisfaction link in Europe. European Sociological Review, 35(3), 409–430. [CrossRef]
  • Sherman, A., Trisi, D., & Cureton, J. (2024). A guide to statistics on historical trends in income Inequality. Washington: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities.
  • The Decision Lab. (2024). Why do our decisions depend on how options are presented to us? The Decision Lab. https://thedecisionlab.com/biases/framing-effect Accessed on Nov 12, 2024.
  • The University of Chicago. (2024). Behavioral economics, explained. The University of Chicago. https://news.uchicago.edu/explainer/what-is-behavioral- economics Accessed on Nov 12, 2024.
  • World Bank. (2024). World development indicators. World Bank. https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&series=SI.POV.GINI&country= Accessed on Nov 12, 2024.
  • Xu, P., & Garand, J. C. (2010). Economic context and Americans’ perceptions of income inequality. Social Science Quarterly, 91(5), 1220–1241. [CrossRef]

Gelir Eşitsizliği Algısının Çerçeveleme Etkisi Bağlamında İncelenmesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 106 - 115, 31.12.2025

Öz

elir eşitsizliği günümüzün en büyük problemlerinden birisidir ve bu sorunun çözümünde neler yapılabileceği hala tartışılmaktadır. Öyle ki, gelir dağılımı özellikle sanayi devriminden sonra bozulmaya başlamıştır. Özellikle, dünya nüfusundaki küçük bir azınlığın dünyadaki ge-lir ve zenginliğin büyük bir kısmını alması gerçekten de tartışılması gereken bir konudur. Bu noktada, tartışmanın daha sağlıklı ve çözüme ulaşabilmesi için belki de çoğunluğun aynı gö-rüşte olması gereklidir. Ancak değişen algılar nedeniyle gelir eşitsizliği sorununun önemi farklı algılanabilir. Bu açıdan, algısal süreçlerde psikolojinin de etkisiyle algımızın bozulabileceğini savunan davranışsal iktisat ekolü karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu ekolün öne sürdüğü psikolojik etkiler genel olarak önyargılar olarak adlandırılmaktadır ve bu önyargılardan belki de en po-püleri çerçeveleme etkisidir. Bu etkiye göre aynı durum farklı şekilde aktarıldığında algılanan gerçeklik farklılık gösterebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada da gelir eşitsizliği algısı çerçeveleme etkisi bağlamında incelenmiştir. Bu algıyı test edebilmek için bir anket tasarlanmış ve katılımcılar-dan aynı anlama gelen sayısal ve sözel soruları cevaplamaları istenmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edi-len sonuçlar, gelir eşitsizliğinin aktarım şeklinin algısal farklılıklara yol açtığı ve çerçeveleme etkisinin kullanımının potansiyel gelir eşitsizliği sorunlarını minimize etme açısından önemli bir araç olabileceğini göstermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Akerlof, G. A. (2002). Behavioral macroeconomics and macroeconomic behavior. The American Economic Review, 92(3), 411–433. [CrossRef]
  • Amiel, Y., & Cowell, F. A. (1992). Measurement of income inequality* Experimental test by questionnaire. Journal of Public Economics, 47(1), 3–26. [CrossRef]
  • Azzopardi, L. (2021). Cognitive Biases in Search: A Review and Reflection of Cognitive Biases in Information Retrieval. CHIIR '21: Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval (pp. 27–37). Canberra ACT Australia. [CrossRef]
  • Ballano, C., & Ruiz-Castillo, J. (1993). Searching by Questionnaire for the Meaning of Income Inequality. Revista Espanola de Economia, 10(2), 233–259.
  • Chambers, J. R., Swan, L. K., & Heesacker, M. (2014). Better Off Than We Know: Distorted Perceptions of Incomes and Income Inequality in America. Psychological Science, 25(2), 613–618. [CrossRef]
  • Chancel, L., Piketty, T., Saez, E., & Zucman, G. (2022). World inequality report 2022. World Inequality Lab. [CrossRef]
  • De Maio, F. G. (2007). Income inequality measures. The Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 61, 849–852. [CrossRef]
  • Engelhardt, C., & Wagener, A. (2014). Biased perceptions of income inequality and redistribution. Cesifo Working Paper No 4838. Center for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute. [CrossRef]
  • Faggian, A., Michelangeli, A., & Tkach, K. (2023). Income inequality in Europe: Reality, perceptions, and hopes. Research in Globalization, 6, Article 100118. [CrossRef]
  • Hauser, O. P., & Norton, M. I. (2017). (Mis)perceptions of inequality. Current Opinion in Psychology, 18, 21–25. [CrossRef]
  • Horowitz, J. M., Igielnik, R., & Kochhar, R. (2020). Most Americans say there is too much economic inequality in the U.S., but fewer than half call it a top priority. Pew Research Center.
  • Jancewicz, B. (2016). Measurement of income inequality re-examined: Constructing experimental tests by questionnaire. Myśl Ekonomiczna i Polityczna, 53, 17–42.
  • Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263–292. [CrossRef]
  • Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, New Series, 211(4481), 453–458. [CrossRef]
  • Knell, M., & Stix, H. (2020). Perceptions of inequality. European Journal of Political Economy, 65, Article S0176268020300756. [CrossRef]
  • Mullainathan, S., & Thaler, R. (2000). Behavioral Economics. Nber Working Paper Series No 7948. National Bureau of Economic Research. [CrossRef] OECD. (2024). Income inequality. OECD. https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/income-inequality.html Accessed on Nov 12, 2024.
  • Our World in Data. (2024). Gini coefficient. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/economic-inequality-gini-index?tab=table Accessed on Nov 12, 2024.
  • Rehman, T. U. (2016). Historical context of behavioral economics. Intellectual Economics, 10, 128–132. [CrossRef]
  • Schneider, S. M. (2019). Why income inequality is dissatisfying—perceptions of social status and the inequality-satisfaction link in Europe. European Sociological Review, 35(3), 409–430. [CrossRef]
  • Sherman, A., Trisi, D., & Cureton, J. (2024). A guide to statistics on historical trends in income Inequality. Washington: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities.
  • The Decision Lab. (2024). Why do our decisions depend on how options are presented to us? The Decision Lab. https://thedecisionlab.com/biases/framing-effect Accessed on Nov 12, 2024.
  • The University of Chicago. (2024). Behavioral economics, explained. The University of Chicago. https://news.uchicago.edu/explainer/what-is-behavioral- economics Accessed on Nov 12, 2024.
  • World Bank. (2024). World development indicators. World Bank. https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&series=SI.POV.GINI&country= Accessed on Nov 12, 2024.
  • Xu, P., & Garand, J. C. (2010). Economic context and Americans’ perceptions of income inequality. Social Science Quarterly, 91(5), 1220–1241. [CrossRef]
Toplam 24 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Vatandaşlık
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Mert Altun 0000-0002-8041-7724

Meral Uzunöz Altan 0000-0002-6626-7045

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Altun, M., & Uzunöz Altan, M. (2025). A Framing-Effect-Based Analysis of Income Inequality Perceptions*. Yildiz Social Science Review, 11(2), 106-115.