Avrupa Ülkelerinde Atıl İş Gücü: Yaş ve Cinsiyet Hakkında Bazı Tespitler

Öz

İş gücünün atıl kullanımının ekonomiler ve toplumlar için önemli sonuçları olduğu açık bir şekilde kabul edilmektedir. Atıl iş gücünün en dar kapsamlı göstergesi olan işsizlik, politika yapıcılar, yatırımcılar ve toplum için temel sorunlardan biridir. Standart işsizlik oranının yanı sıra, atıl iş gücünü temsil eden daha kapsamlı alternatif göstergeler mevcuttur. Bu çalışma, bir grup Avrupa ülkesi için yaş ve cinsiyet dikkate alınarak atıl iş gücüne dair bazı tespitleri daha geniş bir bakış açısıyla sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla, işsizlikle birlikte zamana bağlı eksik istihdam ve potansiyel iş gücü verileri, atıl iş gücünü ölçmek için kullanılmaktadır. Atıl iş gücü göstergelerinin ülkeler arasında cinsiyet ve yaşa göre önemli ölçüde farklılaştığı görülmektedir. Betimsel bulgular ve esneklik analizi, zamana bağlı eksik istihdamın işsizliğe potansiyel iş gücünden daha duyarlı olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Zamana bağlı eksik istihdamın işsizlikteki değişikliklere duyarlılığı cinsiyete ve yaşa göre farklılık gösterirken, potansiyel iş gücünün işsizliğe duyarlılığı yaşa ve cinsiyete göre değişmemektedir. Çalışma ayrıca, atıl iş gücü bileşenleri arasındaki kaymaları analiz ederek yetişkinlerin gençlere göre daha fazla bileşenler arasında yer değiştirdiğini göstermektedir. Öte yandan, atıl iş gücü bileşenleri arasındaki kaymaların cinsiyete dayalı olmadığı tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• atıl iş gücü
• işsizlik
• cinsiyet
• yaş

Labor Underutilization in European Countries: Some Facts About Age and Gender

Öz

It is undeniably accepted that labor underutilization has important consequences for economies and societies. Unemployment that is the narrowest measure of labor underutilization is one of the main concerns for policymakers, investors, and society. Besides the standard unemployment rate, there are alternative measures of labor underutilization providing a wider picture of the underutilization of workforce. This study aims to delineate some facts about labor underutilization by age and gender for a group of European countries in a broader view. For this purpose, specifically, time-related underemployment and potential labor force data are employed to measure the labor underutilization along with unemployment. It is observed that there are significant gender and age differences in the labor underutilization components across countries. Elasticity and descriptive analyses together verify that time-related underemployment is more sensitive to unemployment than the potential labor force. While the sensitivity of time-related underemployment to changes in unemployment differs by gender and age, the potential labor force is almost equally sensitive to unemployment regardless of age and gender. The study additionally displays the degree of reallocation between underutilization components and suggests a higher reallocation for the young than adults. On the other hand, reallocation between labor underutilization components is not gender-biased.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• labor underutilization
• unemployment
• gender
• age

Kaynakça

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