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Recent Trends in Informal Employment in Turkey

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 77 - 88, 13.05.2015

Öz

Using micro data from TurkStat’s 2000, 2006, and 2012 Household Labor Force Surveys, we examine the recent trends in informal employment in Turkey. Our descriptive analysis of the incidence of informal employment across broad categories such as sectors, occupations, and age groups is followed by an econometric exercise which aims to uncover the main determinants of informality status. We find that the gender difference in the rate of informality is present even when the sectoral composition of employment is controlled for. Alternative versions of the empirical model are estimated to assess the idea that the gender difference has to do with the fact that many women have indirect access to social security benefits as the insured person’s wife or daughter. While our findings are in line with this hypothesis, we point to the lack of survey items that would have been more instrumental in uncovering to what extent ’indirect access to benefits’ and various government policies contribute to the persistence of informality

Kaynakça

  • Acar, E. O. & Tansel, A. (2014), 'Defining and Measuring Informality in the Turkish Labor Market'(1417), Technical report, Koc University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum.
  • Aydin, E.; Hısarcıklılar, M. & Ilkkaracan, I. (2010), 'Formal versus Informal Labor Market Segmentation in Turkey in the course of Market Liberalization', Topics in Middle Eastern and North African Economies 12, 1-43.
  • Baltagi, B. H.; Baskaya, Y. S. & Hulagu, T. (2013), 'How different are the wage curves for formal and informal workers? Evidence from Turkey', Papers in Regional Science 92(2), 271-283.
  • Bulutay, T. & Taştı, E. (2013), 'Informal Sector in the Turkish Labour Market', Turkish Economic Association Working Paper(2004/22.).
  • Dereli, T. (2007), 'Informal Employment In Turkey', Sosyal Siyaset Konferanslari Dergisi 53(2), 65-82.
  • of Development, M. (2014), Sosyal Güvenlik Sisteminin Sürdürülebilirliģi, Цzel Ihtisas Komisyonu Raporu, Ankara: Ministry of Development.
  • Duncan, O. D. & Duncan, B. (1955), 'A Methodological Analysis of Segregation Indexes', American Sociological Review 20(2), 210--217.
  • Ela, M. (2013), 'An Assessment on the Relationship Between Informal Economy and Educational Level in Turkey', International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues 3(4), 910-22.
  • Ercan, H. (2011), Türkiye'de Mesleki Gцrünüm, Ankara: ILO.
  • Esen, B. (2014), 'Fight with Informal Employment: A Pressing Matter For Turkey's Economic Prospects', www.dailysabah.com(July 26, 2014).
  • Fidan, H. & Genç, S. (2013), 'Kayt Dşistihdam ve Kayt DşIstihdama Etki Eden Mikro Faktцrlerin Analizi: Türkiye Цzel Sektцr Цrnegi', Mehmet Akif Ersoy Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu 5(9), 137-150.
  • Gürsel, S. (2014), 'Informal Employment in Turkish Economy', www.todayszaman.com(Sep. 15, 2014).
  • Gürsel, S. (2013), 'Productivity or Employment', seyfettingursel.blogspot.com(Mar. 2, 2013).
  • Gürsel, S. & Durmaz, M. (2014), 'Ekonomik Konjonktür ve Kayıt Dışı .Istihdamın Gelişimi', BETAM Research Brief(14/173).
  • Gürsel, S.; Uysal, G. & Acar, A. (2014), 'Striking Improvements in Female Employment', BETAM Research Brief(14/160).
  • Kan, E. O. & Tansel, A. (2014), 'Defining and Measuring Informality in the Turkish Labor Market'(57739), Technical report, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  • Karadeniz, O. (2010), Kayıt Dışı Istihdam ve Sosyal Güvenligin Finansmanı, in '1. Uluslararası Sosyal Güvenlik Sempozyumu, 14-15 May 2010, Ankara'.
  • Levent, H. E.; Taştı, E. & Sezer, D. (2004), Işgücü Piyasasının Katmanlı Yapısı'Turliye'de Isgucu Piyasasinin Kurumsal Yapisi ve Issizlik', Istanbul TUSIAD, , pp. 27-63.
  • Salem, M. B.; Bensidoun, I. & Pelek, S. (2011), 'Informal Employment in Turkey: An Overview', Région et Développement 34, 57-84.
  • Simsek, M. (2014), 'Economic Shadows and Light', urlhttp://www.project-syndicate.org, Accessed: Jan. 9, 2014.
  • Tansel, A. (2001), Wage Earners, Self Employed and Gender in the Informal Sector in Turkey, in 'Economic Research Forum Working Paper no.200102'.
  • Tansel, A. (1999), Formal versus Informal Sector Choice of Wage Earners and Their Wages in Turkey, in 'Economic Research Forum Working Paper no.9927'.
  • Tansel, A. (1997), Informal Sector Earnings Determination in Turkey, in 'Proceedings of the ERF 4th Annual Conference', Cairo: Economic Research Forum, , pp. 153-161.
  • Tansel, A. & Kan, E. O. (2012), 'Labor Mobility across the Formal/Informal Divide in Turkey: Evidence from Individual Level Data'(1201), Technical report, Koç University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum.
  • Tansel, A. & Kan, E. O. (2012), 'The Formal/Informal Employment Earnings Gap: Evidence from Turkey'(1210), Technical report, Koc University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum.
  • Togan, S. (2001), İşgucu Piyasasında Kayıtlı ve Kayıtdışı Sektörler, in T. Bulutay, ed., 'İşgucu Piyasası Açısından Kayıtdışı Ekonomi', Turkish Statistical Institute, Ankara.
  • Tunalı, I. & Ercan, H. (1998), Labor Market Segmentation in Turkey, in T. Bulutay, ed., 'Main Characteristics and Trends of the Turkish Labour Market', Turkish Statistical Institute, Ankara, pp. 85-127.
  • Uçer, M. (2014), 'Turkey's Economy: Now for the Hard Part', urlhttp://www.foreignpolicy.com, Accessed: Aug. 12, 2014.

Recent Trends in Informal Employment in Turkey

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 77 - 88, 13.05.2015

Öz

Using micro data from TurkStat’s 2000, 2006, and 2012 Household Labor Force Surveys, we examine the recent trends in informal employment in Turkey. Our descriptive analysis of the incidence of informal employment across broad categories such as sectors, occupations, and age groups is followed by an econometric exercise which aims to uncover the main determinants of informality status. We find that the gender difference in the rate of informality is present even when the sectoral composition of employment is controlled for. Alternative versions of the empirical model are estimated to assess the idea that the gender difference has to do with the fact that many women have indirect access to social security benefits as the insured person’s wife or daughter. While our findings are in line with this hypothesis, we point to the lack of survey items that would have been more instrumental in uncovering to what extent ’indirect access to benefits’ and various government policies contribute to the persistence of informality

Kaynakça

  • Acar, E. O. & Tansel, A. (2014), 'Defining and Measuring Informality in the Turkish Labor Market'(1417), Technical report, Koc University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum.
  • Aydin, E.; Hısarcıklılar, M. & Ilkkaracan, I. (2010), 'Formal versus Informal Labor Market Segmentation in Turkey in the course of Market Liberalization', Topics in Middle Eastern and North African Economies 12, 1-43.
  • Baltagi, B. H.; Baskaya, Y. S. & Hulagu, T. (2013), 'How different are the wage curves for formal and informal workers? Evidence from Turkey', Papers in Regional Science 92(2), 271-283.
  • Bulutay, T. & Taştı, E. (2013), 'Informal Sector in the Turkish Labour Market', Turkish Economic Association Working Paper(2004/22.).
  • Dereli, T. (2007), 'Informal Employment In Turkey', Sosyal Siyaset Konferanslari Dergisi 53(2), 65-82.
  • of Development, M. (2014), Sosyal Güvenlik Sisteminin Sürdürülebilirliģi, Цzel Ihtisas Komisyonu Raporu, Ankara: Ministry of Development.
  • Duncan, O. D. & Duncan, B. (1955), 'A Methodological Analysis of Segregation Indexes', American Sociological Review 20(2), 210--217.
  • Ela, M. (2013), 'An Assessment on the Relationship Between Informal Economy and Educational Level in Turkey', International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues 3(4), 910-22.
  • Ercan, H. (2011), Türkiye'de Mesleki Gцrünüm, Ankara: ILO.
  • Esen, B. (2014), 'Fight with Informal Employment: A Pressing Matter For Turkey's Economic Prospects', www.dailysabah.com(July 26, 2014).
  • Fidan, H. & Genç, S. (2013), 'Kayt Dşistihdam ve Kayt DşIstihdama Etki Eden Mikro Faktцrlerin Analizi: Türkiye Цzel Sektцr Цrnegi', Mehmet Akif Ersoy Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu 5(9), 137-150.
  • Gürsel, S. (2014), 'Informal Employment in Turkish Economy', www.todayszaman.com(Sep. 15, 2014).
  • Gürsel, S. (2013), 'Productivity or Employment', seyfettingursel.blogspot.com(Mar. 2, 2013).
  • Gürsel, S. & Durmaz, M. (2014), 'Ekonomik Konjonktür ve Kayıt Dışı .Istihdamın Gelişimi', BETAM Research Brief(14/173).
  • Gürsel, S.; Uysal, G. & Acar, A. (2014), 'Striking Improvements in Female Employment', BETAM Research Brief(14/160).
  • Kan, E. O. & Tansel, A. (2014), 'Defining and Measuring Informality in the Turkish Labor Market'(57739), Technical report, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  • Karadeniz, O. (2010), Kayıt Dışı Istihdam ve Sosyal Güvenligin Finansmanı, in '1. Uluslararası Sosyal Güvenlik Sempozyumu, 14-15 May 2010, Ankara'.
  • Levent, H. E.; Taştı, E. & Sezer, D. (2004), Işgücü Piyasasının Katmanlı Yapısı'Turliye'de Isgucu Piyasasinin Kurumsal Yapisi ve Issizlik', Istanbul TUSIAD, , pp. 27-63.
  • Salem, M. B.; Bensidoun, I. & Pelek, S. (2011), 'Informal Employment in Turkey: An Overview', Région et Développement 34, 57-84.
  • Simsek, M. (2014), 'Economic Shadows and Light', urlhttp://www.project-syndicate.org, Accessed: Jan. 9, 2014.
  • Tansel, A. (2001), Wage Earners, Self Employed and Gender in the Informal Sector in Turkey, in 'Economic Research Forum Working Paper no.200102'.
  • Tansel, A. (1999), Formal versus Informal Sector Choice of Wage Earners and Their Wages in Turkey, in 'Economic Research Forum Working Paper no.9927'.
  • Tansel, A. (1997), Informal Sector Earnings Determination in Turkey, in 'Proceedings of the ERF 4th Annual Conference', Cairo: Economic Research Forum, , pp. 153-161.
  • Tansel, A. & Kan, E. O. (2012), 'Labor Mobility across the Formal/Informal Divide in Turkey: Evidence from Individual Level Data'(1201), Technical report, Koç University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum.
  • Tansel, A. & Kan, E. O. (2012), 'The Formal/Informal Employment Earnings Gap: Evidence from Turkey'(1210), Technical report, Koc University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum.
  • Togan, S. (2001), İşgucu Piyasasında Kayıtlı ve Kayıtdışı Sektörler, in T. Bulutay, ed., 'İşgucu Piyasası Açısından Kayıtdışı Ekonomi', Turkish Statistical Institute, Ankara.
  • Tunalı, I. & Ercan, H. (1998), Labor Market Segmentation in Turkey, in T. Bulutay, ed., 'Main Characteristics and Trends of the Turkish Labour Market', Turkish Statistical Institute, Ankara, pp. 85-127.
  • Uçer, M. (2014), 'Turkey's Economy: Now for the Hard Part', urlhttp://www.foreignpolicy.com, Accessed: Aug. 12, 2014.
Toplam 28 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Cem Başlevent

Ayşenur Acar Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 13 Mayıs 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Başlevent, C., & Acar, A. (2015). Recent Trends in Informal Employment in Turkey. Yildiz Social Science Review, 1(1), 77-88.