Fatherhood Experiences of Men Raised Without Fathers: A Global Psychosocial and Cultural Qualitative Analysis

Öz

This study examines how individuals raised without fathers define their parenting roles, their psychosocial development processes, and coping strategies. Attachment Theory (Bowlby, 1988), Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud, 1923), and Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1977) serve as the theoretical framework. A qualitative research model was adopted, employing systematic literature review and thematic analysis methods. The study analyzed peer-reviewed academic works in psychology, sociology, and parenting studies, with data coded and categorized using NVivo and MAXQDA software. Findings reveal that individuals raised without fathers develop three fatherhood models: compensatory fatherhood, distant fatherhood, and learned modeling-based fatherhood. Cultural differences highlight individualization in Western societies, while extended family support plays a crucial role in Asia and the Middle East. In Turkey, particularly in rural areas, growing up without a father negatively impacts social acceptance and psychosocial development. Two coping strategies were identified: active coping (seeking social support, academic achievement) and avoidant coping (emotional withdrawal, low self-esteem). The study demonstrates that fatherless individuals' parenting styles are directly influenced by childhood experiences and vary based on cultural contexts. Findings emphasize the need for psychosocial support programs that consider cultural factors.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Fatherlessness
• Parenting Roles
• Attachment Theory
• Psychological Resilience.

Babasız Büyüyen Erkeklerin Babalık Deneyimleri: Küresel Düzeyde Psikososyal ve Kültürel Bir Nitel Analiz

Öz

Bu çalışma, babasız büyüyen bireylerin ebeveynlik rollerini, psikososyal gelişim süreçlerini ve başa çıkma stratejilerini incelemektedir. Bağlanma Kuramı (Bowlby, 1988), Psikanalitik Teori (Freud, 1923) ve Sosyal Öğrenme Kuramı (Bandura, 1977) temel teorik çerçeve olarak kullanılmıştır. Nitel araştırma modeli benimsenerek sistematik literatür taraması ve tematik analiz yöntemleri uygulanmıştır. Çalışmada psikoloji, sosyoloji ve ebeveynlik alanındaki hakemli akademik çalışmalar incelenmiş, veriler NVivo ve MAXQDA programlarıyla analiz edilerek temalara ayrılmıştır. Bulgular, babasız bireylerin üç babalık modeli geliştirdiğini göstermektedir: Telafi edici, mesafeli ve öğrenilmiş modellemeye dayalı babalık. Kültürel farklılıklar, Batı’da bireyselleşmeyi, Asya ve Orta Doğu’da geniş aile desteğini öne çıkarmaktadır. Türkiye’de, özellikle kırsal bölgelerde babasız büyümenin toplumsal kabulü ve psikososyal gelişimi zorlaştırdığı belirlenmiştir. Psikolojik dayanıklılık açısından aktif (sosyal destek, akademik başarı) ve kaçınmacı (duygusal içe kapanma, düşük özsaygı) başa çıkma stratejileri tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma, babasız bireylerin ebeveynlik tarzlarının çocukluk deneyimlerinden doğrudan etkilendiğini ve bu durumun kültürel bağlamlara göre farklılaştığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bulgular, psikososyal destek programlarının kültürel faktörler dikkate alınarak geliştirilmesi gerektiğini göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Babasızlık
• Ebeveynlik Rolleri
• Bağlanma Kuramı
• Psikolojik Dayanıklılık

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