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Türkiye'de Yetiştirilen Ticari Ekmeklik Buğday Çeşitlerinde Embriyo Kararması Taraması ve Embriyo Kararmasının Bin Dane Ağırlığına Etkisi

Yıl 2023, , 230 - 238, 30.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.53433/yyufbed.1170102

Öz

Embriyo kararması, buğday ve arpa embriyosunda ortaya çıkan bir renk değişikliğidir ve buğday yetiştirilen birçok bölgede önemli bir sorun haline gelmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye'de 1931 ve 2017 yılları arasında tarımı yapılan 200 adet ticari ekmeklik buğday çeşidi embriyo kararmasına karşı taranmış ve tüm çeşitlerde embriyo kararmasının bin dane ağırlığına etkisi gözlemlenmiştir. Denemeler, 2016-17 yetiştirme sezonunda üç çevrede augmented deneme desenine uygun olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Embriyo kararması ve bin dane ağırlığı bakımından çeşitler arasında yüksek bir varyasyon gözlenmiştir. On-iki adet çeşit (popülasyonun %6'sı) hiçbir ortamda (%0.00) renk değişikliği göstermemişken, 44 adet çeşit (popülasyonun %22'si) %10.00'dan fazla renk değişikliği göstermiştir. En duyarlı ilk üç çeşit sırasıyla 38.76, 32.08 ve 27.5 embriyo kararma yüzdeleri göstermiştir. Kalan çeşitlerin seksen-sekizinde %5.00'e kadar renk değişimi görülürken, diğer çeşitlerde %5.00'den %24.00'e kadar renk değişimi görülmüştür. İlginç bir şekilde, embriyo kararması hasarı ile bin dane ağırlığı arasında pozitif bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir (r=0.32). En makul yorum, daha iri tohumların daha geniş tohum yüzeylerine sahip olmalarından dolayı patojenler ve oksidatif reaksiyonlar gibi embriyo kararması etmenlerinin etkisini artırmış olabileceğidir. Bu tarama, Türkiye'de iyi bilinen ekmeklik buğday çeşitlerinde embriyo kararmasına duyarlı ve dayanıklı çeşitleri belirlememize olanak sağlamıştır. Bu nedenle, sonuçlar Türkiye’de ve dünya çapında buğday üretimi ve buğday ıslah çalışmaları için faydalı olacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Abberton, M., Batley, J., Bentley, A., Bryant, J., Cai, H., Cockram, J., ... & Yano, M. (2016). Global agricultural intensification during climate change: a role for genomics. Plant biotechnology journal, 14(4), 1095-1098. doi:10.1111/pbi.12467
  • Amatulli, M. T., Fanelli, F., Moretti, A., Mule, G., & Logrieco, A. F. (2013). Alternaria species and mycotoxins associated to black point of cereals. Mycotoxins, 63(1), 39-46.
  • Aravind, J., Mukesh Sankar, S., Wankhede, D., & Kaur, V. (2020). Augmented RCBD: Analysis of augmented randomised complete block designs. R package version 0.1, 2.
  • Batley, J., & Edwards, D. (2016). The application of genomics and bioinformatics to accelerate crop improvement in a changing climate. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 30, 78-81. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2016.02.002
  • Beniwal, M., Karwasra, S., & Rajender, S. (2005). Distribution of kernel bunt and black point of wheat in Haryana. Haryana Agricultural University Journal of Research, 35(2), 127-130.
  • Busman, M., Desjardins, A., & Proctor, R. (2012). Analysis of fumonisin contamination and the presence of Fusarium in wheat with kernel black point disease in the United States. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 29(7), 1092-1100. doi:10.1080/19440049.2012.671787
  • Clarke, M. P., Gooding, M. J., & Jones, S. A. (2004). The effects of irrigation, nitrogen fertilizer and grain size on Hagberg falling number, specific weight and blackpoint of winter wheat. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 84(3), 227-236. doi:10.1002/jsfa.1657
  • Conner, R. L., Carefoot, J. M., Bole, J. B., & Kozub, G. C. (1992). The effect of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation on black point incidence in soft white spring wheat. Plant and Soil, 140(1), 41-47.
  • Davis, R., & Jackson, L. (2009). UC IPM pest management guidelines: small grains. Oakland (CA), USA: University of California ANR/Communication Services Diseases.
  • Desjardins, A. E., Busman, M., Proctor, R. H., & Stessman, R. (2007). Wheat kernel black point and fumonisin contamination by Fusarium proliferatum. Food Additives and Contaminants, 24(10), 1131-1137. doi:10.1080/02652030701513834
  • Dexter, J., & Matsuo, R. (1982). Effect pf smudge and blackpoint, mildewed kernels, and ergot on durum wheat quality [Helminthosporium sativum, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium]. Cereal Chemistry, 59(1), 63-69.
  • Draz, I. S., El-Gremi, S. M., & Youssef, W. A. (2016). Response of Egyptian wheat cultivars to kernel black point disease alongside grain yield. Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology, 28(1), 15-17.
  • El-Gremi, S. M., Draz, I. S., & Youssef, W. A.-E. (2017). Biological control of pathogens associated with kernel black point disease of wheat. Crop Protection, 91, 13-19. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2016.08.034
  • Ellis, S. A., Gooding, M. J., & Thompson, A. J. (1996). Factors influencing the relative susceptibility of wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) to blackpoint. Crop Protection, 15(1), 69-76. doi:10.1016/0261-2194(95)00115-8
  • Evans, L. T., Wardlaw, I. F., & Fischer, R. A. (1975). Wheat. In L.T. Evans (Ed.) Crop Physiology (pp. 101–149). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Fernandez, M. R., Clarke, J. M., DePauw, R. M., Irvine, R. B., & Knox, R. E. (1994). Black point and red smudge in irrigated durum wheat in southern Saskatchewan in 1990-1992. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 16(3), 221-227. doi:10.1080/07060669409500757
  • Fernandez, M., & Conner, R. (2011). Black point and smudge in wheat. Prairie Soils and Crops, 4, 158-164.
  • Fernandez, M. R., Wang, H., & Singh, A. K. (2014). Impact of seed discolouration on emergence and early plant growth of durum wheat at different soil gravimetric water contents. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 36(4), 509-516. doi:10.1080/07060661.2014.957242
  • Fuerst, E. P., Okubara, P. A., Anderson, J. V., & Morris, C. F. (2014). Polyphenol oxidase as a biochemical seed defense mechanism. Frontiers in plant science, 5, 689. doi:10.3389/fpls.2014.00689
  • Gul, Z. (2005). Studies on incidence of black point in different wheat cultivars grown in Pakistan. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture (Pakistan), 21(49), 723-728.
  • Hudec, K. (2007). Pathogenicity of fungi associated with wheat and barley seedling emergence and fungicide efficacy of seed treatment. Biologia, 62(3), 287-291. doi:10.2478/s11756-007-0050-3
  • Jain, S., Jindal, M., & Mohan, C. (2012). Status of black point disease of wheat in Punjab. Plant Disease Research, 27(1), 28-33.
  • King, J. E., Evers, A. D., & Stewart, B. A. (1981). Black‐point of grain in spring wheats of the 1978 han'est. Plant Pathology, 30(1), 51-53. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.1981.tb01224.x
  • Kumar, J., Schäfer, P., Hückelhoven, R., Langen, G., Baltruschat, H., Stein, E., Nagarajan, S., & Kogel, K. H. (2002). Bipolaris sorokiniana, a cereal pathogen of global concern: cytological and molecular approaches towards better control. Molecular Plant Pathology, 3(4), 185-195. doi:10.1046/j.1364-3703.2002.00120.x
  • Lehmensiek, A., Campbell, A. W., Sutherland, M. W., Williamson, P. M., Michalowitz, M., & Daggard, G. E. (2004). QTLs for black‐point resistance in wheat and the identification of potential markers for use in breeding programmes. Plant Breeding, 123(5), 410-416. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0523.2004.01013.x
  • Li, Q.-Y., Qin, Z., Jiang, Y.-M., Shen, C.-C., Duan, Z.-B., & Niu, J.-S. (2014). Screening wheat genotypes for resistance to black point and the effects of diseased kernels on seed germination. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 121(2), 79-88. doi:10.1007/BF03356495
  • Li, Q. Y., Xu, Q. Q., Jiang, Y. M., Niu, J.-S., Xu, K. G., & He, R. S. (2019). The correlation between wheat black point and agronomic traits in the North China Plain. Crop Protection, 119, 17-23. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2019.01.004
  • Liu, G., Qian, Y., Zhang, P., Dong, W., Qi, Y., & Guo, H. (1992). Etiological role of Alternaria alternata in human esophageal cancer. Chinese Medical Journal, 105(5), 394-400.
  • Logrieco, A., Bottalico, A., Mulé, G., Moretti, A., & Perrone, G. (2003). Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and Their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops. In X. Xu, J. A. Bailey, B. M. Cooke (Eds.), Epidemiology of Mycotoxin Producing Fungi (pp. 645-667). Springer Dordrecht. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-1452-5_1
  • Mak, Y., Willows, R. D., Roberts, T. H., Wrigley, C. W., Sharp, P. J., & Copeland, L. (2006). Black point is associated with reduced levels of stress, disease‐and defence‐related proteins in wheat grain. Molecular Plant Pathology, 7(3), 177-189. doi:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2006.00330.x
  • Moschini, R. C., Sisterna, M. N., & Carmona, M. A. (2006). Modelling of wheat black point incidence based on meteorological variables in the southern Argentinean Pampas region. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 57(11), 1151-1156.
  • Perelló, A. E., Moreno, M., & Sisterna, M. N. (2008). Alternaria infectoria species-group associated with black point of wheat in Argentina. Plant Pathology, 57(2), 379. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01713.x
  • Porta, H., & Rocha-Sosa, M. (2002). Plant lipoxygenases. Physiological and molecular features. Plant Physiology, 130(1), 15-21. doi:10.1104/pp.010787
  • Rees, R. E., Martin, D. J., & Law, D. P. (1984). Black point in bread wheat: Effects on quality and germination, and fungal associations. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 24(127), 601-605.
  • Sissons, M., Sissons, S., & Egan, N. (2010). The blackpoint status of selected tetraploid species and Australian durum wheats and breeding lines. Crop Science, 50(4), 1279-1286. doi:10.2135/cropsci2009.08.0439
  • Solanki, V., Augustine, N., & Patel, A. (2006). Impact of black point on wheat trade and its management. Indian Phytopathology, 59(1), 44-47.
  • JASP Team (2023). JASP (Version 0.17.1) [Computer software].
  • Toklu, F., Akgül, D. S., Biçici, M., & Karaköy, T. (2008). The relationship between black point and fungi species and effects of black point on seed germination properties in bread wheat. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 32(4), 267-272.
  • Waldron, L. (1934). Increase of kernel weight in common wheat due to black point disease. Journal of Agricultural Research, 48(11), 1017.
  • Walker, K. R. (2012). Regulation of candidate genes in black point formation in Barley. (Ph.D.), University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Australia.
  • Zadoks, J. C., Chang, T. T., & Konzak, C. F. (1974). A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals. Weed Research, 14(6), 415-421.

The Screening of Black Point in Commercial Bread Wheat Cultivars Grown in Turkey, and The Effect of Black Point on Thousand Grain Weight

Yıl 2023, , 230 - 238, 30.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.53433/yyufbed.1170102

Öz

The black point is a discoloration that shows up on the embryos of wheat and barley, and it is becoming an important problem in many wheat-growing areas. In this study, 200 commercially important bread wheat varieties that were cultivated between 1931 and 2017 in Turkey were screened in terms of black point, and the effect of black point was observed on thousand grain weight in all cultivars. The trials were conducted in accordance with the augmented block trial design in three environments during the 2016-17 growing season. A high variation was observed among the cultivars for black point and thousand grain weight. Twelve varieties (6% of populations) showed no discoloration (0.00%) in any environment, whereas 44 varieties (22% of population) showed discoloration rate more than 10.00%. The first three most susceptible cultivars showed black point percentages of 38.76, 32.08, and 27.5, respectively. In the remaining cultivars, eighty-eight showed discolorations up to 5.00%, whereas the rest demonstrated discoloration from 5.00% to 24.00%. Interestingly, a positive correlation was observed between black point damage and thousand grain weight (r=0.32). The reasonable interpretation is that the larger seed surfaces may have increased the effect of black point causes, such as pathogens and oxidative reactions. This screening enabled us to determine black point susceptible and tolerant cultivars in well-known bread wheat cultivars growing in Turkey. Hence, the results will be useful for wheat production and wheat breeding approaches in Turkey and around the world.

Kaynakça

  • Abberton, M., Batley, J., Bentley, A., Bryant, J., Cai, H., Cockram, J., ... & Yano, M. (2016). Global agricultural intensification during climate change: a role for genomics. Plant biotechnology journal, 14(4), 1095-1098. doi:10.1111/pbi.12467
  • Amatulli, M. T., Fanelli, F., Moretti, A., Mule, G., & Logrieco, A. F. (2013). Alternaria species and mycotoxins associated to black point of cereals. Mycotoxins, 63(1), 39-46.
  • Aravind, J., Mukesh Sankar, S., Wankhede, D., & Kaur, V. (2020). Augmented RCBD: Analysis of augmented randomised complete block designs. R package version 0.1, 2.
  • Batley, J., & Edwards, D. (2016). The application of genomics and bioinformatics to accelerate crop improvement in a changing climate. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 30, 78-81. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2016.02.002
  • Beniwal, M., Karwasra, S., & Rajender, S. (2005). Distribution of kernel bunt and black point of wheat in Haryana. Haryana Agricultural University Journal of Research, 35(2), 127-130.
  • Busman, M., Desjardins, A., & Proctor, R. (2012). Analysis of fumonisin contamination and the presence of Fusarium in wheat with kernel black point disease in the United States. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 29(7), 1092-1100. doi:10.1080/19440049.2012.671787
  • Clarke, M. P., Gooding, M. J., & Jones, S. A. (2004). The effects of irrigation, nitrogen fertilizer and grain size on Hagberg falling number, specific weight and blackpoint of winter wheat. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 84(3), 227-236. doi:10.1002/jsfa.1657
  • Conner, R. L., Carefoot, J. M., Bole, J. B., & Kozub, G. C. (1992). The effect of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation on black point incidence in soft white spring wheat. Plant and Soil, 140(1), 41-47.
  • Davis, R., & Jackson, L. (2009). UC IPM pest management guidelines: small grains. Oakland (CA), USA: University of California ANR/Communication Services Diseases.
  • Desjardins, A. E., Busman, M., Proctor, R. H., & Stessman, R. (2007). Wheat kernel black point and fumonisin contamination by Fusarium proliferatum. Food Additives and Contaminants, 24(10), 1131-1137. doi:10.1080/02652030701513834
  • Dexter, J., & Matsuo, R. (1982). Effect pf smudge and blackpoint, mildewed kernels, and ergot on durum wheat quality [Helminthosporium sativum, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium]. Cereal Chemistry, 59(1), 63-69.
  • Draz, I. S., El-Gremi, S. M., & Youssef, W. A. (2016). Response of Egyptian wheat cultivars to kernel black point disease alongside grain yield. Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology, 28(1), 15-17.
  • El-Gremi, S. M., Draz, I. S., & Youssef, W. A.-E. (2017). Biological control of pathogens associated with kernel black point disease of wheat. Crop Protection, 91, 13-19. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2016.08.034
  • Ellis, S. A., Gooding, M. J., & Thompson, A. J. (1996). Factors influencing the relative susceptibility of wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) to blackpoint. Crop Protection, 15(1), 69-76. doi:10.1016/0261-2194(95)00115-8
  • Evans, L. T., Wardlaw, I. F., & Fischer, R. A. (1975). Wheat. In L.T. Evans (Ed.) Crop Physiology (pp. 101–149). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Fernandez, M. R., Clarke, J. M., DePauw, R. M., Irvine, R. B., & Knox, R. E. (1994). Black point and red smudge in irrigated durum wheat in southern Saskatchewan in 1990-1992. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 16(3), 221-227. doi:10.1080/07060669409500757
  • Fernandez, M., & Conner, R. (2011). Black point and smudge in wheat. Prairie Soils and Crops, 4, 158-164.
  • Fernandez, M. R., Wang, H., & Singh, A. K. (2014). Impact of seed discolouration on emergence and early plant growth of durum wheat at different soil gravimetric water contents. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 36(4), 509-516. doi:10.1080/07060661.2014.957242
  • Fuerst, E. P., Okubara, P. A., Anderson, J. V., & Morris, C. F. (2014). Polyphenol oxidase as a biochemical seed defense mechanism. Frontiers in plant science, 5, 689. doi:10.3389/fpls.2014.00689
  • Gul, Z. (2005). Studies on incidence of black point in different wheat cultivars grown in Pakistan. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture (Pakistan), 21(49), 723-728.
  • Hudec, K. (2007). Pathogenicity of fungi associated with wheat and barley seedling emergence and fungicide efficacy of seed treatment. Biologia, 62(3), 287-291. doi:10.2478/s11756-007-0050-3
  • Jain, S., Jindal, M., & Mohan, C. (2012). Status of black point disease of wheat in Punjab. Plant Disease Research, 27(1), 28-33.
  • King, J. E., Evers, A. D., & Stewart, B. A. (1981). Black‐point of grain in spring wheats of the 1978 han'est. Plant Pathology, 30(1), 51-53. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.1981.tb01224.x
  • Kumar, J., Schäfer, P., Hückelhoven, R., Langen, G., Baltruschat, H., Stein, E., Nagarajan, S., & Kogel, K. H. (2002). Bipolaris sorokiniana, a cereal pathogen of global concern: cytological and molecular approaches towards better control. Molecular Plant Pathology, 3(4), 185-195. doi:10.1046/j.1364-3703.2002.00120.x
  • Lehmensiek, A., Campbell, A. W., Sutherland, M. W., Williamson, P. M., Michalowitz, M., & Daggard, G. E. (2004). QTLs for black‐point resistance in wheat and the identification of potential markers for use in breeding programmes. Plant Breeding, 123(5), 410-416. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0523.2004.01013.x
  • Li, Q.-Y., Qin, Z., Jiang, Y.-M., Shen, C.-C., Duan, Z.-B., & Niu, J.-S. (2014). Screening wheat genotypes for resistance to black point and the effects of diseased kernels on seed germination. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 121(2), 79-88. doi:10.1007/BF03356495
  • Li, Q. Y., Xu, Q. Q., Jiang, Y. M., Niu, J.-S., Xu, K. G., & He, R. S. (2019). The correlation between wheat black point and agronomic traits in the North China Plain. Crop Protection, 119, 17-23. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2019.01.004
  • Liu, G., Qian, Y., Zhang, P., Dong, W., Qi, Y., & Guo, H. (1992). Etiological role of Alternaria alternata in human esophageal cancer. Chinese Medical Journal, 105(5), 394-400.
  • Logrieco, A., Bottalico, A., Mulé, G., Moretti, A., & Perrone, G. (2003). Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and Their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops. In X. Xu, J. A. Bailey, B. M. Cooke (Eds.), Epidemiology of Mycotoxin Producing Fungi (pp. 645-667). Springer Dordrecht. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-1452-5_1
  • Mak, Y., Willows, R. D., Roberts, T. H., Wrigley, C. W., Sharp, P. J., & Copeland, L. (2006). Black point is associated with reduced levels of stress, disease‐and defence‐related proteins in wheat grain. Molecular Plant Pathology, 7(3), 177-189. doi:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2006.00330.x
  • Moschini, R. C., Sisterna, M. N., & Carmona, M. A. (2006). Modelling of wheat black point incidence based on meteorological variables in the southern Argentinean Pampas region. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 57(11), 1151-1156.
  • Perelló, A. E., Moreno, M., & Sisterna, M. N. (2008). Alternaria infectoria species-group associated with black point of wheat in Argentina. Plant Pathology, 57(2), 379. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01713.x
  • Porta, H., & Rocha-Sosa, M. (2002). Plant lipoxygenases. Physiological and molecular features. Plant Physiology, 130(1), 15-21. doi:10.1104/pp.010787
  • Rees, R. E., Martin, D. J., & Law, D. P. (1984). Black point in bread wheat: Effects on quality and germination, and fungal associations. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 24(127), 601-605.
  • Sissons, M., Sissons, S., & Egan, N. (2010). The blackpoint status of selected tetraploid species and Australian durum wheats and breeding lines. Crop Science, 50(4), 1279-1286. doi:10.2135/cropsci2009.08.0439
  • Solanki, V., Augustine, N., & Patel, A. (2006). Impact of black point on wheat trade and its management. Indian Phytopathology, 59(1), 44-47.
  • JASP Team (2023). JASP (Version 0.17.1) [Computer software].
  • Toklu, F., Akgül, D. S., Biçici, M., & Karaköy, T. (2008). The relationship between black point and fungi species and effects of black point on seed germination properties in bread wheat. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 32(4), 267-272.
  • Waldron, L. (1934). Increase of kernel weight in common wheat due to black point disease. Journal of Agricultural Research, 48(11), 1017.
  • Walker, K. R. (2012). Regulation of candidate genes in black point formation in Barley. (Ph.D.), University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Australia.
  • Zadoks, J. C., Chang, T. T., & Konzak, C. F. (1974). A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals. Weed Research, 14(6), 415-421.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ziraat, Veterinerlik ve Gıda Bilimleri
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Uğur Sesiz 0000-0003-1234-4276

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Nisan 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Sesiz, U. (2023). The Screening of Black Point in Commercial Bread Wheat Cultivars Grown in Turkey, and The Effect of Black Point on Thousand Grain Weight. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 28(1), 230-238. https://doi.org/10.53433/yyufbed.1170102