Determination of The Ecological Border Characteristics of Usak City
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3, 630 - 640, 25.12.2022
Nurhan Koçan
,
Asım Cenk Aslan
Öz
Urbanization movements on natural areas or areas close to nature damage the integrity of the ecological structure and landscape. Planning studies are important to control and reduce the negative effects and rapid change. Various analysis and monitoring methods are required for the correct planning. Edge analysis is an effective method to measure and evaluate the harmony of an area with its environment. In this study, the urban sprawl of the Uşak city was evaluated with the edge analysis method. In the study, the last urban border of the city was digitized with the ArcGIS 10 software on the satellite image of 2020 and the types of land use at the border were determined. The results of the study showed that the use of urban areas with low ecological value at the border of the city is high. The fact that urban land uses are in a neighborhood with ecologically valuable natural areas shows that natural areas may be damaged in the coming years. The result will create an idea in terms of controlling the city's development in the direction of natural areas and moving urban development away from natural lands. In addition, the city's open green space rates and distributions were determined in the study. As a result, it has been seen that the open green areas in the city do not meet the standard that should be quantitatively per capita.
Kaynakça
- Altieri, M., Nelso Companioni, A., Canizares, K., Murphy, C., Rosset, P., ˜Bourque, M., & Nicholls, C. I. (1999). The greening of the “barrios”: urban agriculture for food security in Cuba. Agriculture and Human Values, 16, 131-140. doi: 10.1023/A:1007545304561
- Atalay, B. (1967). Türk Halıcılığı ve Uşak Halıları. İstanbul, Türkiye: İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
- Barthelemy, M., (2011). Spatial networks. Physics Reports, 499(1–3), 1–101. doi: 10.1016/j.physrep.2010.11.002
- Bennett, A. F. (2003). Linkages in The Landscape The Role of Corridors and Connectivity in Wildlife Conservation. Cambridge, UK: The Word Conservation Union.
- Bormann, F. H., Balmori, D., & Geballe. G. T. (1993). Redesigning the American Lawn: a Search for Environmental Harmony. New Haven, Connecticut, USA: Yale University Press.
- Deniz, B. (2005). Kentsel alan kullanımlarındaki dönüşümlerin peyzaj strüktür indeksleriyle irdelenmesi ve kent planlama çalışmalarını yönlendirmede değerlendirilmesi: Aydın kenti örneği. (Doktora Tezi), Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir, Türkiye.
- DİE. (2008). Uşak ili nüfusu, TC. Başkanlık, Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü, http://www.usak.gov.tr/yeni/index.php Erişim tarihi: 09.10.2008
- Dramstad, W. E., Olsan, J. D., & Forman, R. T. T. (1996). Landscape Ecology Principles in Landscape Architecture and Land Use Planning. Washington, USA: Island Press.
- Epstein, J., Payne, K., & Kramer, E. (2002). Techniques for mapping suburban sprawl. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 63(9), 913-918. doi: 0099-1112/02/6809-913$3.00/0
- Esri. (2021). ArcGIS 10. https://www.esri.com.tr/tr-tr/surumler/10-8-surumler Erişim tarihi: 12.01.2021.
- Eşbah, H. (2001). Using landscape structure ındices to understand the possible ımpacts of landscape change: case of the city of Phoenix. (PhD), Arizona State University Environmental Design and Planning, USA.
- Felson, A. J., & Pickett, S. T. A. (2005). Designed experiments: New approaches to studying urban ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 10, 549-556. doi: 10.2307/3868611
- Folke, C., Carpenter, S., Walker, B., Scheffer, M., Elmqvist, T., Gunderson, L., & Holling, C. S. (2004). Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem management. Annual Review Ecology Evolution and Systematic, 35, 557-581. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105711
- Forman, R. T. T. (1995). Land Mosaics: The Ecology of Landscape and Regions. New York, USA: Cambridge University Press.
- Google Map. (2022). Uşak kent merkezi https://www.google.com/maps/@38.6578242,29.4179308,18632m/data=!3m1!1e3 Erişim tarihi: 14.03.2022.
- Gordon, N. D., McMahon, T. A., & Finlayson, B. L. (1992). Stream Hydrology: An Introduction for Ecologists. Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Baffins Lane.
- Gulinck, H., Walpot, O., & Janssens, P. (1993). Landscape Structural Analysis of Central Belgium Using SPOT Data (pp.129-139). New York, USA: CRC Press.
- Hawbaker, T. J., & Radeloff, V. C. (2004). Road and landscape pattern in northern Wisconsin based on a comparison of four road data sources. Conservation Biology, 18, 1233-1244. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00231.x
- Jat, M. K., Garg, P. K., & Khare, D. (2008). Monitoring and modelling of urban sprawl using remote sensing and GIS techniques. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 10, 26-43. doi: 10.1016/j.jag.2007.04.002
- Knight, R. L., & Gutzwiller, K. J. (1995). Wildlife and recreationists: Coexistence through management and research. Washington DC, USA: Island Press.
- Leitao, A. B., & Ahern, J. (2002). Applying landscape ecological concepts and metrics in sustainable landscape planing. Landscape and Urban Planning, 59(2), 65-93. doi: 10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00005-1
- McGarigal, K., & Marks B. J. (1995). Fragstats: Spatial Pattern Analiysis Program for Quantifing Landscape Structure. Corvallis, USA: Oregon State University Press.
- Meffe, G. F., & Carroll, C. R. (1997). Principles of Conservation Biology. Oxford, England: Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.
- Nilon, C. H., Long, C. N., & Zipperer, W. C. (1995). Effects of wildland development on forest bird communities. Landscape and Urban Planning, 32, 81-92. doi: 10.1016/0169-2046(94)00192-6
- Okabe, A., & Sugihara, K. (2012). Spatial Analysis Along Networks: Statistical and Computational Methods. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
- Paul, M. J., & Meyer, J. L. (2001). Streams in the urban landscape. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 32, 333–365. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114040
- Shaw, W. W., Haris, L. K., Livingston, M., Charpenter, J. P., & Wissier, C. (1996). Pima County Habitat Inventory: Phase II. (pp.94). Tucson, Arizona: Report to Arizona Game and Fish Department.
- Small, C., & Miller R. B. (1999, November). Monitoring the urban environment from space. The International Symposium a Digital Earth, Beijing.
- Soule, M. E. (1991). Land use planning and wildlife maintenace guidelines for conserving wildlife in an urban landscape. Journal of the American Planning Association, 57(3), 313-323. doi: 10.1080/01944369108975502
- Sounders, D. A., Hobbs, R. J., & Margules, C. R. (1991). Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation. A Review Conservation Biology, 5, 18-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00384.x
- Stevens, S. M., & Husband, T. P. (1998). The influence of edge on small mammals: Evidence from Brazilian Atlantic forest fragments. Biological Conservation, 85, 1-8. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00003-2
- Theobald, D. M., Miller, J. R., & Hobbs, N. T. (1997). Estimating the cumulative effects of development on wildlife habitat. Landscape and Urban Planning, 39, 25-36. doi: 10.1016/S0169-2046(97)00041-8
- Uşak, Meteoroloji. (2008). Uşak İli Meteoroloji Verileri, Uşak, Türkiye: Uşak Meteoroloji İl Müdürlüğü Yayınları.
- Uşak, Ticaret ve Sanayi (2008). İş Rehberi, Uşak, Türkiye: Uşak Ticaret ve Sanayi Odası Yayınları.
- Vos, C. C., & Chardon, J. P. (1998). Effects of habitat fragmentation and road density on the distribution pattern of the moor frog Rana arvalis. Journal of Applied Ecology, 35, 44-56. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2664.1998.00284.x
- Wegner, J. F., & Merriam, G. (1979). Movements by birds and small mammas between an wood an adjoning farmland habitats. Journal of Applied Ecology, 16, 349-357. doi: 10.2307/2402513
- Weng, Q. (2001). Modeling urban growth effects on surface runoff with the integration of remote sensing and GIS. Environmental Management, 28(6), 737-748. doi: 10.1007/s002670010258
- Yiğitcanlar, T., & Dizdaroğlu, D. (2015). Ecological approaches in planning for sustainable cities: A review of the literature. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 1(2), 159-188. doi: 10.7508/gjesm.2015.02.008
Uşak Kenti Ekolojik Sınır Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3, 630 - 640, 25.12.2022
Nurhan Koçan
,
Asım Cenk Aslan
Öz
Tüm dünyada doğal alanlar veya doğala yakın özellikte alanlar üzerinde artan kentleşme hareketleri ekolojik yapı ve peyzaj bütünlüğüne zarar vermektedir. Bu olumsuz ve hızlı değişimin etkilerini kontrol etmek ve azaltmak için planlama çalışmaları önem taşımaktadır. Planlamanın doğru yapılabilmesi için çeşitli analiz ve izleme çalışmaları gerekmektedir. Sınır analizi bir alanın çevresiyle olan uyumunu ölçme ve değerlendirmede etkili bir yöntemdir. Bu çalışmada Uşak kentinin kentsel yayılımı sınır analizi yöntemiyle değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada kentin en son geldiği kentsel sınırı 2020 yılı uydu görüntüsü üzerinden ArcGIS 10 yazılımı aracılığı ile sayısallaştırılmış ve sınırdaki alan kullanım türleri tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada sınır analizi sonuçları kentin sınırında ekolojik değeri düşük kentsel alan kullanımlarının yoğun olduğunu göstermiştir. Kentsel alan kullanımlarının ekolojik yönden değerli doğal alanlarla komşuluk içinde bulunması ilerleyen yıllarda doğal alanların zarar görebileceğini göstermektedir. Bu sonuç kentin doğal alanları yönündeki gelişimini kontrol etmek ve kentsel gelişmeyi doğallık değeri düşük arazilere yönlendirmek açısından fikir oluşturacaktır. Ayrıca çalışmada kentin açık yeşil alan oranları ve dağılımları tespit edilmiştir. Sonuçta kentte açık yeşil alanların niceliksel olarak kişi başına düşmesi gereken standardı karşılamadığı görülmüştür.
Kaynakça
- Altieri, M., Nelso Companioni, A., Canizares, K., Murphy, C., Rosset, P., ˜Bourque, M., & Nicholls, C. I. (1999). The greening of the “barrios”: urban agriculture for food security in Cuba. Agriculture and Human Values, 16, 131-140. doi: 10.1023/A:1007545304561
- Atalay, B. (1967). Türk Halıcılığı ve Uşak Halıları. İstanbul, Türkiye: İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
- Barthelemy, M., (2011). Spatial networks. Physics Reports, 499(1–3), 1–101. doi: 10.1016/j.physrep.2010.11.002
- Bennett, A. F. (2003). Linkages in The Landscape The Role of Corridors and Connectivity in Wildlife Conservation. Cambridge, UK: The Word Conservation Union.
- Bormann, F. H., Balmori, D., & Geballe. G. T. (1993). Redesigning the American Lawn: a Search for Environmental Harmony. New Haven, Connecticut, USA: Yale University Press.
- Deniz, B. (2005). Kentsel alan kullanımlarındaki dönüşümlerin peyzaj strüktür indeksleriyle irdelenmesi ve kent planlama çalışmalarını yönlendirmede değerlendirilmesi: Aydın kenti örneği. (Doktora Tezi), Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir, Türkiye.
- DİE. (2008). Uşak ili nüfusu, TC. Başkanlık, Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü, http://www.usak.gov.tr/yeni/index.php Erişim tarihi: 09.10.2008
- Dramstad, W. E., Olsan, J. D., & Forman, R. T. T. (1996). Landscape Ecology Principles in Landscape Architecture and Land Use Planning. Washington, USA: Island Press.
- Epstein, J., Payne, K., & Kramer, E. (2002). Techniques for mapping suburban sprawl. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 63(9), 913-918. doi: 0099-1112/02/6809-913$3.00/0
- Esri. (2021). ArcGIS 10. https://www.esri.com.tr/tr-tr/surumler/10-8-surumler Erişim tarihi: 12.01.2021.
- Eşbah, H. (2001). Using landscape structure ındices to understand the possible ımpacts of landscape change: case of the city of Phoenix. (PhD), Arizona State University Environmental Design and Planning, USA.
- Felson, A. J., & Pickett, S. T. A. (2005). Designed experiments: New approaches to studying urban ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 10, 549-556. doi: 10.2307/3868611
- Folke, C., Carpenter, S., Walker, B., Scheffer, M., Elmqvist, T., Gunderson, L., & Holling, C. S. (2004). Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem management. Annual Review Ecology Evolution and Systematic, 35, 557-581. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105711
- Forman, R. T. T. (1995). Land Mosaics: The Ecology of Landscape and Regions. New York, USA: Cambridge University Press.
- Google Map. (2022). Uşak kent merkezi https://www.google.com/maps/@38.6578242,29.4179308,18632m/data=!3m1!1e3 Erişim tarihi: 14.03.2022.
- Gordon, N. D., McMahon, T. A., & Finlayson, B. L. (1992). Stream Hydrology: An Introduction for Ecologists. Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Baffins Lane.
- Gulinck, H., Walpot, O., & Janssens, P. (1993). Landscape Structural Analysis of Central Belgium Using SPOT Data (pp.129-139). New York, USA: CRC Press.
- Hawbaker, T. J., & Radeloff, V. C. (2004). Road and landscape pattern in northern Wisconsin based on a comparison of four road data sources. Conservation Biology, 18, 1233-1244. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00231.x
- Jat, M. K., Garg, P. K., & Khare, D. (2008). Monitoring and modelling of urban sprawl using remote sensing and GIS techniques. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 10, 26-43. doi: 10.1016/j.jag.2007.04.002
- Knight, R. L., & Gutzwiller, K. J. (1995). Wildlife and recreationists: Coexistence through management and research. Washington DC, USA: Island Press.
- Leitao, A. B., & Ahern, J. (2002). Applying landscape ecological concepts and metrics in sustainable landscape planing. Landscape and Urban Planning, 59(2), 65-93. doi: 10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00005-1
- McGarigal, K., & Marks B. J. (1995). Fragstats: Spatial Pattern Analiysis Program for Quantifing Landscape Structure. Corvallis, USA: Oregon State University Press.
- Meffe, G. F., & Carroll, C. R. (1997). Principles of Conservation Biology. Oxford, England: Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.
- Nilon, C. H., Long, C. N., & Zipperer, W. C. (1995). Effects of wildland development on forest bird communities. Landscape and Urban Planning, 32, 81-92. doi: 10.1016/0169-2046(94)00192-6
- Okabe, A., & Sugihara, K. (2012). Spatial Analysis Along Networks: Statistical and Computational Methods. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
- Paul, M. J., & Meyer, J. L. (2001). Streams in the urban landscape. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 32, 333–365. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114040
- Shaw, W. W., Haris, L. K., Livingston, M., Charpenter, J. P., & Wissier, C. (1996). Pima County Habitat Inventory: Phase II. (pp.94). Tucson, Arizona: Report to Arizona Game and Fish Department.
- Small, C., & Miller R. B. (1999, November). Monitoring the urban environment from space. The International Symposium a Digital Earth, Beijing.
- Soule, M. E. (1991). Land use planning and wildlife maintenace guidelines for conserving wildlife in an urban landscape. Journal of the American Planning Association, 57(3), 313-323. doi: 10.1080/01944369108975502
- Sounders, D. A., Hobbs, R. J., & Margules, C. R. (1991). Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation. A Review Conservation Biology, 5, 18-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00384.x
- Stevens, S. M., & Husband, T. P. (1998). The influence of edge on small mammals: Evidence from Brazilian Atlantic forest fragments. Biological Conservation, 85, 1-8. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00003-2
- Theobald, D. M., Miller, J. R., & Hobbs, N. T. (1997). Estimating the cumulative effects of development on wildlife habitat. Landscape and Urban Planning, 39, 25-36. doi: 10.1016/S0169-2046(97)00041-8
- Uşak, Meteoroloji. (2008). Uşak İli Meteoroloji Verileri, Uşak, Türkiye: Uşak Meteoroloji İl Müdürlüğü Yayınları.
- Uşak, Ticaret ve Sanayi (2008). İş Rehberi, Uşak, Türkiye: Uşak Ticaret ve Sanayi Odası Yayınları.
- Vos, C. C., & Chardon, J. P. (1998). Effects of habitat fragmentation and road density on the distribution pattern of the moor frog Rana arvalis. Journal of Applied Ecology, 35, 44-56. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2664.1998.00284.x
- Wegner, J. F., & Merriam, G. (1979). Movements by birds and small mammas between an wood an adjoning farmland habitats. Journal of Applied Ecology, 16, 349-357. doi: 10.2307/2402513
- Weng, Q. (2001). Modeling urban growth effects on surface runoff with the integration of remote sensing and GIS. Environmental Management, 28(6), 737-748. doi: 10.1007/s002670010258
- Yiğitcanlar, T., & Dizdaroğlu, D. (2015). Ecological approaches in planning for sustainable cities: A review of the literature. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 1(2), 159-188. doi: 10.7508/gjesm.2015.02.008