Interactive Effect of Soil Properties and Microbial Functional Genes on Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Rice Paddies: A Global Meta-Analysis

Putri Aditya Padma Pertiwi; Wini Prayogi Abdila

doi:10.29133/yyutbd.1827810

Interactive Effect of Soil Properties and Microbial Functional Genes on Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Rice Paddies: A Global Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Rice paddies are a major anthropogenic source of methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O), yet the interactive roles of soil properties and microbial functional groups in regulating both gases remain poorly quantified. While individual studies have examined CH₄ and N₂O separately, an integrated assessment of their shared drivers across diverse field conditions is lacking. Here, we synthesized 74 paired observations to evaluate how soil properties and microbial gene abundance jointly influence CH₄ and N₂O emissions in rice paddies and to assess mitigation patterns associated with common management practices. Neutral soil pH (6.5–7.5) and strongly reduced conditions (Eh  –90 mV) increased CH₄ emissions by up to 800%, higher than non-reduced conditions (Eh > 0 mV), whereas rising nitrate (NO₃⁻) availability suppressed CH₄ emissions by 58%. Moderate mcrA increased CH₄ by 54%, and high nosZ increased emissions by 103%, while elevated pmoA and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) suppressed CH₄. In contrast, N₂O emissions increased with higher pmoA abundance (+70%) but declined under elevated NH₄+. Random forest identified AOB and NO₃⁻ as the strongest predictors of CH₄, while AOB and NH₄⁺ governed N₂O. Organic amendments increased emissions by up to 62.1%, whereas biochar consistently reduced both gases. The most consistent mitigation pattern was biochar with 120–180 kg N ha⁻¹, which suppressed carbon cycling, nitrification, and denitrification genes (path coefficients ranged from –0.28 to –0.49). These findings suggest soil-microbe interaction underpins CH₄ and N₂O emissions in rice paddies and highlight biochar-based nutrient management as a promising mitigation strategy.

Keywords

Ethical Statement

Ethical approval is not required for this study because it is a meta-analysis based solely on previous published studies that have already obtained ethical clearance.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Agricultural Water Management, Soil Sciences and Ecology, Soil Chemistry and Soil Carbon Sequestration (Excl. Carbon Sequestration Science)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Putri Aditya Padma Pertiwi ^*
0009-0009-6081-9177
Indonesia

Wini Prayogi Abdila
0009-0006-4057-7711
Indonesia

Publication Date

March 16, 2026

Submission Date

November 21, 2025

Acceptance Date

February 25, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.1827810

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA57RD88FC

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Pertiwi, P. A. P., & Abdila, W. P. (2026). Interactive Effect of Soil Properties and Microbial Functional Genes on Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Rice Paddies: A Global Meta-Analysis. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 1, 1827810. https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.1827810

AMA

1.Pertiwi PAP, Abdila WP. Interactive Effect of Soil Properties and Microbial Functional Genes on Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Rice Paddies: A Global Meta-Analysis. YYU J AGR SCI. 2026;(1):1827810. doi:10.29133/yyutbd.1827810

Chicago

Pertiwi, Putri Aditya Padma, and Wini Prayogi Abdila. 2026. “Interactive Effect of Soil Properties and Microbial Functional Genes on Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Rice Paddies: A Global Meta-Analysis”. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, no. 1: 1827810. https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.1827810.

EndNote

Pertiwi PAP, Abdila WP (March 1, 2026) Interactive Effect of Soil Properties and Microbial Functional Genes on Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Rice Paddies: A Global Meta-Analysis. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences 1 1827810.

IEEE

[1]P. A. P. Pertiwi and W. P. Abdila, “Interactive Effect of Soil Properties and Microbial Functional Genes on Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Rice Paddies: A Global Meta-Analysis”, YYU J AGR SCI, no. 1, p. 1827810, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.29133/yyutbd.1827810.

ISNAD

Pertiwi, Putri Aditya Padma - Abdila, Wini Prayogi. “Interactive Effect of Soil Properties and Microbial Functional Genes on Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Rice Paddies: A Global Meta-Analysis”. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 1 (March 1, 2026): 1827810. https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.1827810.

JAMA

1.Pertiwi PAP, Abdila WP. Interactive Effect of Soil Properties and Microbial Functional Genes on Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Rice Paddies: A Global Meta-Analysis. YYU J AGR SCI. 2026;:1827810.

MLA

Pertiwi, Putri Aditya Padma, and Wini Prayogi Abdila. “Interactive Effect of Soil Properties and Microbial Functional Genes on Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Rice Paddies: A Global Meta-Analysis”. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, no. 1, Mar. 2026, p. 1827810, doi:10.29133/yyutbd.1827810.

Vancouver

1.Putri Aditya Padma Pertiwi, Wini Prayogi Abdila. Interactive Effect of Soil Properties and Microbial Functional Genes on Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Rice Paddies: A Global Meta-Analysis. YYU J AGR SCI. 2026 Mar. 1;(1):1827810. doi:10.29133/yyutbd.1827810