Ergonomic analysis of milking with mobile milking machines using 3d motion capture system

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 61 Sayı: 2, 233 - 248, 01.07.2024

Erdal Öz Martina Jakob Hülya Öz

https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.1441929

Öz

Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the working postures and conditions of the milking with mobile milking machines from an ergonomic perspective.
Material and Methods: The study was carried out at ATB-Leibniz Institute in Germany. For the experiments, an artificial udder platform and a mobile milking machine was used. Three different working postures and working heights were chosen. Upper arm elevation and trunk inclination angles were measured using with 3D motion capture system during the attaching clusters. Evaluations were made according to the ISO 11226 standard, RULA scale and Borg Scale.
Results: Average upper arm elevation angles were measured between 42.00° - 70.70° and at low working heights and one knee on the ground and squatting postures. Values were above the acceptable limits recommended by the standard. Similar situation was observed in the trunk inclinations. The perceived exertion level was light to very light, however, there were complaints in the arms, back and knees depending on working postures and heights.
Conclusion: Obtained data revealed that potential ergonomic risks while milking with mobile milking machines, which is widely used in Turkey. Increasing the animal's udder level closer to the worker's shoulder level had positive effects on decreasing strains. Raising awareness in this regard would be beneficial.

Anahtar Kelimeler

3D motion, ergonomics, milking, trunk inclination, upper arm elevation

Seyyar süt sağım makineleri ile sağımın üç boyutlu hareket yakalama sistemi yardımıyla ergonomik analizi

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmada seyyar süt sağım makineleri ile gerçekleştirilen sağım işleminde, çalışma duruşları ve koşullarının üç boyutlu hareket yakalama sistemi yardımıyla ergonomik yönden analizi amaçlanmıştır.
Materyal ve Yöntem: Çalışma, ATB (Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Potsdam-Almanya) Enstitüsü ergonomi laboratuvarında yapay bir meme platformu ve tek sağım üniteli seyyar sağım makinesi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Üç farklı çalışma duruşu ve üç farklı çalışma yüksekliğinde yapılan denemelerde sağım başlıklarının takılması sırasında üç boyutlu hareket yakalama sistemi yardımıyla üst kol yükselmesi ve üst beden eğilme açıları ölçülmüştür. Değerlendirmeler ISO 11226 standardı, RULA ölçeği ve Borg Skalası’na göre yapılmıştır.
Araştırma Bulguları: Ortalama üst kol yükselme açısının düşük çalışma yüksekliklerinde özellikle tek diz yerde ve çömelme şeklindeki çalışma duruşlarında 42.00- 70.70° arasında değiştiği, bu değerlerin standardın önerdiği kabul edilebilir limitlerin üzerinde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Üst beden eğilme açısında da benzer durum gözlenmiştir. Algılanan efor derecesinin hafif-çok hafif düzeyde olmasına karşın kol, sırt ve dizlerde çalışma duruşları ve yüksekliklerine bağlı olarak yakınmalar olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır.
Sonuç: Çalışmada Türkiye’de yaygın olarak kullanılan seyyar süt sağım makineleri ile çalışmada ergonomik yönden ciddi rahatsızlık potansiyelinin olabileceğini somut verilerle ortaya konmuştur. Hayvan meme seviyesinin sağımcının omuz seviyesine yaklaştırılmasının zorlanmaların azalması üzerinde olumlu etkileri olduğu gözlenmiş, bu yönde bilinçlendirme yapılmasının yararlı olacağı kanısına varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

3D hareket, ergonomi, süt sağım, üst beden eğilme, üst kol yükselme

Kaynakça

• Ahonen, E., J.M. Venäläinen, U. Könönen & T. Klen.1990. The physical strain of dairy farming. Ergonomics, 33 (12): 1549-1555. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139008925353
• Amasay, T., K. Zodrow, L. Kincl, J. Hess & A. Darduna, 2009. Validation of tri-axial accelerometer for the calculation of elevation angles. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 39 (5): 783-789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2009.03.005
• Arborelius, U.P., J. Ekholm, R. Nisell, G. Németh & O. Svensson, 1986. Shoulder load during machine milking - an electromyographic and biomechanical study. Ergonomics, 29 (12): 1591-1607. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140138608967272
• Bjorksten, M. & B. Jonsson, 1977. Endurance limit of force in long-term intermittent static contractions. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 3 (1): 23-27.
• Borg, G. 1982. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise,14 (5): 377-381.
• Burdorf, A. & A. van der Beek, 1999. Exposure assessment strategies for work-related risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 25 (Suppl. 4): 25-30.
• Douphrate, D.I., N.B. Fethke, M.W. Nonnenmann, J.C. Rosecrance & S.J. Reynolds, 2012. Full shift arm inclinometry among dairy parlor workers: A feasibility study in a challenging work environment. Applied Ergonomics, 43 (3): 604-613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.09.007
• Groborz, A., T. Tokarski & D. Roman-Liu, 2011. Analysis of postural load during tasks related to milking cows-A case study. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 17 (4): 423-432. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2011.11076905
• Hansson, G., I. Balogh, K. Ohlsson, L. Granqvist, C. Nordander, I. Arvidsson, I. Akesson, J. Unge, R. Rittner, U. Stromberg & S. Skerfving, 2009. Physical workload in various types of work: Part I. wrist and forearm. International, Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 39 (1): 221-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2008.04.003
• Hanvold, T.N., M. Wærsted, A.M. Mengshoel, E. Bjertness & K.B. Veiersted, 2015. Work with prolonged arm elevation as a risk factor for shoulder pain: a longitudinal study among young adults. Applied Ergonomics, 47: 43-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2014.08.019
• Hayati, A., A. Marzban & M.A. Asoodar, 2015. Ergonomic evaluation of hand and mechanized milking in dairy farms. Journal of Ergonomics, 3 (3): 65-75.
• Hwang, J., Y-K. Kong & M-C. Jung, 2010. Posture evaluations of tethering and loose-housing systems in dairy farms. Applied Ergonomics, 42 (1): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2010.03.008
• Innes, E. & C. Walsh, 2010. Musculoskeletal disorders in Australian dairy farming. Work, 36 (2):141-55. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2010-1016.
• ISO, 2000. ISO 11226:2000. Ergonomics-Evaluation of static working postures. International Standard Organisation, 19 pp.
• Jakob, M. & F. Liebers, 2011. Potential of a quarter individual milking system to reduce the workload in large-herd dairy operations. Journal of Agromedicine, 16 (4): 280-291. https://doi.org/10.1080/1059924X.2011.605713
• Jakob, M., F. Liebers & S. Behrendt, 2009.The influence of varying working heights and weights of milking units on the body posture of female milking parlour operatives. Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR Ejournal, Manuscript MES 1355, Vol. XI (2009), 10 pp.
• Jakob, M., F. Liebers & S. Behrendt, 2012. The effects of working height and manipulated weights on subjective strain, body posture and muscular activity of milking parlor operatives - Laboratory study. Applied Ergonomics, 43 (4): 753-761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2011.11.009
• Karttunen, J.P. & R.H. Rautiainen, 2011. Risk factors and prevalence of declined work ability among dairy farmers. Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health, 17 (3): 243-257. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.38185
• Kauke, M., F. Korth, P. Savary & M. Schick, 2010. “Workload in modern dairy farms—Assessment from the user’s perspective, 1-4”. Proceedings of CIGR XVIIth World Congress. (13-17 June 2010 Québec/Kanada), 404s.
• Kolstrup, C.L. & M. Jakob, 2016. Epidemiology of musculoskeletal symptoms among milkers and dairy farm characteristics in Sweden and Germany. Journal of Agromedicine, 21 (1): 43-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/1059924X.2015.1106373
• Liebers, F. & G. Caffier, 2006. Muskel-skelet-erkrankungen in land und forstwirtschaft sowie gartenbau-Diagnose und berufsspezifische auswertung von arbeitsunfähigkeitsdaten. Arbeitsmedizin, Sozialmedizin und Umwelt Medizin, 41 (3): 129.
• Lower, T., B. Fuller & F. Tonge, 1996. Factors associated with back trouble in dairy farmer. Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health, 2 (1): 17-25. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.19438
• Lundqvist, P., M. Stål & S. Pinzke, 2003. “Working conditions & ergonomics when milking cows, 59-65”. Fifth International Dairy Housing Proceedings (29-31 January 2003, Texas, USA), 419s. https://doi.org/10/13031/2013.11603
• McAtamney, L. & E.N. Corlett, 1993. RULA: a survey method for the investigation of work-related upper limb disorders. Applied Ergonomics, 24 (2): 91-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-6870 (93)90080-S
• Nevala-Puranen, N., M. Kallionpää & K. Ojanen, 1996. Physical load and strain in parlor milking. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 18 (4): 277-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-8141 (95)00054-2
• Nonnenmann, M.W., D.C. Anton, F. Gerr, L. Merlino & K. Donham, 2008. Musculoskeletal symptoms of the neck and upper extremities among Iowa dairy farmers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 51 (6): 443-451. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20582
• Nonnenmann, M.W., D.C. Anton, F. Gerr & H.J. Yack, 2010. Dairy farm worker exposure to awkward knee posture during milking and feeding tasks. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 7 (8): 483-489. https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2010.487036
• Oyama S., A. Sosa, R. Campbell, C. Ortega & D.I. Douphrate, 2017. Evaluation of upper body kinematics and muscle activity during milking attachment task. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 61: 101-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2017.05.012
• Öz, E. & M. Jakob, 2020. Ergonomic evaluation of simulated apple hand harvesting using 3D motion analysis. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 57 (2): 249-255. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.650787
• Perkiö-Mäkelä, M. & H. Hentilä, 2005. Physical work strain of dairy farming in loose housing barns. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 35 (1): 57-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2004.08.004
• Pinzke, S., 2003. Changes in working conditions and health among dairy farmers in southern Sweden. A 14-year follow-up. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine,10 (2):185-195.
• Pinzke, S., M. Stål & G.Hansson, 2001. Physical workload on upper extremities in various operations during machine milking. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 8 (1): 63-70.
• SIMI, 1993. SIMI MotionCapture 3D Manual. (Eds. M. Körner, W. Pagani & T. Seeholzer). SIMI GmbH, Germany, 77 pp.
• Stål, M., G.-A. Hansson & U. Moritz, 1999. Wrist positions and movements as possible risk factors during machine milking. Applied Ergonomics, 30 (6): 527-533. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-6870 (99)00015-0
• Stål, M., G.-A. Hansson & U. Moritz, 2000. Upper extremity muscular load during machine milking. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 26 (1): 9-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8141 (99)00059-1
• Stål, M., S. Pinzke, G.A. Hansson & C. Kolstrup, 2003. Highly repetitive work operations in a modern milking system. A case study of wrist positions and movements in a rotary system. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 10 (1): 67-72.
• Stål, M., U. Moritz, B. Gustafsson & B. Johnsson, 1996. Milking is a high-risk job for young females. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 28 (2): 95-104.
• TUİK, 2023a. Büyükbaş ve küçükbaş hayvanı olan işletmelerin işletme büyüklüğüne göre işletme ve hayvan varlığı dağılımı. ( Web sayfası: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=tarim-111&dil=1 ) (Erişim tarihi: Aralık 2023).
• TUİK, 2023b. Tarımsal alet ve makine sayısı. ( Web sayfası: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=tarim-111&dil=1 ) (Erişim tarihi: Aralık 2023).
• Tuure V-M. & S. Alasuutari, 2009. Reducing work load in neck-shoulder region in parlor milking. Bornimer Agrartechnische Berichte, Heft 66: 48-54.
• Ulbricht, L., E.F.R. Romaneli, A.M.W. Stadnik, M. Maldaner & E.B. Neves, 2014. “Prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) symptoms among milkers in the State of Paraná, Brazil, 57-61”. In: Occupational Safety and Hygiene II. 1st Edition (Eds. P. Arezes, J.S. Baptista, M.P. Barroso, P. Carneiro, P. Cordeiro, N. Costa, R.B. Melo, A.S. Miguel & G. Perestrelo), Portugal, 818 pp.
• Ulmer H.V., W. Knieriemen, T. Warlo & B. Zech, 1989. Interindividual variability of isometric endurance with regard to the endurance performance limit for static work. Biomed Biochim Acta, 48 (5-6): 504-508.
• Üçer, E., 2008. Örnek Süt Sığırcılığı İşletmelerindeki Süt Sağım Mekanizasyonunda İşgücü Gereksinmeleri Ve Maliyetlerin Belirlenmesi. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tarım Makinaları Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Aydın, 60 s.
• van der Beek, A. & M. Frings-Dresen, 1998. Assessment of mechanical exposure in ergonomic epidemiology. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 55 (5): 291-299. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.55.5.291
• Winkel, J. & S. Mathiassen, 1994. Assessment of physical work load in epidemiologic studies: concepts issues and operational considerations. Ergonomics, 37 (6): 979-988. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139408963711