İngilizce Öğretmen Adaylarının Dil ve Öğretime İlişkin Ders Öncesi ve Sonrası İnançlarının Metafor Analizi

Öz

Students can’t escape the influence of metaphorical language used in their coursebooks and by their teachers, trainers and mentors. Metaphor scaffolds their understanding of key concepts and develops awareness through reflection. As their choice of certain methods depends on their tacit theories of language and teaching, metaphor analysis also serves to uncover their professional beliefs and to assess their knowledge growth. Therefore, 70 language and 68 teacher metaphors of 37 sophomores (FLE Department, METU) were analyzed by using Cameron and Low’s methodology (1999) and within the framework of Oxford et al. (1998) and Richards and Rodgers (2002) in order to investigate their pre- and post-course beliefs. While 70% adopted functional and interactional views of language and 54% a learner-centered view of teaching, the behaviourist view of teaching was maintained by 46% and a participatory view of teaching was supported by none.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• metaphor analysis,awareness,reflection

A Metaphor Analysis of English Teacher Candidates’ Pre- and Post-Course Beliefs about Language and Teaching

Öz

Öğrenciler ders kitaplarındaki ve öğretmenleri, eğitmenleri ve yönderleri tarafından kullanılan değişmeceli dilin etkisinden kaçamazlar. Metafor önemli kavramları anlamalarını kolaylaştırır ve yansıma yoluyla farkındalık geliştirir. Belirli yöntemleri seçimleri, dil ile öğretime ilişkin örtük kuramlarına dayandığı için metafor analizi mesleki inançlarını ortaya çıkarmaya ve bilgi gelişimlerini değerlendirmeye yarar. Bu nedenle, 37 ikinci-sınıf öğrencisine ait 70 dil ve 68 öğretmen metaforu (YDEB, ODTÜ) Cameron ve Low’un (1999) yöntemi kullanılarak ve Oxford vd. (1998) ile Richards ve Rodgers’ın (2002) çerçevesinde ders öncesi ve sonrası inançlarını araştırmak için çözümlenmiştir. %70’i işlevsel ve etkileşimsel dil görüşünü ve %54’ü öğrenci-odaklı öğretim görüşünü benimserken, davranışçı öğretim görüşü %46’sı tarafından korunmuş ve katılımcı öğretim görüşü hiçbiri tarafından desteklenmemiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• metafor analizi,farkındalık,yansıma

Kaynakça

1. Alger, C. L. (2009). Secondary Teachers’ Conceptual Metaphors of Teaching and Learning: Changes over the Career Span. Teaching and Teacher Education 25 (5), 743-751. [Online]: Retrieved on 14-May-2012, at URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0742051X08001777
2. Borg, M. (2004). The Apprenticeship of Observation. ELT Journal 58 (3), 274-276. [Online]: Retrieved on 11-December-2011, at URL: http://eltj.oxfordjournals.org/content/58/3/274.full.pdf+html
3. Borg, S. (2006). Teacher Cognition and Language Education. London: Continuum.
4. Brown, H. D. (2007). Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. New York: Pearson Education.
5. Cameron, L. & Low, G. (1999). Metaphor. Language Teaching 32 (2), 77-96. [Online]: Retrieved on 15-January-2011, at URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0261444800013781
6. Can, C., Bedir, H. & Kilianska-Przybylo, G. (2011). Is Teaching Culture-Bound? A Cross- Cultural Study on the Beliefs of ELT Teachers, J. Arabski & A. Wojtaszek (Eds.) Aspects of Culture in Second Language Acquisition and Foreign Language Learning (pp. 107-120). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
7. Cerit, Y. (2008a). Öğrenci, Öğretmen ve Yöneticilerin Müdür Kavramı ile İlgili Metaforlara İlişkin Görüşleri. Eğitim ve Bilim 33 (147), 3-13. [Online]: Retrieved on 16-March- 2012, at URL: http://egitimvebilim.ted.org.tr/index.php/EB/article/viewFile/682/132
8. Cerit, Y. (2008b). Öğretmen Kavramı ile İlgili Metaforlara İlişkin Öğrenci, Öğretmen ve Yöneticilerin Görüşleri. Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi 6 (4), 693-712. [Online]: Retrieved on 16-March-2012, at URL: http://www.tebd.gazi.edu.tr/arsiv/2008_cilt6/sayi_4/693-712.pdf

9. Ciambrone, D. (2004). Anonymity, M.S. Lewis-Beck, A. Bryman & T. F. Liao (Eds.) The SAGE Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods (pp. 18-19). California: SAGE Publications.
10. Cortazzi, M. & Jin, L. (1999). Bridges to Learning: Metaphors of Teaching, Learning and Language, L. Cameron & G. Low (Eds.) Researching and Applying Metaphor (pp. 149-176). New York: Cambridge University Press.
11. Ellis, R. & Barkhuizen, G. (2009). Analysing Learner Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
12. Farrell, T. S. C. (2006). ‘The Teacher is an Octopus’: Uncovering Preservice English Language Teachers’ Prior Beliefs through Metaphor Analysis. RELC Journal 37 (2), 236-248. [Online]: Retrieved on 18-March-2012, at URL: http://rel.sagepub.com/citmgr?gca=sprel;37/2/236
13. Gök, B. & Erdoğan, T. (2010). Investigation of Pre-Service Teachers’ Perceptions about Concept of Technology through Metaphor Analysis. TOJET 9 (2), 145-160. [Online]: Retrieved on 12-March-2012, at URL: http://www.tojet.net/articles/v9i2/9216.pdf
14. Guerrero, M. C. M. & Villamil, O. S. (2000). Exploring ESL Teachers’ Roles through Metaphor Analysis. TESOL Quarterly 34 (2), 341-351. [Online]: Retrieved on 13-February- 2012, at URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3587960
15. Guerrero, M. C. M. & Villamil, O. S. (2002). Metaphorical Conceptualizations of ESL Teaching and Learning. Language Teaching Research 6 (2), 95-120. [Online]: Retrieved on 13- February-2012, at URL: http://ltr.sagepub.com/citmgr?gca=spltr;6/2/95
16. Gurol, M. & Donmus, V. (2010). Metaphors Created by Prospective Teachers Related to the Concept of “Social Network”. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 9, 1489-1496. [Online]: Retrieved on 14-April-2012, at URL: http://perweb.firat.edu.tr/personel/yayinlar/fua_39/39_61464.pdf
17. Hall, G. (2011). Exploring English Language Teaching: Language in Action. New York: Routledge.
18. Herron, C. (1982). Foreign-Language Learning Approaches as Metaphor. The Modern Language Journal 66 (3), 235-242. [Online]: Retrieved on 17-July-2012, at URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/326625
19. Hongqin, Z. & Jianbin, H. (2008). Interpreting Metaphor in Use by Mandarin Teachers of English. Polyglossia 15, 1-9. [Online]: Retrieved on 10-February-2012, at URL: http://www.apu.ac.jp/rcaps/modules/publication/index.php?content_id=48&lang=engli sh
20. Kagan, D. M. (1992). Professional Growth among Preservice and Beginning Teachers. Review of Educational Research 62 (2), 129-169. [Online]: Retrieved on 10-September-2012, at URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1170578
21. Kesen, A. (2010). Turkish EFL Learners’ Metaphors with Respect to English Language Coursebooks. Novitas-ROYAL: Research on Youth and Language 4 (1), 108-118. [Online]: Retrieved on 17-April-2012, at URL: http://novitasroyal.org/Vol_4_1/kesen.pdf
22. Lakoff, G. & Johnson M. (2003). Metaphors We Live by. London: University of Chicago Press.
23. Larsen-Freeman, D. (1990). Language Teaching Methods. Washington: The Agency.
24. Larsen-Freeman, D. & Anderson, M. (2011). Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching. New York: Oxford University Press.
25. Leavy, A. M., McSorley, F. A. & Boté, L. A. (2007). An Examination of What Metaphor Construction Reveals about the Evolution of Preservice Teachers’ Beliefs about Teaching and Learning. Teaching and Teacher Education 23 (7), 1217-1233. [Online]: Retrieved on 10-May-2012, at URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0742051X06001211
26. Marshall, C. & Rossman, G. B. (2011). Designing Qualitative Research. California: SAGE Publications.
27. Martinez, M. A., Sauleda, N. & Güenter, L. H. (2001). Metaphors as Blueprints of Thinking about Teaching and Learning. Teaching and Teacher Education 17 (8), 965-977. [Online]: Retrieved on 10-May-2012, at URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0742051X01000439
28. Miles, M. B. & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis. California: SAGE Publications.
29. Nikitina, L. & Furuoka, F. (2008). “A Language Teacher is Like…”: Examining Malaysian Students’ Perceptions of Language Teachers through Metaphor Analysis. Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching 5 (2), 192-205. [Online]: Retrieved on 15- June-2012, at URL: http://e-flt.nus.edu.sg/v5n22008/nikitina.pdf
30. Ocak, G. & Gündüz, M. (2006). Eğitim Fakültesini Yeni Kazanan Öğretmen Adaylarının Öğretmenlik Mesleğine Giriş Dersini Almadan Önce ve Aldıktan Sonra Öğretmenlik Mesleği Hakkındaki Metaforlarının Karşılaştırılması. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 8 (2), 293-311. [Online]: Retrieved on 02-June-2012, at URL: http://www.aku.edu.tr/AKU/DosyaYonetimi/SOSYALBILENS/dergi/VIII2/gocak.pdf
31. Oxford, R. L., Tomlinson, S., Barcelos, A., Harrington, C., Lavine, R. Z., Saleh, A. & Longhini, A. (1998). Clashing metaphors about classroom teachers: toward a systematic typology for the language teaching field. System 26 (1), 3-50. [Online]: Retrieved on 20-March-2012, at URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0346251X97000717
32. Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. California: SAGE Publications.
33. Richards, J. C. & Rodgers, T. S. (2002). Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching. New York: Cambridge University Press.
34. Saban, A., Koçbeker, B. & Saban, A. (2006). An Investigation of the Concept of the Teacher among Prospective Teachers through Metaphor Analysis. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice 6(2), 509-522. [Online]: Retrieved on 11-May-2012, at URL: http://www.edam.com.tr/kuyeb/pdf/en/086a8a2e38724a961f3655b57175515baneng.p df
35. Saban, A., Kocbeker, B. & Saban, A. (2007). Prospective Teachers’ Conceptions of Teaching and Learning Revealed through Metaphor Analysis. Learning and Instruction 17 (2), 123-139. [Online]: Retrieved on 11-May-2012, at URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959475207000047
36. Saban, A. (2010). Prospective Teachers’ Metaphorical Conceptualizations of Learner. Teaching and Teacher Education 26 (2), 290-305. [Online]: Retrieved on 11-May-2012, at URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0742051X09000857
37. Saban, A. (2011). Prospective Computer Teachers’ Mental Images about the Concepts of “School” and “Computer Teacher”. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice 11 (1), 435-446. [Online]: Retrieved on 10-May-2012, at URL: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=EJ919910
38. Shakespeare, W. (2007). The Complete Works of William Shakespeare. London: Wordsworth Editions Limited.
39. Silverman, D. & Marvasti, A. (2008). Doing Qualitative Research: A Comprehensive Guide. California: SAGE Publications.
40. Undergraduate Program Course Descriptions (2011). In METU FLE. Retrieved on 30-October- 2012, at URL: https://catalog.metu.edu.tr/course.php?course_code=4500238
41. Wan, W., Low, G. D. & Li, M. (2011). From Students’ and Teachers’ Perspectives: Metaphor Analysis of Beliefs about EFL Teachers’ Roles. System 39 (3), 403-415. [Online]: Retrieved on 08-March-2012, at URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0346251X11000984
42. White, B. & Smith, M. W. (1994). Metaphors in English Education: Putting Things in Perspective. English Education 26 (3), 157-176. [Online]: Retrieved on 20-August- 2012, at URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40172806
43. Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2011). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.